Post on 13-Jan-2016
©2003 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
1861–1865
CHAPTER 14 “TO FIGHT TO GAIN A COUNTRY”:
THE CIVIL WAR
CREATED EQUAL
JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
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“As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy. Whatever differs from this…is not democracy.”
Abraham Lincoln
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TIMELINE, 1860 - 18611860 December: South Caroline secedes from the Union1861 January: Crittenden Compromise defeated in Senate
February: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede from the UnionFebruary: Confederate States of America formedApril: Fort Sumter surrenders to the ConfederatesApril: Scott given power by Lincoln to suspend habeas corpus lawsMay: Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina secede from UnionJuly: Battle of Bull Run
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TIMELINE 1862 - 18631862 March: Davis authorizes military conscription law
March: Battle of Elkhorn TavernMay: Butler’s “Woman Order” July: Union’s Second Confiscation ActAugust: Second battle of ManassasSeptember: Battle of Antietam CreekSeptember: Lincoln announces Emancipation Proclamation of January October: Twenty-Negro Law passed by Confederate CongressDecember: Burnside’s Slaughter Pen
1863 April: Richmond women riot for foodMay: Battle at Chancellorsville, Virginia. Jackson killed.July: Battle of GettysburgAugust: Quantrill’s army’s destruction of Lawrence, KansasNovember: Lincoln’s address at Gettysburg
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TIMELINE 1864 - 18651864 January: The French occupy Mexico City
September: Sherman overtakes AtlantaApril: Confederates massacre at Fort PillowSeptember: Sherman burns Atlanta and marches to SavannahNovember: Union massacre of Indians at Sand Creek
1865 April: Grant overpowers Lee at Petersburg, VirginiaApril 3: Lincoln enters RichmondApril 9: Lee surrenders to Grant and Meade at Appomattox Courthouse in VirginiaApril 14: Lincoln assassinated at Ford Theatre
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THE CIVIL WAR OverviewMobilization for War, 1861-1862The Course of War, 1862-1864The Other War: African-American
Struggles for LiberationBattle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863The Prolonged Defeat of the
Confederacy, 1864-1865
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Slavery in the United States, 1860
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MOBILIZATION FOR WAR, 1861-1862
The Secession ImpulseNationalism South and NorthIndians and Immigrants in the
Service of the Confederacy
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“As I would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of democracy. Whatever differs from this…is not democracy.”Lincoln
Lincoln elected in 1860 Presidential ElectionElectoral votes: 180 to 123Six out of ten Americans voted for candidates other
than LincolnNo votes from the Deep South and only four percent
from upper SouthRepublicans fail to gain control in House Five Supreme Court Justices uphold institution of
slavery
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The Southern States and the Secession Impulse
Lincoln’s threat to halt slavery expansion to WestLincoln’s appointments to Supreme CourtThe Republican Party in the Executive BranchFear of “Anti-Slave Power Conspiracy” spreading
to SouthNorthern evils of unions and women’s rights
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The Secession Impulse and Compromise Attempts
Crittenden Compromise: would have curtailed federal government restrictions on slave trade and its spread
Peace conference in February of 1861Lincoln’s inaugural address appeals to keep
Union together
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The Secession ImpulseDecember 20, 1860: South Carolina secedesFebruary 1, 1861: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secedeFebruary 4, 1861: Confederate States of America
formedApril 13, 1861: Fort Sumter falls to ConfederatesMay, 1861: Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and
North Carolina secede
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The Confederate States of AmericaSouth CarolinaMississippiFloridaAlabamaGeorgiaLouisiana
TexasVirginiaArkansasTennesseeNorth Carolina
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Preparing to FightThe South
Cotton for military support, diplomatic recognition, and financial assistance from European powers
Hogs and corn to feed the troopsA defensive war. They need only fend off the Union to
survive.“Our new government is founded upon the great truth
that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery. . .is his natural and normal condition.”
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Preparing to FightThe North
Great manufacturing abilities and most of the railroadsGreater population to draw from.Diverse economy with food and textilesAnaconda Plan: seal off the South from supply linesPolitical offensive to undermine Confederate
sympathizers“. . . Essentially a people’s contest. . .to lift artificial
weights from all shoulders. . .to afford all an unfettered start, and a fair chance in the race for life.”
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Barriers to Southern MobilizationFarmers and ranchers in West switch to Union after
being raided by rebelsBlockade deprives Confederacy money and requiring the
South to float bonds, tax farm produce, and raise taxesFailure of volunteer army gives way to conscriptionWealthy draftees with $300.00 pay someone else to fight
for themSouth with 209,852 versus North force of 527,204
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Indians and Immigrants in the Service of the Confederacy
Cherokee leader, John Ross commits to ConfederacyStand Watie and the United Nations of Indians Battle of Elkhorn Tavern in March 1862
Indians abandon the battle and demand to fit in their style
Comanche and Kiowa join Union troopsGerman and Irish immigrants demand higher wages for
fightingSouth unable to form political parties
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THE COURSE OF WAR, 1862-1864
The Republicans’ WarThe Ravages of War: The Summer of
1862The Emancipation ProclamationPersistent Obstacles to the
Confederacy’s Grand Strategy
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Occupational Categories of Union and Confederate Soldiers
Insert Figure 14.2
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The Republicans’ War, 1861 to 1862
Suspension of habeas corpusAbolitionists frustrated with Union policies towards slaveholdersWar profiteers and the changing face of manufacturing
John D. RockefellerU.S. Sanitary Commission
Dorothea DixAct to Secure Homesteads to Actual Settlers on the Public DomainMorrill Act (land grant colleges)Pacific Railroad Act (right-of-way along Platte River)
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The Republicans’ War, 1861 to 1862 continued
Lincoln revokes directive to seize property and emancipate slaves in effort to not alienate slaveholders on the fenceCapture of Port Royal, SC: blacks treated as “contraband of war” Grant captures Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862New Orleans falls to Union army in April of 1862General Butler: returns runaway slaves to Unionist slaveholders and the Woman Order
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The Ravages of War: The Summer of 1862Second Battle of Manassas: 26,000 casualties“The Army is full of sick men”: disease claims many
Native Americans Pledges unfulfilledRebellion at Wood Lake. 38 Indians hangedApache leader Mangas Colorado murderedCarson’s campaign of terror against Navajos
Antietam Creek: 20,000 casualties
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The Emancipation ProclamationJanuary 1, 1863All slaves in Confederate territory free
Slavery left intact in Border States and territory conquered by Union (1 million blacks excluded)
Lincoln favors black colonization in Central America and West Indies
Copperheads: Democrats opposed to the warWorking class resentment rises
They pay higher taxes as well as lose their lives
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Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy
Union forces establish beachheads on the southern east coast despite the Merrimack, Alabama, and Florida
Trent affair and Mason and SlidellEnglish textile mills and their workersMexico’s alliance with the Union
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THE OTHER WAR: AFRICAN-AMERICAN STRUGGLES FORLIBERATION
Enemies Within the ConfederacyThe Ongoing Fight Against
Prejudice in the North and South
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Enemies Within the Confederacy
Runaway slaves and individual uprisings against masters
July 1862: Second Confiscation ActSlaves “shall be deemed captives of war and
shall be forever free”Union generals prefer male slaves to use as
manual laborers; women and children ignored
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The Ongoing Fight Against Prejudice in the North and South
Although 33,000 northern blacks enlisted many were not allowed to fight, were used for menial labor, denied advancement, paid less than whites. More black men died of disease than white men.
Southern blacks escaped from the South encountered exploitation, no pay for enlistment, and raids on their newly accumulated property.
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BATTLE FRONTS AND HOME FRONTS IN 1863
Disaffection in the ConfederacyThe Tide Turns Against the SouthCivil Unrest in the NorthThe Desperate South
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Disaffection in the Confederacy
“scarred and blood-spattered land” widespread hungerConfederate soldiers desertHeroes of America in western North
Carolina and “Free State of Jones County” in northern Alabama
Women riot in Richmond for bread (April, 1863)
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The Tide Turns Against the South
Burnside’s Slaughter Pen (December, 1862)
Chancellorsville, Virginia (May, 1863)
Gettysburg (July, 1863)
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The Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863
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Civil Unrest in the NorthHigh taxes and prices bred resentmentWorking class loss of life; wealthy buy
substitutes for battleDraft brings riots in New York City,
Hartford, Troy, Newark, and BostonJuly 11-15: 105 die, burning of Colored
Orphan Asylum and mutilation of victims20,000 Union troops sent to New York
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The Desperate SouthAugust 21, 1863: A day of “fasting,
humiliation, and prayer.”Quantrill’s raid on Lawrence, KansasFrench occupation of Mexico
Austrian Archduke Maximilian Grant’s successes at Missonary Ridge and
Lookout Mountain
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THE PROLONGED DEFEAT OF THE CONFEDERACY, 1864-1865
White Men’s “Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians
“Father Abraham”The Last Days of the Confederacy
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White Men’s “Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians
Fort PillowConfederate General Forrest destroys Union
garrison. Black soldiers systematically murdered, survivors bayoneted or burned to death.
Sand CreekUnion Col. Chivington massacres 125 to 160
Cheyenne and Arapaho
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“Father Abraham”Election of 1864
Lincoln defeats McClellanPeace PlatformCarried majority of army vote: Union troops loyalty
to “Father Abraham”
Popular Vote Electoral Vote
Lincoln 2,213,655 212 (11 secessionist states did not participate
McClellan 1,805,237 21
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The Last Days of the Confederacy
General Lee in need of troops offers freedom to slaves who fight
Sherman’s March to the Sea: Savannah by ChristmasAndersonville Prison: 13,000 Union soldiers died of
starvationBosque Redondo, New Mexico: Union interns Apache and
Navajo, 2,500 die
April 9th: Lee surrenders at Appomattox CourthouseApril 14th: Lincoln shot at the Ford Theatre by Booth