Post on 05-Jan-2016
SUPPORT AND LOCOMOTIONNajmiyatul Fadilah Mohamad
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Identify the animals with hydrostatic, exoskeleton and endoskeleton support system
2. Describe animal locomotion
3. Describe the two divisions in human nervous system
4. Analyse animal responses and coordinates towards stimulus
5. Explain the chemical coordination in human beings
6. Analyse plant responses and coordinates towards stimulus.
SUPPORT SYSTEM
Skeleton Framework of the animal body around which
the whole body is built.
Collective name for all the hard and rigid structures in the body forming the framework of the body.
Forms the supporting framework of the body.
Gives a proper shape to the body.
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
Hydrostatic Skeleton In soft-bodied and
cold-blooded animals.
Has a coelom, which is a fluid-filled cavity.
Coelom is surrounded by muscles.
Rigidity by fluid and muscles serve as a supporting structure for the organisms.
EXOSKELETON
Lies outside the soft parts of the body providing a covering to them.
in the form of hard and rigid plates composed of dead substance secreted by cells.
restricts the movements of the animal to the extent that the animal is passive and slow or even sessile.
ENDOSKELETON
Inside the body Supports and gives
shape to the body Tissues and muscles
are formed around the skeletal system
Muscular forces are transmitted to this skeleton.
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION (EARTHWORM)
Hydrostatic skeleton.
Has about 100-150 segments.
Segmentation helps the earthworm move.
(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) GRASSHOPPER
Exoskeleton
Can move in three ways walk, jump and fly
(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) BIRD
Lightweight skeleton, strong muscles to control their flight, air sacs, light beaks,small lungs and wings designed for flying.
(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) BIRD
Birds wings
Shaped like an aerofoil concave
How they fly?
(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) BIRD large muscles to move
their wings up and down
attached to the wings at one end and to a special bone, keel bone, at the other end.
Pectoralis provides the powerful
down stroke of the wing
Supracoracoideusas the muscle that raises
the wing
(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) FISH
Myomeres contracting and relaxing –able to swim.
How fish face the problem during movement?
(ANIMAL LOCOMOTION) HUMAN
Bone act as levers during
movement. provide solid
structures
three types of joints: Immovable Partly Movable Synovial
LEG MUSCLES
main leg muscles gluteal muscles the iliopsoas or hip
flexors
NERVOUS SYSTEM
(a) Central Nervous System (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord
Responsible for receiving and interpreting signals from the peripheral nervous system and also sends outsignals to it, either consciously or unconsciously.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
(b) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consisting of all other neural elements.
Composed of nerves and ganglia that are connected to the brain but are technically outside of the brain itself and the spinal cord
Divided into 2 categories: ??
RESPONSE AND COORDINATION INANIMALS
A nerve cell = a neuron
three types of neurons. afferent(sensory) efferent (motor) interneuron.
VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS Voluntary action Involuntary action
CHEMICAL COORDINATION
Endocrine System
collection of glands that secrete hormones.
executes various physiological processes through chemical messengers called hormones.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS, HORMONES AND FUNCTIONS
An endocrine gland = a group of specialised cells, produces and secretes hormones into the blood stream.
each hormone has its own target organ = specific function.
Thyroxine and growth hormones = control the growth of human body.
If imbalance of the thyroxine?
RESPONSE AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS
Tropic Response A growth movement
of a plant part in response to an external stimulus in which the direction of a stimulus determines the direction of responses.
RESPONSE AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS
Nastic Response is not a directional
movement of the plant part with respect to the stimulus.
is neither towards the stimulus nor away from the stimulus.