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IB Syllabus: 3.3.1-3.3.3 Video – A Crude Awakening
9/28/2013 Guru IB ESS 1
http://1bog.org/blog/what-if-solar-power-had-fossil-fuel-like-subsidies-infographic/
9/28/2013 Guru IB ESS 2
3.3.1: Outline the range of energy resources available to a society
3.3.2: Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of two contrasting energy sources
3.3.3: Discuss the factors that effect the choice of energy sources adopted by different societies
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Greenhouse gases
Renewable natural capital
Non renewable natural capital
Pollution
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Fossil fuels coal, oil, natural gas Nuclear fission, fusion Solar passive, active Hydroelectric Geothermal Wind
The relative use of different forms depends on
the particular area, its needs and its own available resources
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World
Nuclear power
6% Hydropower, geothermal,
solar, wind
7%
Natural
Gas
12%
Biomass
11%
Oil
32%
Coal
21%
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United States
Nuclear power
8% Hydropower
geothermal
solar, wind
4%
Biomass
4%
Natural
Gas
23%
Oil
39%
Coal
22%
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60
50
30
20
10
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
40
2020
History Projections Oil
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear
Nonhydro
renewable
Renewable hydro
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Year
2100 2025 1950 1875 1800
0
20
40
60
80
100 C
ontr
ibution t
o t
ota
l energ
y
consum
ption (
perc
ent)
Wood
Coal
Oil
Nuclear
Hydrogen
Solar
Natural gas
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Future of nonrenewable resources depends on 1. Actual or Potential supply
2. Rate of consumption
Economic depletion – costs too much to use
Depletion time – time to use 80% of resource
Traditional measure of availability is reserve to production ratio – change is based on new sources and new processes
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Present Depletion
time A
Depletion
time B
Depletion
time C
Time
Pro
du
cti
on
C
B
A
Recycle, reuse, reduce
consumption; increase
reserves by improved
mining technology,
higher prices, and
new discoveries
Recycle; increase reserves
by improved mining
technology, higher prices,
and new discoveries
Mine, use, throw away;
no new discoveries;
rising prices
Depletion
Curves
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Resources are unequally distributed on the earth by geologic processes
In free market economy high supply should = lower price, while scarcity = increased price
Theory may no longer apply because of governmental control of resources & prices
Government Subsidies, Lower taxes, & increased purchasing power all benefit mining companies
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Most power generation regardless of the type is based on heating water to create
Steam to turn a turbine and run a dynamo to create the electricity 9/28/2013 Guru IB ESS 13
Low land use
Easily transported
within and
between countries
High net
energy yield
Low cost (with
huge subsidies)
Ample supply for
42–93 years
Advantages
Moderate water
pollution
Releases CO2
when burned
Air pollution
when burned
Artificially low
price encourages
waste and
discourages
search for
alternatives
Need to find
substitute within
50 years
Disadvantages
Efficient distribu-
tion system
Oil
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Advantages Disadvantages
Moderate existing
supplies
Large potential
supplies
High costs
Low net energy
yield
Large amount of
water needed to
process
Severe land
disruption from
surface mining
Water pollution
from mining
residues
Air pollution
when burned
CO2 emissions
when burned
Easily transported
within and
between
countries
Efficient
distribution
system in place
Coal
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Low risk of
accidents because
of multiple safety
systems (except
in 35 poorly
designed and run
reactors in former
Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe)
Moderate land use
Moderate land
disruption and
water pollution
(without
accidents)
Emits 1/6 as
much CO2 as coal
Low
environmental
impact (without
accidents)
Large fuel
supply
Spreads
knowledge and
technology for
building nuclear
weapons
No acceptable
solution for
long-term storage
of radioactive
wastes and
decommissioning
worn-out plants
Catastrophic
accidents can
happen
(Chernobyl)
High
environmental
impact (with major
accidents)
Low net
energy yield
High cost (even
with large
subsidies)
Advantages Disadvantages
Nuclear Power
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Advantages Disadvantages
Fairly high net energy Work on cloudy days Quick installation Easily expanded or moved No CO2 emissions Low environmental impact Last 20-40 years Low land use (if on roof or built into walls or windows) Reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Need access
to sun
Low efficiency
Need electricity
storage system
or backup
High land use
(solar cell power
plants) could
disrupt desert
areas
High costs
(but should be
competitive in
5-15 years)
DC current must
be converted
to AC
Solar Power
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Improve Energy Efficiency
Increase fuel-efficiency
standards for vehicles,
buildings, and appliances
Mandate government
purchases of efficient
vehicles and other devices
Provide large tax credits for
buying efficient cars,
houses, and appliances
Offer large tax credits for
investments in efficiency
Reward utilities for
reducing demand
Encourage independent
power producers
Greatly increase efficiency
research and development
More Renewable Energy
Increase renewable energy to
20% by 2020 and 50% by 2050
Provide large subsidies and tax
credits for renewable energy
Use full-cost accounting and
least-cost analysis for com-
paring all energy alternatives
Encourage government
purchase of renewable energy
devices
Greatly increase renewable
energy research and
development
Reduce Pollution and
Health Risk
Cut coal use 50% by 2020
Phase out coal subsidies
Levy taxes on coal and oil use
Phase out nuclear power or put
it on hold until 2020
Phase out nuclear power
subsidies
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Iceland uses geothermal energy because of their location and its low environmental impacts
China, US, Russia use coal because they have a lot of it available and it’s cheap economically
US dependence on oil is cultural because of our insistence on cars, suburbs, bigger, more, better
EU more nuclear power use because of environmental benefits and they have the technology to do it
LDCs use wood, dung other biofuels that are easily collected
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With impending effects of climate change the use of carbon dioxide producing energy sources is being questioned around the world
Our dependence is deep how will we change something that is so deeply ingrained in our way of life?
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