2012 /13 Monmouth Science Imitative Project11Ghz Small Radio Telescope

o Electronics developed during 2012o Commercial satellite TV equipment modifiedo Measurements made in 2013

DetectorPost detector

amplifierDigitiser

Low NoiseReceiver

1.2m diameter offsetParabolic dish

o Main component are:o 1.2m disho Low noise receivero Detector unito Post detector amplifiero Digitisero Lap top computer

o Students built and tested the post detector electronicso It provides signal offseto Amplificationo Filtering

o Data is generated by driving the antenna in azimuth and recording the digitised received signal o The dish elevation is raised and the scan repeatedo This produces a two dimensional array of numberso False colour images can be generated from this data

o All hot bodies (ie T > 00 K) emit radiationo This extends into microwave regiono The ground is ‘hot’ at microwave frequencieso This can be measured with the sensitive 11GHz ‘Radiometer’o Signal level from hot bodies is greatest toward optical frequencies

microwaves

Plank’s Law

0 Deg 5Deg 10 Deg 15 Deg 20 Deg 25 Deg 30 Deg 35 Deg 40 Deg 45 Deg 50 Deg

Time Signalms V

2604 0.035 2.199 0.797 0.001 0.426 0.557 0.004 0.568 0.152 0.378 0.4982705 2.108 2.018 1.993 1.038 0.874 0.902 0.631 0.515 0.64 0.594 0.7942804 2.001 1.667 1.921 1.094 0.862 0.886 0.573 0.675 0.674 0.531 0.72904 2.004 1.658 1.827 1.123 0.879 0.813 0.59 0.685 0.688 0.541 0.7093004 2.086 1.883 1.713 1.131 0.868 0.793 0.566 0.648 0.689 0.57 0.6843104 2.117 2.052 1.807 1.115 0.918 0.839 0.487 0.725 0.708 0.497 0.5933205 2.396 1.966 1.908 1.144 0.937 0.882 0.632 0.638 0.66 0.471 0.5643304 2.508 1.867 1.986 1.11 0.841 0.797 0.615 0.684 0.691 0.532 0.5543404 2.271 1.913 1.803 1.105 0.825 0.741 0.635 0.729 0.59 0.54 0.6843504 1.96 1.984 1.759 1.111 0.84 0.764 0.67 0.613 0.621 0.686 0.7573604 2.001 2.035 1.679 1.13 0.87 0.779 0.759 0.658 0.646 0.721 0.7423704 2.048 2.126 1.759 1.147 0.902 0.723 0.754 0.747 0.7 0.655 0.7453805 2.016 2.113 1.849 1.204 0.889 0.678 0.715 0.79 0.746 0.652 0.793904 1.976 1.913 1.768 1.186 0.906 0.71 0.667 0.804 0.703 0.648 0.6744004 1.822 1.735 1.719 1.25 0.91 0.766 0.673 0.816 0.698 0.729 0.664100 1.924 1.84 1.695 1.193 0.905 0.726 0.72 0.876 0.694 0.642 0.7314204 1.919 1.845 1.685 1.183 0.825 0.762 0.754 0.886 0.685 0.623 0.6654300 1.853 1.879 1.705 1.135 0.889 0.842 0.79 0.778 0.659 0.698 0.7154404 1.643 1.727 1.672 1.099 0.9 0.849 0.792 0.762 0.64 0.698 0.7064504 1.787 1.472 1.607 1.035 0.876 0.771 0.852 0.761 0.687 0.706 0.6924604 1.783 1.335 1.32 0.987 0.89 0.811 0.795 0.795 0.708 0.707 0.7344704 1.945 1.295 1.095 0.907 0.939 0.837 0.782 0.78 0.62 0.764 0.6574804 1.979 1.163 0.935 0.966 0.951 0.78 0.76 0.711 0.635 0.661 0.6114905 1.922 1.091 0.91 0.895 0.937 0.808 0.758 0.721 0.628 0.652 0.5815004 1.812 0.984 0.857 0.907 0.954 0.8 0.715 0.773 0.657 0.682 0.6395104 1.812 0.978 0.81 0.891 0.956 0.752 0.794 0.834 0.654 0.731 0.5785204 1.997 0.938 0.795 0.817 0.97 0.877 0.72 0.808 0.663 0.67 0.6235304 2.039 0.986 0.799 0.885 0.917 0.953 0.782 0.72 0.665 0.679 0.6645400 2 1.076 0.746 0.897 0.91 0.869 0.803 0.796 0.634 0.687 0.5845504 1.986 1.156 0.795 0.896 0.887 0.849 0.879 0.93 0.679 0.672 0.645604 1.892 1.099 0.817 0.923 0.967 0.924 0.804 0.656 0.597 0.678 0.6615704 1.84 1.076 0.831 0.893 0.931 0.911 0.74 0.477 0.583 0.7 0.6395804 1.76 0.911 0.748 0.873 0.909 0.859 0.847 0.63 0.664 0.693 0.6715904 1.789 0.816 0.798 0.845 0.829 0.831 0.763 0.712 0.568 0.664 0.696005 1.739 0.759 0.779 0.814 0.812 0.901 0.726 0.723 0.611 0.745 0.7096104 1.91 0.687 0.766 0.83 0.774 0.817 0.753 0.713 0.63 0.736 0.8186204 2.111 0.692 0.734 0.874 0.654 0.851 0.815 0.702 0.669 0.677 0.8526300 2.043 0.702 0.817 0.868 0.593 0.882 0.764 0.702 0.607 0.731 0.7116404 1.794 0.699 0.728 0.873 0.714 0.916 0.785 0.618 0.655 0.746 0.7896500 1.794 0.81 0.786 0.857 0.658 0.877 0.816 0.661 0.709 0.716 0.8086604 1.909 0.786 0.804 0.833 0.675 0.855 0.861 0.673 0.588 0.665 0.8166704 1.897 0.851 0.779 0.869 0.729 0.884 0.745 0.619 0.639 0.704 0.7586804 1.96 0.914 0.747 0.839 0.801 0.86 0.778 0.638 0.606 0.761 0.7176904 1.88 0.902 0.783 0.799 0.733 0.82 0.739 0.608 0.668 0.706 0.8627004 1.767 1 0.799 0.868 0.731 0.675 0.909 0.625 0.74 0.751 0.7027105 1.904 1.064 0.786 0.863 0.657 0.645 0.773 0.565 0.712 0.677 0.7577204 1.972 1.032 0.769 0.805 0.734 0.816 0.722 0.665 0.581 0.76 0.8147305 2.023 1.105 0.873 0.865 0.682 0.709 0.757 0.68 0.609 0.765 0.7227404 1.933 1.102 0.748 0.921 0.747 0.695 0.826 0.635 0.784 0.668 0.7677504 1.976 1.347 0.79 0.87 0.738 0.687 0.731 0.701 0.729 0.774 0.7537600 1.764 1.205 0.83 0.857 0.779 0.764 0.81 0.639 0.672 0.702 0.6947704 1.823 1.212 0.79 0.878 0.787 0.642 0.768 0.655 0.661 0.645 0.7857804 1.876 1.128 0.8 0.938 0.84 0.748 0.775 0.636 0.8 0.77 0.8237904 1.88 1.193 0.809 0.831 0.808 0.743 0.788 0.643 0.809 0.744 0.6578004 1.781 1.031 0.838 0.881 0.856 0.787 0.863 0.612 0.775 0.744 0.8268104 1.855 1.141 0.859 0.805 0.895 0.705 0.765 0.639 0.831 0.646 0.878205 1.834 1.07 0.855 0.907 0.838 0.867 0.829 0.636 0.832 0.731 0.798304 1.878 1.007 0.784 0.803 0.902 0.881 0.871 0.722 0.908 0.848 0.9218404 1.718 1.062 0.749 0.883 0.914 0.843 0.845 0.655 0.78 0.693 0.6628504 1.808 1.047 0.776 0.847 0.906 0.857 0.836 0.675 0.837 0.77 0.948604 1.814 1.139 0.788 0.747 0.887 0.907 0.884 0.704 0.869 0.809 0.9128700 1.835 1.102 0.802 0.783 1.005 1.007 0.828 0.883 0.774 0.686 0.7818804 1.769 1.128 0.731 0.879 0.89 0.974 0.864 0.902 0.825 0.714 0.818904 1.779 1.016 0.847 0.896 0.666 0.982 0.803 0.856 0.752 0.738 0.6779000 1.813 1.092 0.72 0.89 0.801 0.899 0.799 0.89 0.78 0.754 0.9639104 1.732 1.083 0.938 0.918 0.694 0.93 0.785 0.801 0.774 0.766 0.8599204 1.765 1.148 0.824 0.959 0.727 0.938 0.826 0.875 0.83 0.702 0.7749305 1.667 1.091 0.954 0.888 0.619 0.857 0.778 0.812 0.669 0.62 0.8639400 1.677 1.137 0.935 0.832 0.719 0.886 0.827 0.806 0.897 0.726 0.7999504 1.681 1.22 0.944 0.832 0.462 0.863 0.763 0.794 0.627 0.691 0.8059600 1.803 1.204 0.879 0.819 0.002 0.806 0.851 0.841 0.715 0.673 0.7899704 1.75 1.304 0.969 0.824 0.201 0.913 0.802 0.759 0.795 0.624 0.8349800 1.76 1.278 0.89 0.833 0.953 0.904 0.83 0.749 0.791 0.614 0.7539904 1.736 1.395 0.875 0.74 1.012 0.878 0.82 0.869 0.777 0.722 0.754

10004 1.807 1.418 0.903 0.756 0.371 0.792 0.899 0.757 0.742 0.674 0.94110104 1.724 1.524 0.878 0.812 0.292 0.936 0.923 0.743 0.762 0.593 0.91310204 1.758 1.488 0.809 0.783 0.545 0.957 0.811 0.928 0.81 0.735 0.81810304 1.694 1.575 0.855 0.817 0.649 0.882 0.878 0.86 0.798 0.577 0.85710405 1.684 1.564 0.933 0.843 0.686 0.948 0.821 0.796 0.787 0.658 0.85910504 1.649 1.576 0.841 0.729 0.463 0.886 0.782 0.854 0.709 0.815 0.96410605 1.691 1.63 0.971 0.912 0.54 0.89 0.843 0.802 0.847 0.516 1.02110704 1.631 1.633 0.823 0.742 0.554 0.873 0.856 0.952 0.747 0.67 0.82610804 1.597 1.665 0.949 0.883 0.68 0.941 0.799 0.784 0.811 0.737 0.86910900 1.729 1.726 0.894 0.768 0.565 0.801 0.776 0.947 0.754 0.631 1.09611004 1.677 1.696 0.92 0.937 0.617 0.866 0.791 0.667 0.791 0.748 0.96411104 1.708 1.801 0.862 0.749 0.639 0.976 0.822 0.679 0.82 0.556 1.00211204 1.761 1.794 0.93 0.812 0.713 0.813 0.843 0.884 0.824 0.655 1.04311304 1.83 1.832 0.848 0.89 0.587 0.948 0.816 0.717 0.897 0.738 0.96311404 1.765 1.75 0.888 0.88 0.636 0.886 0.859 0.83 0.805 0.571 0.96911505 1.737 1.856 0.882 0.865 0.591 0.94 0.777 0.815 0.802 0.652 0.922

11600 1.748 1.806 0.769 0.75 0.607 0.947 0.91 0.881 0.815 0.668 0.90111704 1.765 1.864 0.832 0.925 0.586 1.038 0.889 0.75 0.801 0.727 0.91911800 1.757 1.783 0.83 0.843 0.543 1.042 0.794 0.789 0.703 0.652 0.88811904 1.631 1.831 0.813 0.886 0.501 0.916 0.883 0.98 0.623 0.643 0.87912000 1.811 1.778 0.86 0.848 0.598 1.061 0.839 0.87 0.714 0.709 0.83412104 1.69 1.866 0.801 0.907 0.525 0.958 0.866 0.768 0.743 0.693 0.97112204 1.687 1.892 0.864 0.876 0.589 1.067 0.799 0.775 0.62 0.664 0.99212304 1.725 1.891 0.881 0.849 0.559 1.015 0.806 0.846 0.751 0.692 0.83812404 1.701 1.77 0.795 0.907 0.497 1.052 0.904 0.803 0.789 0.709 0.84512504 1.75 1.83 0.873 0.877 0.543 1.07 0.871 0.65 0.743 0.679 0.9112605 1.701 1.865 0.89 0.85 0.528 0.986 0.81 0.762 0.694 0.688 0.87312704 1.688 1.726 0.847 0.886 0.593 1.069 0.882 0.799 0.712 0.763 0.82712800 1.728 1.803 0.948 0.852 0.514 1.045 0.775 0.79 0.772 0.766 0.89212904 1.707 1.856 0.976 0.809 0.517 1.032 0.838 0.645 0.833 0.616 0.88213004 1.704 1.754 0.861 0.672 0.506 1.08 0.821 0.804 0.73 0.712 0.80613100 1.737 1.803 0.876 0.733 0.538 1.063 0.785 0.851 0.69 0.754 0.82413204 1.731 1.777 0.862 0.572 0.524 1.078 0.859 0.714 0.755 0.738 0.82813304 1.705 1.776 0.849 0.792 0.48 1.113 0.865 0.757 0.741 0.679 0.76513404 1.676 1.708 0.861 0.86 0.457 1.095 0.709 0.71 0.752 0.752 0.80913504 1.703 1.844 0.832 0.831 0.567 1.078 0.826 0.77 0.671 0.735 0.80713604 1.718 1.721 0.93 0.814 0.593 1.057 0.72 0.768 0.756 0.758 0.74413705 1.612 1.683 0.902 0.89 0.582 1.086 0.607 0.813 0.842 0.767 0.77313804 1.659 1.821 0.845 0.899 0.677 1.122 0.617 0.793 0.826 0.669 0.78213904 1.685 1.792 0.894 0.966 0.584 1.022 0.755 0.753 0.79 0.722 0.75314004 1.637 1.837 0.921 0.811 0.589 1.02 0.643 0.832 0.767 0.717 0.80214104 1.663 1.803 0.812 0.803 0.566 0.966 0.668 0.807 0.731 0.728 0.83914200 1.573 1.752 0.924 0.857 0.6 1.001 0.79 0.791 0.693 0.739 0.85414304 1.619 1.736 0.926 0.836 0.547 1.012 0.762 0.783 0.741 0.684 0.8714404 1.651 1.666 0.856 0.788 0.596 1.038 0.718 0.836 0.777 0.646 0.8214504 1.641 1.742 0.838 0.842 0.768 1.038 0.734 0.783 0.684 0.658 0.87814604 1.705 1.709 0.891 0.847 0.547 1.06 0.816 0.826 0.746 0.668 0.88714704 1.751 1.707 0.837 0.819 0.168 0.998 0.805 0.832 0.743 0.672 0.87714805 1.733 1.788 0.845 0.849 0.002 0.981 0.799 0.839 0.802 0.645 0.94614904 1.667 1.744 0.791 0.896 0.333 0.956 0.841 0.821 0.787 0.64 0.96615004 1.576 1.707 0.858 0.869 0.884 0.899 0.747 0.845 0.769 0.693 0.94215103 1.605 1.716 0.895 0.879 0.946 0.961 0.775 0.806 0.749 0.704 0.90915204 1.651 1.76 0.801 0.841 0.376 0.965 0.712 0.805 0.701 0.678 0.91215300 1.609 1.569 0.835 0.826 0.182 0.985 0.72 0.899 0.809 0.684 0.91915404 1.583 1.445 0.9 0.89 0.372 1.015 0.69 0.825 0.799 0.7 0.96415504 1.721 1.461 0.88 0.81 0.603 1.114 0.705 0.9 0.778 0.702 0.96715600 1.809 1.475 0.828 0.818 0.549 1.053 0.707 0.789 0.717 0.7 0.93215704 1.765 1.434 0.833 0.814 0.497 1.014 0.726 0.832 0.787 0.703 0.9215804 1.747 1.386 0.919 0.825 0.41 1.012 0.748 0.802 0.748 0.688 0.95415905 1.876 1.408 0.849 0.839 0.493 0.978 0.749 0.821 0.751 0.659 0.9516005 1.897 1.382 0.834 0.896 0.554 0.912 0.724 0.831 0.772 0.643 0.97416104 1.883 1.212 0.793 0.869 0.51 0.829 0.818 0.79 0.74 0.697 0.92216204 1.87 1.175 0.88 0.855 0.564 0.93 0.834 0.846 0.789 0.659 0.96416304 1.825 1.214 0.892 0.792 0.602 0.9 0.819 0.801 0.768 0.647 0.95416400 1.81 1.103 0.828 0.818 0.54 0.875 0.78 0.825 0.809 0.668 0.97516504 1.859 0.985 0.917 0.894 0.647 0.903 0.835 0.833 0.801 0.631 0.98716604 1.93 0.932 0.933 0.854 0.649 0.884 0.706 0.797 0.799 0.628 0.99216704 1.848 0.887 0.913 0.76 0.676 0.983 0.743 0.852 0.808 0.646 116804 1.841 0.769 0.902 0.749 0.589 0.976 0.784 0.86 0.78 0.69 1.02616904 1.925 0.709 0.949 0.771 0.488 0.981 0.785 0.745 0.797 0.639 0.9717005 1.949 0.723 0.976 0.797 0.542 0.982 0.797 0.727 0.743 0.6 0.9917104 1.956 0.637 0.924 0.82 0.516 0.98 0.752 0.718 0.77 0.612 0.98717204 1.911 0.554 1.009 0.84 0.491 1 0.833 0.703 0.739 0.653 0.95217304 1.892 0.62 1.05 0.811 0.517 1.03 0.832 0.69 0.728 0.65 1.01917404 1.901 0.661 1.001 0.811 0.523 1.002 0.901 0.717 0.765 0.685 1.03617500 1.905 0.585 0.99 0.896 0.534 0.994 0.762 0.677 0.761 0.679 1.00417604 1.908 0.632 0.933 0.876 0.548 0.991 0.777 0.74 0.747 0.653 1.00217704 1.86 0.643 0.858 0.913 0.591 0.975 0.743 0.599 0.688 0.631 1.00217800 1.828 0.594 0.828 0.866 0.611 0.962 0.777 0.769 0.753 0.66 1.06417904 1.874 0.616 0.844 0.861 0.55 0.955 0.782 0.713 0.731 0.645 0.99318004 1.859 0.689 0.771 0.848 0.568 0.917 0.786 0.766 0.728 0.581 0.90518105 1.859 0.626 0.767 0.844 0.517 0.943 0.758 0.67 0.787 0.64 0.97818200 1.824 0.548 0.793 0.851 0.509 0.942 0.777 0.728 0.793 0.593 0.9318304 1.802 0.486 0.766 0.896 0.589 0.965 0.788 0.705 0.907 0.669 0.96918404 1.757 0.493 0.761 0.888 0.542 1.008 0.704 0.761 0.782 0.625 0.93818504 1.843 0.553 0.859 0.901 0.548 0.985 0.728 0.72 0.85 0.655 0.91118600 1.9 0.595 0.816 0.926 0.509 0.996 0.687 0.684 0.757 0.682 1.01518700 1.83 0.539 0.818 1.111 0.568 0.974 0.731 0.675 0.872 0.619 0.96318804 1.856 0.51 0.859 1.531 0.581 0.972 0.713 0.674 0.829 0.639 0.93218904 1.822 0.539 0.873 2.112 0.581 0.955 0.657 0.658 0.796 0.613 0.89819000 1.779 0.524 0.846 2.259 0.594 1.035 0.707 0.688 0.746 0.666 0.97219104 1.748 0.597 0.84 1.797 0.621 0.969 0.71 0.636 0.754 0.657 0.94419205 1.793 0.516 0.755 1.012 0.615 0.983 0.711 0.661 0.739 0.655 0.96319304 1.762 0.47 0.814 0.706 0.549 0.992 0.72 0.642 0.77 0.652 0.98519404 1.743 0.529 0.745 0.865 0.534 0.916 0.629 0.67 0.725 0.729 0.93419504 1.713 0.563 0.757 1.033 0.648 0.888 0.622 0.688 0.782 0.67 1.01619605 1.685 0.477 0.734 0.89 0.765 0.878 0.601 0.661 0.688 0.678 0.96419700 1.67 0.462 0.737 0.788 0.809 0.83 0.631 0.695 0.737 0.616 0.98219804 1.646 0.511 0.806 0.712 0.827 0.802 0.607 0.661 0.746 0.723 0.99419904 1.554 0.523 0.768 0.664 0.708 0.842 0.589 0.731 0.723 0.68 0.9620004 1.525 0.572 0.733 0.653 0.708 0.853 0.645 0.739 0.764 0.665 1.05220104 1.571 0.555 0.798 0.624 0.74 0.81 0.571 0.654 0.728 0.693 0.97220204 1.537 0.531 0.791 0.632 0.836 0.801 0.623 0.704 0.788 0.688 0.97120305 1.552 0.516 0.787 0.635 0.977 0.765 0.63 0.671 0.691 0.689 0.98320404 1.57 0.578 0.754 0.664 0.905 0.78 0.676 0.678 0.803 0.695 0.95120505 1.634 0.606 0.72 0.598 0.641 0.709 0.664 0.716 0.689 0.664 0.97920604 1.698 0.481 0.731 0.564 0.578 0.669 0.663 0.669 0.761 0.624 0.96720704 1.719 0.491 0.718 0.563 0.634 0.631 0.623 0.616 0.731 0.682 0.96320800 1.701 0.532 0.71 0.556 0.716 0.556 0.615 0.641 0.727 0.648 0.98620904 1.771 0.574 0.68 0.619 0.647 0.597 0.611 0.635 0.765 0.715 0.94221004 1.803 0.421 0.675 0.609 0.639 0.614 0.613 0.586 0.61 0.639 0.93321104 1.751 0.487 0.688 0.617 0.465 0.695 0.59 0.664 0.701 0.69 0.95521204 1.659 0.577 0.739 0.593 0.506 0.626 0.634 0.654 0.635 0.662 0.91621304 1.601 0.571 0.694 0.556 0.555 0.712 0.588 0.632 0.7 0.665 0.96221405 1.627 0.515 0.628 0.53 0.54 0.822 0.642 0.669 0.662 0.649 0.9721504 1.678 0.476 0.683 0.593 0.464 1.108 0.547 0.61 0.675 0.685 0.91721604 1.534 0.507 0.716 0.708 0.49 1.302 0.627 0.633 0.673 0.644 0.93921704 1.537 0.566 0.618 0.698 0.555 1.285 0.621 0.639 0.649 0.687 0.916

Elevation Angle

Azi

mut

h B

earin

g

Azi

mut

h B

earin

g

Elevation Angle

11GHz RadioData Map 13/11/2013

Values represent intensity of

received signal

Sig

na

l In

ten

sit

y (

Vo

lts

)

30W

S

30E

60E

90E

120E

150E

00

100

200

300

400

500

Elevation AngleAzimuth Bearing

Excel Plot of 11GHz Azimuth Scans for different Elevations – Monmouth School 13/11/2013

o The first step of data reduction is to plot each azimuth scano This can be done in EXCELo Shows some large spikeso These are satelliteso Also shows ground features

Sig

na

l In

ten

sit

y (

Vo

lts

)

30W

S

30E

60E

90E

120E

150E

00

100

200

300

400

500

Elevation AngleAzimuth Bearing

Excel Plot of 11GHz Azimuth Scans for different Elevations - Monmouth School 13/11/2013

Ground

temperature

High

Ground

Building

Building

European

Satellites

Atlantic Satellites

o The 2D data map can be converted to a visual imageo Used ‘Stanford Chart’ softwareo Shows ‘cold’ blue skyo ‘Hot’ satelliteso Ground temperature

0 50 100 150 200 250 3000

2

4

6

8

10

12

00

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

30W20W10WS10E20E30E40E50E60E70E80E90E100E110E120E130E140E150E

11GHz Radio Map of Sky South of Monmouth 13/11/2013

Azimuth Bearing

Ele

vatio

n

Time 15:35hrs GMT, Dish No 1, Automatic Azimuth Drive, 50 elevation steps,ADC11 Data Logger, Stanford Chart Mapping

Building

High Ground

European Satellites

Satellite

Atlantic Satellites

Building

‘Cold Sky’

o Radio image of Sky at 11 GHz

SOUTH

EASTWEST

Sector Scanned

Satellites(200E)

High Ground (900E)

Map of Test Location showing Key Features of Radio Map

Antenna Site

o Graphic showing area scanned by antenna

o The measurements were repeated with the system sensitivity at maximumo Similar featureso More detail in the skyo Can see water vapour concentration in clouds over high ground

o More sky temperature detail can be seen

o Map with no colour blending – shows maximum effect

o A second series of measurements was undertakeno Aim was to map the SUNo Equipment moved onto the ‘Green’ for southerly viewo Unfortunately the SUN was below the building lineo It was obscured and no SUN image was obtainedo Experiment to be repeated in summer time

Location of Antenna

Hemisphere scanned

North

Location of Antenna

satellites

o Building obscured views in most directionso Some gaps between buildings

o A composite picture of the buildings was createdo This was used to make building outlineso These outlines were applied to the radio imageo Able to identify some building features

SatellitesSatellites

SUN was behind building

hereUnknown signal

sources Can see radio emissionfrom chimneys

o Radio image of sky and buildingso Shows satellites and unidentified signalso Can see some details of buildings

South20 0 East of South West North West Azimuth

Ele

vatio

n

0

to

450

0 0

0 0

45 0

oThe project has shown that it is possible for students to construct a small 11GHz radio telescopeo Use to map the sky and show the ‘ arc’ of geostationary satelliteso Discover that the ground, buildings etc emit microwave radiationo Record and analyse large data setso Make false colour images with softwareo Understand some of the techniques used in Radio Astronomy