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How to Become an
Effec t ive Reader
Methods of Text Organization
And Transitions
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2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Longman Publishers
Organizational Methods
( Patterns) and TransitionsAuthors use many different methods to
organize information. If you know which
organizational method the author is using,you will better understand the informationyou read.
Authors use two techniques to clearly showhow ideas are related to one another:
Organizational Methods (Patterns)
Transitions
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Organizational Methods (Patterns)
Organizational Methods are establishedby using transitions to show the logicalrelationship between ideas in aparagraph or passage.
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Transitions
Transitions are words and phrases that show thelogical relationships within a sentence and between
sentences. Example: Fernando is actively involved in several
community organizations. Children know Fernandolikes them becausehe goes on all the Boy Scoutcamping trips and he coaches a youth soccer league.
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Organizational Methods (Patterns) Cause and Effect Comparison and/or Contrast Spatial Order-Location / Description Time Order (Sequence, Chronological Order)/ Process Enumeration (Listing) Problem-Solution Definition
Example Addition
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Cause and Effect
In a passage that is organizedaccording to cause and effect, theauthor tells what happened (effect) andwhy it happened (cause). Severalcauses might be given for one or the
passage might describe several effectsof one cause.
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Example ofCause and Effect
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Comparison and Contrast
A passage of comparison and contrastfocuses on how two or more things arealike and different. Sometimes anauthor compares a familiar item withsomething that is less well-known.
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Words and Phrases Used in
Comparison and ContrastWords that signal a
comparison As
Also Like Alike Likewise Resembles Similar Just as Just like Equally Same both
Words that signal a contrast however Although
Whereas In contrast Yet Differs from Instead
Unlike On the contrary Different from On the other hand
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Example ofCompare and Contrast
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The Time Order Pattern
The time order pattern is perhaps the mostcommon way to organize information. This
type of organization generally shows a chainof events chronologically or in the order inwhich they occur.
There are two types:
Narration
Process
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Transitions Used in the Time
Order Pattern for Narration After Afterward As
At last Before Currently During Eventually
Finally First Last Later While
Meanwhile Next Now
Presently Often Previously Second Since
Soon Then Ultimately Until When
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Example ofTime Order (narration)
When Corbin decided to become a teacher, he had noidea that he was also deciding to become a career student. Hisfirst notions of wanting only a bachelors degree were quickly
dispelled. During those early years as a teacher, he found thatthe more he learned the more excited he was about teaching.Eventually, his passion for learning earned him a mastersdegree and a doctorate degree.
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Example of Time Order
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Organizational Methods
In addition to the methods describedbefore, authors frequently organize
their writing in the following ways: Flashback
Bulleted List
Foreshadowing Question/Answer
Argument/Support
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Example: Relationships Within a
Sentence
Weightlifting builds and tones muscles;it also builds bone density.
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Example: Relationships Between
Sentences Robert and Dorothy had a fantastic time
when they vacationed at Valhalla Resort on
Marathon Key in Florida. They woke upbefore dawn every day so that they wouldnot miss the beautiful sunrises.
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Example
To ensure proper interdental cleaning, floss each day.First, break off about 18 inches of floss and wind most of itaround one of your middle fingers. Second, wind the remaining
floss around the same finger of the opposite hand. Third, holdthe floss tightly between your thumbs and forefingers. Next,guide the floss between your teeth using a gentle rubbingmotion; never snap the floss into the gums. Then gently slide itinto the space between the gum and tooth.
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Spatial Order Pattern
The space order pattern allows authors to
describe a person, place, or thing based onits location or the way it is arranged in space.
The writer often uses descriptive details tohelp readers create vivid mental pictures.
For example, he might describe a tall buildingfrom bottom to top, a painting from left toright, a landscape.
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Transition Words in the Spatial
Order Pattern Above Across Adjacent to At the bottom
At the side At the top At the side Below Beneath Beside Beyond By Center Close to Down Far away Farther
Here
In front of
In the back of
Inside
Left Middle
Next to
Nearby
Outside
Right
There
To the left To the right
Under
Underneath
Within
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Example
From their heads to the tips of their tails,humpback whales bear distinctive markings.
On top a humpback whale is dotted withfleshy knobs called tubercles; a strand of hairwith many nerve endings grows out of eachtubercle.
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The Listing Pattern
Authors list a series or set of reasons,details, or points.
Changing the order of the details doesnot change their meaning.
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Addition Transitions Used in
the Listing Pattern And
Also
Furthermore Another
Besides
Finally
First
First of all
For one thing
In addition
Last Last of all
Moreover
Next
One
Second
Third
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Example
An animal as large and beautiful as a horseneeds to be cared for carefully. First, cleaning its stall
on a regular basis is absolutely necessary. Inaddition, a horse needs to be groomed 3-5 times aweek. Finally, a horse needs to be fed and exercisedon a daily basis.
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The Classification Pattern
Authors use the classification pattern tosort ideas into smaller groups and
describe the traits of each group.
Each smaller group, called a subgroup,is based on shared traits or
characteristics.
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Transitions Used in the
Classification Pattern
Another (group, kind, type)
Characteristics
First (group, categories, kind, type)
Second (group, categories, kind, type)
Order Traits
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Example
Wetlands is a general term that includes several typesof vital links between water and land. One type of wetland is abog; it is characterized by spongy peat deposits, acidic waters,
and is covered by a carpet of sphagnum moss.Another type ofwetland is the marsh, which is a wetland frequently swampedwith water; it is characterized by soft-stemmed vegetation.Finally, a swamp is a type of wetland dominated by woodyplants.
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Thought Patterns in Textbooks
Textbook authors use transitions to makerelationships between ideas clear and easy to
understand. Often authors mix organizational patterns in
the same passage or paragraph.
The effective reader looks for the authorsprimary pattern of organization.
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Chapter Review
Transitions are words and phrases that show the relationshipsbetween ideas.
A thought pattern is established by using transitions to show the
logical relationship between ideas in a paragraph or passage.
Narration and process are two uses of the time order thoughtpattern.
Transitions of time signal that the writer is describing whensomething occurred.
In addition to showing a chain of events, the time order patternis used to show steps, stages, or directions that can be repeatedat any time with similar results.
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Chapter Review
Transitions of addition, such as and, also, and furthermore, aregenerally used to indicate a listing pattern.
Authors use the classification pattern to sort ideas into smaller
groups and describe the traits for each group.
Examples of classification signal words are first type, secondkind, or another group.
The spatial order pattern allows authors to describe a person,place, or thing based on its location or the way it is arranged in
space.
Some of the words used to establish the space order patterninclude adjacent, below, and underneath.
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Practice