Post on 11-Feb-2018
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
1/54
Biodiversity
The variety among living
organisms
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
2/54
Viruses
It is difficult to place viruses
into the five-kingdom scheme of
classification
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
3/54
Viruses
Contain nucleic acids, DNA and
RNA
Reproduce in the living hostcells
Do not have cellular
organisation. No nucleusenclosed by nuclear membrane,
no cytoplasm and no organelles
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
4/54
Viruses
No processes such as nutrition,
respiration, excretion, growth,
irritability and movement Show no signs of life outside
the cells of the living host
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
5/54
Five Kingdom Systems
Organisms are grouped into
Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
6/54
Prokaryotae
Prokaryotes
E.g. bacteria, cyanobacteria
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
7/54
Protoctista
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or multicellular
Autotroph or heterotroph
Reproduce asexually and sexually
*heterotrophicorganisms
requiring a supply of organicmaterial (food) from its
environment
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
8/54
Algae
Photosynthetic thallusThallusa relatively
undifferentiated vegetative
body with no true roots,stems, leaves, or vascular
system
Great range of size and form Habitat: aquatic or moist area
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
9/54
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Chlorophyceae
photosynthetic pigment;
Chlorophyll a & b (dominant)
food reserve is insoluble starch
eg. Chlamydomonas
(unicellular, motile), spirogyra
(filamentous)
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
10/54
Chlamydomonas sp.
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
11/54
Chlamydomonas sp.
Contractile vacuolea
membrane-surrounded cavity in a
cell that periodically expands,filling with water, and then
suddenly contracts, expelling its
contents to the cells exterior Pyrenoidsite of starch formation
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
12/54
Spirogyra sp.
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
13/54
Spirogyra sp.
Chloroplastribbon-shaped
Pyrenoids are found on the
chloroplasts
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
14/54
Protozoa
Unicellular
High degree of cellular
differentiations with manyorganelles
Locomotion using pseudopodia,
cilia or flagella
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
15/54
Zoomastigina
(Flagellates) Greenautotrophic
Colourless - heterotrophic
Flagella are used for locomotion
One nucleus
Definit shape
Eg. Euglena
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
16/54
Euglena gracilis
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
17/54
Euglena gracilis
Reservoirplace where water is
stored
Paramylum granulesstored food
Canaltube of pipe for food or air
Myonemelong contractile fibrils
Accessory vacuolea number of
radial canals which are filled with
fluid before emptying into the
main vacuole
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
18/54
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophicsaprotrophs, parasites
or mutualistic In saprophytic fungi, they digest their
food extracellularly by secretingenzymes. The then absorb the
digested food through their cell wallsinto their hyphae
Cell walls made of chitin
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
19/54
Fungi
Body of the fungi is called myceliumwhich is a network of fine thread-likestructures called hyphae
Food reserve are glycogen granulesor lipid droplets
Non-motile
Reproduction
Sexually - conjugation Asexuallyspores
Eg. Mucor
Muc
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
20/54
Muc
or
sp.
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
21/54
The life cycle ofMucor
sp.
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
22/54
Mucor sp.
Multicell
Saprophyte the hyphae relaease
enzymes into the substance digestingthe substrate into simple moleculesand absorb the digested products
Sporangiophore the part that bears
sporangia
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
23/54
Mucor sp.
Sporangium a capsule in
which meiosis occurs and
haploid spores develop. Asexual & sexual reproduction
heterothallus
Haploid life cycle
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
24/54
Plantae
Eukaryotic
Have cellulose cell wall
Cells have a large vacuole
Multicellular
Autotroph
Non-motile
Reproduce sexually
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
25/54
Biodiversity
Gametophytehaploid individual
producing gametes by mitosis
Sporophytediploid individual whichproduces spores by meiosis
Alternation of generationplants
that show distinct alternation of
generations between the diploidindividuals (sporophytes) and the
haploid individuals (gametophytes)
in their life cycle.
Biodiversity
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
26/54
Biodiversity Sexual reproductionprogeny will not
be identical to the parents. This is due
to variations that occur during the
formation of gametes. This advantage
plays an important role in maintaining
the survival of a species.
Three different types of life cycles:(a) Haploid life cyclegametophyte
generation is dominant.
(b) Diploid life cyclesporophyte
generation is dominant.
(c) Haploidiplon life cyclethe haploid
and diploid stages where both stages
alternate.
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
27/54
Biodiversity Three different types of life
cycles:
(a) Haploid life cycle
gametophyte generation is
dominant.(b) Diploid life cyclesporophyte
generation is dominant.
(c) Haploidiplon life cyclethehaploid and diploid stages where
both stages alternate.
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
28/54
Biodiversity
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
29/54
Bryophyta
Hepaticae The simplest group of land plants
There is alternation of generations. Haploidgametophyte is dominant generation.
Gametophyte is a thallus with unicellularrhizoids
Rhizoids are long tubular single cells thatlack specialised conducting cells
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
30/54
Bryophyta
Hepaticae Water & mineral salts can be absorbed by
the surface of the plant as well as root-likerhizoids
The main function of rhizoids is anchorage The diploid sporophyte is attached to the
gametophyte and is dependent on it forsupport and nutrition
Found in damp, shady places, highland
Eg. Marchantia
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
31/54
Gemmae cup ofMarchantia
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
32/54
Marchantia polymorpha
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
33/54
Marchanti
a sp.
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
34/54
Life cycle ofMarchantia
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
35/54
Marchantia
Gemmae cup containing
gemmae which is a group of
cells that can detach from the
thallus when hit with irrigationor rain drops and produce new
plant.
Archegonium (female) &antheridium (male) a moist
chamber in which gamates
develop
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
36/54
Filicinophyta
Filicinae (Ferns)
There is alternation of generations.Diploid sporophyte is dominantgeneration.
homosporous (having one kind ofspore that gives rise to gametophytegeneration bearing both male andfemale reproductive organs.)
Gametophyte is a free-living,photosynthetic prothallus.
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
37/54
Filicinophyta
Filicinae (Ferns)
Sporophyte has true stems, leaves
and roots.
Vascular tissue consists only oftracheids and sieve tubes. (No xylem
vessels and companion cells)
Stem is an underground rhizome.
Eg. Dryopteris
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
38/54
D
r
y
o
pt
eri
s
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
39/54
Life cycle of the fern,
Dryopteris
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
40/54
Coniferophyta
There is alternation of generations. Diploid
sporophyte is dominant generation
Produces sporangium inside the cone
Heterosporousmegaspores (inside femalecones) & microspores (inside male cones)
One of the megaspore which survives and
proceeds to grow and form the female
gametopyte
The germinated pollen grain is the male
gametophyte
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
41/54
Coniferophyta
Ovules are not enclosed by ovarywall
Naked seeds - Seeds are notenclosed by fruit wall (pericarp)
No fruits & flowers
Only tracheids present. Albuminous
cells instead of companion cells. The leaves are needle-like
Eg. Pinus
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
42/54
Pinus
e
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
43/54
ecycle
of
Pinus
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
44/54
Angiospermophyta
Diploid flowering plant is thedominant sporophyte generation
Flowers are produced
Heterosporypollen grains &embryo sacs
Ovules are enclosed in ovary
Ovules develop into seeds & ovary
develops into fruit Seeds are enclosed by fruit wall
Xylem vessels, tracheids, companioncells and sieve tubes are present.
Monocotyledonae
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
45/54
Monocotyledonae Seeds
- Embryo has one cotyledon Flowers
floral parts mainly in
threes or multiples ofthree
perianth consists of two
similar whorls, sepals andpetals are not distinct
often wind-pollinated
Monocotyledonae
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
46/54
Monocotyledonae
Leaves
Lanceolate (leaveselongated, narrow andpointed)
parallel venation
stomata are found on
both surfaces of theleaf
Monocotyledonae
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
47/54
Monocotyledonae
Stem
vascular bundles arescattered in the groundtissue
there is no distinct cortexand pith
vascular cambium absent
from vascular bundlesno secondary thickening
Monocotyledonae
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
48/54
Monocotyledonae
RootsFibrous root system
Example
- Zea mays
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
49/54
Dicotyledonae
Seeds - Embryo has two cotyledons
Flowers
floral parts mainly in foursand fives or multiples ofthese
perianth consists of twodistinct whorls, the outersepals (calyx) and the innerwhorl of petals (corolla)
often insect-pollinated
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
50/54
Dicotyledonae
Leavesleaves have broad lamina(broad blade)
Netlike / reticulatevenation
more stomata on lower
surface of the leaf
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
51/54
Dicotyledonae
Stemvascular bundles arearranged in a ring
cortex and pith aredistinct
vascular cambium
present in vascularbundles
secondary thickening may
occur
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
52/54
Dicotyledonae
Rootstap root system withlateral roots
Example
- Helianthus
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
53/54
Angiospermophyta
Angiospermophyta
7/22/2019 22.1 Biodiversity 2012
54/54
Angiospermophyta