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e ca nstrumentat on
11/19/2010
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Medical instrumentation
Definition: instrument for sensing, diagnostics,
therapeutics or surgery of human being.
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Medical instrumentation
Definition: instrument for sensing, diagnostics,
therapeutics or surgery of human being. Fundamental purpose: to enhance the capabilities
of human beings to help themselves and each
o er.
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Medical instrumentation classification
Diagnostic instrumentation
Therapeutic instrumentation Clinical laboratory instrumentation
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Medical instrumentation classification
Diagnostic instrumentation
Therapeutic instrumentation Clinical laboratory instrumentation
Diagnosis Therapy
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Dia nostic instrumentation
Definition: a device that gathers information
leading to the identification of a disease or
disorder.
Stethoscope
(invented in 1819)
CT
(X-ray computed tomography )
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Dia nostic instrumentation
Definition: a device that gathers information
leading to the identification of a disease or
disorder.
Stethoscope
(invented in 1819)
CT
(X-ray computed tomography )
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Generalized com osition of
diagnostic instrument
Measurand Sensor Signal
processing
Outputdisplay
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Generalized com osition of
diagnostic instrument
Measurand Sensor Signal
processing
Outputdisplay
Measurand: physical quantity, property, or
condition that the system measures.
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Measurand
Examples:
Blood oxygen saturation Electrical activity of the heart
Tumor
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Measurand
Examples:
Blood oxygen saturation Electrical activity of the heart
Tumor
Normal ECG
(Electrocardiography)
Abnormal ECG
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Measurand
Examples:
Blood oxygen saturation Electrical activity of the heart
Tumor
LiverTumor
Ultrasound ima e of tumor in liver
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Measurand
Constrains:
Accessibility Vary with time and among patients
Safety
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Measurand
Constrains:
Accessibility Vary with time and among patients
Safety
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Measurand
Constrains:
Accessibility Vary with time and among patients
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Measurand
Constrains:
Accessibility Vary with time and among patients
Safety:
m a on o ex erna app e s gna s
Electrical safety
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Generalized com osition of
diagnostic instrument
Measurand Sensor Signal
processing
Outputdisplay
Sensor: a device that converts the measurand
into a signal carrying information.
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Sensor
Classification: according to the quantities to be
measured Thermal quantities
Mechanical uantities
Chemical quantities Radiation intensit
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Sensor
Classification: according to the quantities to be
measured Thermal quantities
Mechanical uantities
Chemical quantities Radiation intensit
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Sensor
Classification: according to the quantity to be
measured Thermal quantities
Mechanical uantities
Chemical quantities Radiation intensit
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Sensor
Classification: according to the quantity to be
measured Thermal quantities
Mechanical uantities
Chemical quantities Radiation intensit
Blood glucose meter
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Sensor
Classification: according to the quantity to be
measured Thermal quantities
Mechanical uantities
Chemical quantities Radiation intensit
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Sensor
Static characteristics: the relationship between the
output signal and the measurand. Limit of detection: the lowest value of measurand
that can be detected by the sensor.
Sensitivity: the smallest change it can detect inthe quantity that it is measuring.
Repeatability: ability of a sensor to reproduce
output readings under the same input.
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Sensor
Requirements:
Sensitive to the measured property Accurate
Stable and reliable
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Generalized com osition of
diagnostic instrument
Measurand Sensor Signal
processing
Outputdisplay
Signal processing: amplifies, filters, or in any
other way changes the output of the sensor to
prepare signals suitable for display.
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Si nal Processin
Biological signal magnitudes are low
ny measuremen nc u es no se
Parameter Range
ECG 0.5 4 mV
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Si nal Processin
Biological signal magnitudes are low
ny measuremen nc u es no se
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Si nal Processin
External: power lines, radio broadcast, cell phone
n erna : musc e no se, mo on ar ac
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Si nal Processin
Signal filtering: separate noise from the desired
. . .
high frequency noise from low frequency signal.
Opposing inputs: if noise is known, it can be
v y u
from the signal.
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Generalized com osition of
diagnostic instrument
Measurand Sensor Signal
processing
Outputdisplay
Output display: convey the information obtained
by the measurement in a meaningful way
(visual, audible)
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uestion?
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Thera eutic instrumentation
e n on: a ev ce a s use o rea a
disease or disorder. xamp e:
Ultrasound devices in therapy
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Ultrasound
Ultrasound: sound wave with a frequency beyond the
upper limit of human hearing (>20 KHz).
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Ultrasound
Ultrasound: sound wave with a frequency beyond the
upper limit of human hearing (>20 KHz).
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Ultrasound in cancer treatment
-
to heat and destroy tumors.
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Cancer treatment instrument
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Clinical devices
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Clinical a lications
Prostate cancer
Liver cancer Breast cancer
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Ultrasound in sto bleedin
= 80% of early mortality in civilian injuries
= 50% of all battlefield mortality.
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Ultrasound in sto bleedin
or a e ev ce a cou e use near e
site of trauma to reduce mortality from severe
oo oss.
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Portable HIFU device
DisplayPower Supply and
Control Module
TherapyArray
Footswitch Imaging
ProbeDr. Myntti carrying a portable
image-guided HIFU System
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Ultrasound in sto bleedin
1 cm
S
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Summary
Diagnostic
Therapeutic
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Hi i l P i 20th C
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Historical Pers ective: 20th Centur
1903 ECG heart 1957 Ultrasound Imaging
diagnostic
1924 EEG brain waves
(anatomical imaging)
1970 CT Scanner 1928 ESU cauterizing
scalpel
(anatomical imaging)
1975 Inter aortic balloon
1928 Iron Lung
respiration assist
pump
1982 MRI (anatomical
uc ear e c ne
1956 Defibrillation 1984 Artificial Heart
1957 Pacemaker (1960
implantable)
-isotopes (physiological
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