Post on 12-Mar-2016
description
BLACK MOUNTAIN COLLEGEto
the
EARLY MODERNISM
bauhausFRO
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The Bauhaus was more than just an art school it was “a v i b r a n t l a b o r a t o r y f o r redefining artistic practice in the modern age.” and “the most influential school of art, design a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e o f t h e twentieth century.”
Museum of Modern Art
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◍ The Bauhaus School was
founded by Walter Gropius in 1919 in Weimar , Germany (1919-25) and eventually found it’s home in Dessau (1925-32) and then in Berlin (1932-33).
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architectureceramicscostume designfurnituregraphic designindustrial designpaintingphotographysculpture textilesP
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Gropius formulated a manifesto for the Bauhaus which started "The final goal of
all artistic activity is architecture.". The following Bauhaus principles are
summarized by Alfred Barr, the Director of the Museum of Modern Art in 1938,from the book Bauhaus.
bauhaus manifesto6
Most student should face the fact that their future should be involved primarily with industry and mass production rather than with individual craftsmanship.
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Georg
Muche
JosephAlbers
Walter
Gropius
Paul Klee
VaslilyKankinsky
Oskar
Schellemer
Teachers in schools of design should be men who are in advance of their profession rather than safely and academically in the rear guard.➁
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➃It is harder to design a first rate chair than to paint a second rate painting-and much more useful.
➂The schools of design should, as the Bauhaus did, bring together the various arts of painting, architechture, theatre, photography, weaving, typography, etc., into a modern synthesis which disregards conventional distinctions between the "fine" and "applied" arts.
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A school of design should have on its facul ty the purely creat ive and disinterested artist such as the easel painter as a spiritual counterpoint to the practical technician in order that they may work and teach side by side for the benefit of the student .
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Manual experience of materials is essential to the student of design- esperience at first confined to free experiment and then extended to the practical workshop.➅
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The study of rational design in terms of techniques and materials should be only the first step in the development of a new and modern sense of beauty.
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Because we live in the 20th century, the student architect or designer should be offered no refuge in the past but should be equipped for the modern world in its various aspects, artistic, technical, social, economic, spiritual, so that he may function in society not as a decorator but as a vital participant.
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"The Bauhaus does not pretend to be a crafts school; contact with industry is consciously sought...the old craft workshops will develop into industrial laboratories: from their experimentation will evolve standards for industrial production...The teaching of a craft is meant to prepare for designing for mass production.”
Walter Gropius
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Oskar Schlemmer. Bauhaus Stairway. 1932. Oil on canvas. 63 7/8 x 45" (162.3 x 114.3 cm). The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of Philip Johnson. © 2009 Estate of Oskar Schlemmer, Munich/Germany
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Bauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture and modern design. The Bauhaus had a profound influence upon subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design and typography.
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Walter Gropius
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Pat Haussman
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JOHANNES DRIESCH BREAKFAST SERVICE 1922
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Marguerite Wildenhain.
French-American, (1896-1981) born Lyon, France.
The first of only seven ceramic students at the Bauhaus Foundation in Weimar, Germany and the only woman in the group
Wildenhain became an internationally known as both an artist and teacher.
“Let us use the hands for what they were meant to be: the tools of a creative man, not just the repetitive instrument of unimaginative procedures.”
–Marguerite Wildenhain, from her Open Letter to Bernard Leach, 1953
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“Fig Vase,” circa 1958, Clay,
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Wildenhain died in 1985 in California.
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BLACK MOUNTAIN, North Carolina
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BLACK MOUNTAIN COLLEGE
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•Founded in 1933, Black Mountain College was a progressive experiment in American Education. With the fine arts at its core
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•Dramatics, music, and the fine arts were regarded as an integral part of the life.
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The emphasis was that
learning and living are
intimately connected.
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• No student held a job through college but everyone, faculty and students alike, participated in work on the farm operated by the college, constructed buildings, did maintenance work, served meals, etc.
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Communal living was combined with an informal
class structure, Black Mountain created an
environment conducive to the interdisciplinary work that
was to revolutionize the arts and sciences of its time.
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• Many classes were held at night and none were scheduled in the afternoons in order to allow time for work on the campus. There was no organized athletic program as it was thought there should be no sharp distinction between work and play
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• By the late 40s, word of what was happening in North Carolina had started to spread throughout
the country. With a Board of Directors that included William Carlos Williams and Albert Einstein and
impressive programs in poetry and photography, Black Mountain had become the ideal of American
experimental education. Its concentration on cross-genre arts education would influence the programs
of many major American institutions.
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Faculty
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Buckminster Fuller
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walter gropius82
Willem de Kooning
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There is no such thing as silence. Something is always happening that makes a sound."
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Robert Motherwell
RobertMotherwell
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Franz Klein
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JacobLawrence
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Merce Cunningham
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Merce Cunningham
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Robert Turner96
M. C. Richards
m.c. richards
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karen karnes
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Marguerite Wildenhain
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Bernard Leach100
Shoji Hamada
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Soetsu Yanagi
Soetsu Yanagi102
Peter Voulkos103
Warren McKenzie
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Daniel Rhodes
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David Weinrib
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students 107
Robert Rauschenberg
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Kenneth Noland
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Cy Twombly
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Kenneth NolandSusan Weil
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Joel Oppenheimer
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Ed Dorn
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film* Inside (1996)
* Penn & Teller Get Killed (1989) * Dead of Winter (1987)
* Target (1985) * Four Friends (1981)
* The Missouri Breaks (1976) * Night Moves (1975)
* Little Big Man (1970) * Alice's Restaurant (1969) * Bonnie and Clyde (1967)
* The Chase (1966) * Mickey One (1965)
* The Miracle Worker (1962) * The Left Handed Gun (1958)
] Stage * Two for the Seesaw (1958) * The Miracle Worker (1959)
* Toys in the Attic (1960) * An Evening With Mike Nichols
and Elaine May (1960) * All the Way Home (1960)
* Golden Boy (1964) * Wait Until Dark (1966)
* Sly Fox (1976) * Fortune's Fool (2002)
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Albert EinsteinWilliam Carlos Williams,
Buckminister FullerJoseph Albers
William Gropius Willem DeKooning
John Cage
Robert MotherwellFranz Klien
Margarite WildenhaimMerce Cunningham
Jacob Lawrence Robet Turner MC Richards
Karen KarneBernard Leach Shoji Hamada Soetsu Yanagi Peter Voulkos
Warren McKenziek Daniel Rhodes
Robert Rauschenberg Kenneth Noland
Cy TwomblySusan Weiul
Joel OppenheimerArthur Penn
Ed Dorn
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• Black Mountain proved to be an important precursor to and prototype for many of the alternative colleges of today ranging from the University of California, Santa Cruz and Marlboro College to Evergreen State College, Bennington College, Shimer College, Goddard College, New College of Florida and the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston among others.
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“In 1953, as many of the students and faculty left for San Francisco
and New York, those still at Black Mountain saw the shift in interest and knew the school had run its
course. Black Mountain had existed on its own terms, and on its own
terms had succeeded in expanding the possibilities of American
education. Realizing that they had essentially achieved their goals, they closed their doors forever”
Black Mountain's legacy however, continued former students bringing the revolutionary spirit
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Black Mountain College Closed in 1956.
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end.
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