Post on 14-Sep-2014
description
Presentation | Nov 2013
MT-5009 – Analyzing Hi-Tech Opportunities
3D Printing - Biological Applications
By Anand (A0068259) Archit (A0098517) Arun (A0081990)
Hemant (A0068251) Yuwei (A0118280)
Introducing 3D printing
Presentation | Nov 2013
• What is it
– Generation of a 3D solid model virtually of any orientation from a digital medium.
– Additive printing technique - Improvised form of rapid proto-typing.
• Why was is it
– Fascination with the idea of replication.
– Deserted scenario :The need for replication technology.
• When was it
– Based on the first Patent published in 1984 under Stereolithography.
– Stereolithography: Using UV beam to solidify photopolymers.
• Where was it commercialised
– 3D systems: First commercial rapid prototyping technology.
• Additive – Generating 3D object through sequential layering of material.
Extrusion
Fused-deposition modeling (FDM)
Wire
Electron-Beam Freeform Fabrication(EBF3)
Granular
Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)
Electron-beam melting (EBM)
Selective laser melting (SLM)
Selective heat sintering (SHS)
Selective laser sintering (SLS)
Powder-bed and inkjet-head 3D
printing
Plaster-based 3D printing (PP)
Further development in Inkjet printing
Laminated
Laminated-object manufacturing (LOM)
Light polymerised
Stereolithography (SLA)
Digital-Light Processing (DLP)
Further development in Inkjet printing
Evolution of 3D printing
Presentation | Nov 2013
Inkjet Printing
Inkjet
printing
(1956)
Printing Materials
Conventional printing paper
Non conventional printing Other than paper
Functional material E.g. Conductive Ink
Printing Technology
Drop – on – demand
Thermal
Piezoelectric
Squeeze tube
Bending
Pushing
Shear mode
Electrostatic
Acoustic
Continuous printing
Binary Deflection
Multiple deflection
Hertz
Microdot Ink jet material deposition
Organic light emitting diodes
Printed Circuit boards
– Conductive Ink
Presentation | Nov 2013
Performance Metrics
Stereolithography (SLA) Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Multi-Jet Modeling (MJM – 3DP)
The Future of 3D Printing; http://replicatorworld.com/issue-printer/overview-2012
Generation of metric for biomedical application "bioprinting fidelity index" (BFI)
Attributes to performance • Affordability, • Material Availability • Precision
• Geometric scaling • Strength • Time
Presentation | Nov 2013
Over hyped technology
3-D printing to be next $1-trillion industry
In reality , the time for Investment in disruptive technology should be right after the spike in patent filing signaling a new wave of product /service/application and not after a hype-spike
10 Reasons to Be Wary of 3-D Printing Stocks (Part 1)
http://www.techandinnovationdaily.com/2013/02/01/3-d-printing-warning-part-1/
Impact of 3D printing
Presentation | Nov 2013
Presentation | Nov 2013
Applications of 3D printing
Manufacturing
3D Printing
Processes Applications Industries Demographics
Category
Class
Material
Modeling
Manufacturing
Tooling
Prototyping
Healthcare
Entertainment
Art
Engineer
Consumer
Practitioner
Artist
Jewellery Tooling
Presentation | Nov 2013
Applications of 3D printing
Fashion Architecture
Applications of 3D printing
Presentation | Nov 2013
Organs Medical Applications
Presentation | Nov 2013
Applications of 3D printing
(Our Focus: Bioprinting)
3D-Bioprinting Technology
Presentation | Nov 2013
The Singapore predicament
Number of organs donated for transplants in Singapore remains dismally low, despite a law requiring donations by all after death. Source: healthxchange.com.sg
“ ”
Presentation | Nov 2013
The coveted “Organs”
• 117,521 people in US in need of organ.
• Hostilities in Singapore despite HOTA.
• Kidneys, hearts, livers, lungs are most coveted.
• Organs not usable despite donation.
Source: The Boston Globe Presentation | Nov 2013
Fiction meets reality
Bio-printing is an automated computer aided layer-by-layer deposition of biological materials for manufacturing of functional human organs.
Source: Organovo.
Artificial bioprinters have already been built.
NovoGen MMX® built by Organovo and Invenech.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Bioprinting deconstructed
• Intrinsic nature of cells to coalesce1, tissues to self-assemble2 and fluidity of embryonic tissues3.
• Organ printing mimics the natural biological process of embryonic cellular fusion.
Source: 1Mironov et al., Anat. Rec., 2Wilson, H.V., J. Exp. Zool., 3G. et al. Biophys. J.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Bioprinting process flow
Source: 1nlpnow.com., 2tissueinformatics.com, 3med.umich.edu.
Computer model
Printing Post-
processing
Computer
tomography1
Vasculature2
Most challenging
Layer-by-layer
Config.3
Presentation | Nov 2013
Computer model
Printing Post-
processing
Bioprinting process flow
Source: organovo.com.
3 important components: Bioink, Biopaper, Bioprinter.
Bioink (cells of sp. organ), Biopaper (collagens, nutrients)
Presentation | Nov 2013
Computer model
Printing Post-
processing
Bioprinting process flow
Bioreactor
Supply nutrients for further cell growth
Physiological environment
for tissue maturation.
Mechanical and bio. testing.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Bioprinting Roadmap
Presentation | Nov 2013 Source: organovo.com.
Current Progress
Ear1: 250 mn cells and collagen from rat tail make human ear in 15 min. Post-processing 3 months. To serve children with hearing loss due to malformed outer ear.
Kidneys2: Layer-by-layer building of scaffold and deposition of kidney cells. Assembly to be transplanted into patient. Degradation of scaffold to follow in-vivo.
Source: 1Cornell University., 2Wake Forest Inst., 3Univ. Of Pennsylvania.
Blood Vessels3: Rigid but non-toxic sugar filaments form core. Cells deposited around filaments. Subsequent blood flow dissolves sugar.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Current Progress Skin grafts1: laser scan wound to determine depth and area. One inkjet ejects enzymes and second, cells. Layer is finally sealed by human skin cells. Useful in war and disaster zones.
Bones2: Print scaffold with ceramic or Titanium powder. After 1 day in culture of human stem cells, its ready. Repair of complex fractures in accident survivors.
Source: 1Wake Forest Inst., 2 Washington State University, 3Organovo
Drug testing3: $1.2bn to make a new drug in 12 years.
1 in 5000 has a chance to make it to market.
20-50% drug fail from pre-clinical animal trails to human trials.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Presentation | Nov 2013
Market Research & Entrepreneurial
Opportunities
Presentation | Nov 2013
Biomaterial (Bio-ink, Bio-paper) Market
Million USD
Source: US market for Biomaterials
Presentation | Nov 2013
(a) (b)
Figure: Graphs showing the price reduction of Biomaterials; (a) Collagen; (b) Polycaprolactone;
Biomaterial Cost projections
Year Cost of cells (500 ml) SGD
2011 225
2012 217
2013 216
Table: Cost of cells from 2011 to 2013
Source: Sigma-Aldrich
Presentation | Nov 2013
Biomaterials:
Reason for cost reduction
• Increase in the number of manufacturers.
• Mass production.
• Increase in demand.
• Invention of new materials with lesser cost.
• Local manufacturing and reduced inventory.
• Novel material compositions and properties.
• Multifunctional materials.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Bioprinters: Cost
Minimum Price: $15,000
Minimum Price: $ 500
2008
2013
Source: http://disruptiveinnovation.se/?p=286
Presentation | Nov 2013
Bioprinters: Cost
Reason for cost reduction
• Well established technology.
• Lesser IP’s
• Increase in the number of market players.
• Economies of scale.
• Increase in demand.
• Local manufacturing and reduced inventory.
• Cheaper and more accessible after market parts and repair.
• Multifunctional structures.
We believe that the cost of Bioprinters will reduce further in future.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Bioprinters: Performance
1. Accuracy
Source: Biomaterials as biopaper by Rana Imani
Presentation | Nov 2013
Bioprinters: Performance
2. Time
Source: http://inhabitat.com/3d-printed-bones-are-saving-a-uk-hospital-thousands-in-fees/3d-bone-imaging-printing-4/
• Increasing the number of liquid dispensing nozzle is one way to speed up the process to reduce the time.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Comparative Analysis and Projections
Source: 3D Printing: An Interview with Anthony Vicari
Presentation | Nov 2013
Competitors Influence
Source: Organovo.com; *Cytograft public materials
Presentation | Nov 2013
Today’s Scenario
• 115,000 people currently need organ transplants in the US.
• 10 people die every day while waiting for their transplant.
Source: www.ivhn.org
Year
Dem
an
d f
or
Org
an
s
Presentation | Nov 2013
Cost Analysis
Rough estimates on the total cost of Organ Transplants
Source: U.S Organ and tissue transplant cost estimates and discussion
Estimated U.S. Average 2011 Billed Charges Per Transplant
Presentation | Nov 2013
Cost Analysis
Case Study on Bioprinting of Kidney
Source: Fung Technical Report No. 2013.04.17; * www.ted.com
• Dialysis treatment costs $55,000-$75,000 per patient per year.
• Treatments for diabetes costs around $6,000 per year per patient.
• Total cost of $245 billion per year has been spent in the United
States for diabetes treatment.
• Cost of Kidney Transplant : $ 80,000 USD • Cost for Bioprinting of Kidney : $ 280,000 USD*
* Projected cost for bioprinted kidney 2013
Takes around 10 hours to bioprint a Kidney*
Presentation | Nov 2013
Cost Analysis - Pricing Projections
S. No Year Demand for Kidney Price (USD)
1 2014 113,000 247,500
2 2016 126,500 221,000
3 2018 140,700 199,000
4 2020 156,000 180,000
5 2022 172,600 162,000
6 2024 190,300 147,000
7 2026 209,200 134,000
8 2028 229,200 122,000
9 2030 250,000 112,000
Table: Pricing Projections on Bioprinting of Kidney in United States*
* Projections are purely based on the demand for kidney in United States.
Cost of Bioprinted Kidney < 120 K USD by 2030
Assumption: To estimate the pricing projections, the revenue of the company is maintained constant.
Reasons for Cost Reduction: • Continuous increase in demand. • Increase in the number of Competitors. • Continuous decrease in the cost of biomaterials. • Continuous decrease in the price of bioprinters. • Economies of scale. • Local manufacturing and reduced inventory. • Cheaper and more accessible after market parts and repair.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Entrepreneurial Opportunities
• Making of design model, the printer and the bio-material.
• Dentists can utilize patients’ unique teeth layout and bone scans to create friendlier implants and
prosthetics.
• Manufacturing of multipurpose 3D printing heads and nozzles.
• Synthetic materials for manufacturing tissues, bones, cartilage and organs.
• “Organ lockers,” a system that provides secure storage and transportation for customer’s organs.
• Scanning Kiosks.
• Manufacturing and distribution of Bio-inks and other biocompatible materials for 3D bio printing.
• Packaging of the 3D bioprinted organs.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Entrepreneurial Opportunities
Commercial Areas
Blood Vessels
Cartilage Grafts
Cardiac Muscle Grafts
Nerve Re-growth
Presentation | Nov 2013
Industrial Impacts
Positively Impacted Industries Negatively Impacted Industries
Patients who are cured by 3D bioprinting technology are the big winners.
• Bio-ink, scaffolds and Biocompatible
materials manufacturers.
• 3D Bioprinters manufacturers.
• Hospitals & insurance companies (no
longer need to spend money on transplant
logistics).
• Stem-cell harvesting and storage business.
• Surgical supplies companies.
• Computer aided design (CAD) software
companies.
• Kidney dialysis industries.
• Companies that supply blood sugar testing
supplies.
• Companies that produces and supplies
insulin, pills and insulin pumps.
• Companies that sell pacemakers, new
heart valves.
• Organ replacement logistics.
Presentation | Nov 2013
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
• All vital organs can be printed by one 3D bioprinter.
• Easy to build own custom machine.
• Easy to make body parts with desired size and shape.
• Huge market potential.
• Provides several entrepreneurial opportunities.
Opportunities
Improving machine possibilities
• larger models.
• faster printing.
• multi colour prints.
• active development of biocompatible materials.
• customization of designs based on customer needs.
Threats
• Technology background of the user.
• Time taken for printing an organ.
• Cost of organ printing.
• In wrong hands, may contribute to fake identity, increase in crime and illegal activities.
Weaknesses
• Quality of the organs printed.
• Production time.
• Technolgy is still in prematured state.
• Expensive.
S W
T O
Presentation | Nov 2013
Bioprinting - Forecast
• Printing medication
• Printing new Skin
• Printing cartilage & bones
• Printing replacement
tissues
• Printing replacement
organs
• Printing stem cells
• Specific organ tissue replacement for important organs such as heart and kidney. • Personalized replacement 3D printed joints (hip, knee) with custom fit. • Life saving 3D printed organ replacement (high cost.
• Replacement 3D printed organs commonly available at affordable cost. • Liver Kidney replacement companies achieve maturity. • 3D printed tissue replacement for all body organs available. • Printing medication at home widely available.
Research (today)
Technology Adoption (3 - 5 Years)
Commercialization (5 - 7 Years)
Pro’s and Con’s Analysis
• Takes less time than lab-grown artificial organs, therefore,
future demand looks bright.
• However, organ printing has certain disadvantages and
limitations compared to lab-grown organs.
• Lab-grown organs get to take the time for the different cell
types to start integrating and function with each other while
organ printing does not give quite the same opportunity.
• In 10 years, the number of patients that require organs will
have doubled.
• Is a bio-fabrication line possible?
• Many challenges ahead and aspects left to improve before
commercialization of organ printing.
Presentation | Nov 2013
Pro’s and Con’s Analysis
• Vascularization, scaling, the interaction between the
different cell types, well-functioning organs that can be
integrated into the patient’s body.
• From a systems engineering point of view, it will require
more than bio-printers to produce complex tissues and
organs.
• Bioprinters alone will not be enough for producing the
artificial organs. Steps such as fusion, assembling,
remodeling, maturing are required.
• Quality control a crucial matter!!!
Presentation | Nov 2013
Thank You
Presentation | Nov 2013
Presentation | Nov 2013
Supporting Info: Bio-inks
• Prepared by mixing cells with biocompatible materials (Hydrogels).
• Suitable hydrogels are chosen based on the Organ to be printed.
(Ex. Collagen is widely used for bone printing)
Source: C. J. Ferris et al. Biomaterials Science 2013, 1, 224-230.
• Collagen • Alginate • Fibrin • Polycaprolactone • Thorbin
Bio-ink materials
Collagen Fibrin
Alginate
• Excellent Biocompatibility. • Homogenously incorporate cells, growth factors. • Processed under mild conditions. • Easy chemical modification. • Sol-gel transition.
Widely used
reason
Presentation | Nov 2013
Supporting Info: Bio-papers
Supports the Bio-ink during processing steps and post processing steps.
Source: Nakamura et al. Biofabrication 2 (2010) 014110
Presentation | Nov 2013
Supporting Information