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• METALS= LEFT SIDE OF PT

• NONMETALS= RIGHT SIDE OF PT (except Hydrogen)

• METALLOIDS= ALONG THE STAIRCASE (except Aluminum)

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METALS & NONMETALSMETALS & NONMETALS• Where are the metals

and nonmetals on the PT?

• What are the properties of metals and nonmetals?

• What are metalloids?

Coloring in the Periodic Table

Notice the difference between the appearance of the metals and nonmetals.Click here for a better view of each of the elements.

Examples of MetalExamples of Metal

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PROPERTIES OF METALSPROPERTIES OF METALSPhysical PropertiesPhysical Properties::

Solid at room temperatureSolid at room temperature- - exceptionexception: Hg: Hg

High densityHigh density

Silvery-gray Silvery-gray - - exceptionexception: Au and Cu: Au and Cu

Good ConductorsGood Conductors

Metallic luster (shine)Metallic luster (shine)

MalleableMalleable

DuctileDuctile

Physical Properties of MetalsPhysical Properties of Metals

High Density – Heavy for their sizeHigh Density – Heavy for their sizeHave Luster -shinyHave Luster -shinyAre Conductors -heat and electricity move Are Conductors -heat and electricity move

through them easilythrough them easilyMalleable – Can be hammered into a Malleable – Can be hammered into a

different shapedifferent shapeDuctile – Can be drawn into a wireDuctile – Can be drawn into a wireMetals are solid, except for mercuryMetals are solid, except for mercury

Physical Properties of METALSPhysical Properties of METALS

LUSTER LUSTER – – the way an objectthe way an object’’s surface s surface reflects lightreflects light

Metals haveMetals have shiny lustershiny luster. . (or metallic (or metallic luster)luster)

When you leave a spoon in a cup of hot drink, the bit When you leave a spoon in a cup of hot drink, the bit

poking out of the drink gets hot. Why? poking out of the drink gets hot. Why? ConductionConduction!!

METALS are the best METALS are the best conductors of heatconductors of heat.. This is because the electrons in metals move more freely than This is because the electrons in metals move more freely than

in non-metals, allowing the heat energy to travel across the in non-metals, allowing the heat energy to travel across the metal.metal.

For example, when the spoon touches the hot drink, the heat For example, when the spoon touches the hot drink, the heat from the drink excites the electrons in the metal, and the from the drink excites the electrons in the metal, and the electrons transfer the energy from one electron to another, electrons transfer the energy from one electron to another, carrying the heat all the way up the spoon quickly. carrying the heat all the way up the spoon quickly.

Best conductors: silver and copper

Physical Properties of METALSPhysical Properties of METALS

Metals are Metals are good conductors of electricitygood conductors of electricity. .

Copper, silver, and goldCopper, silver, and gold are good electrical are good electrical conductors. In a conductor, electric current conductors. In a conductor, electric current can flow freely. Since metals have free can flow freely. Since metals have free electrons, they can carry a charge easily.electrons, they can carry a charge easily.

Copper Wiring

Physical Properties of METALSPhysical Properties of METALS

Metals are Metals are ductileductile..

Ductility or ductileDuctility or ductile – can be drawn – can be drawn into a wireinto a wire

Chemical Properties of MetalsChemical Properties of Metals ReactivityReactivity – the ease and speed – the ease and speed

with which an element combines, with which an element combines, or reacts, with other substances. or reacts, with other substances.

Metals usually react by losing Metals usually react by losing electrons to other atoms (makes electrons to other atoms (makes positive ion).positive ion).

Metals Metals corrodecorrode easily easily Some metals are very reactive. Some metals are very reactive.

Ex: Sodium (Na) reacts very Ex: Sodium (Na) reacts very strongly with water.strongly with water.

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Chemical Properties of MetalsChemical Properties of Metals Metals Metals corrodecorrode easily. easily. CorrosionCorrosion – the deterioration of a metal – the deterioration of a metal

due to a chemical reaction in the due to a chemical reaction in the environment. environment.

OxidationOxidation – reaction with oxygen – reaction with oxygen molecules by losing at least one molecules by losing at least one electron. electron.

Iron reacts slowly with oxygen in the air Iron reacts slowly with oxygen in the air ((oxidationoxidation), forming iron oxide, or ), forming iron oxide, or rustrust..

1414Periodic Trends in Reactivity: the Alkali Metals - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR2Mg1UmIE0

Reaction (Explosion) of Alkali Metals with Waterhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvVUtpdK7xw

Element Families

• Just as human family members often have similar looks and traits, members of element families have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer energy levels.

• The electrons in the outer-most energy level are called valance electrons.

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Element FamiliesElement Families

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Alkali Metals• The metals in Group 1 are called alkili metals.

• These metals are the most reactive metals in the periodic table.

• They are so reactive that they are never found as uncombined elements in nature. They have to be isolated in the lab.

• The alkali metals form compounds that are similar to each other.

• Alkali metals each have one outer energy level electron.

• It is this electron that is removed when alkali metals react.

• The easier it is to remove an electron, the more reactive the atom is.

• The reactivity of alkali metals increase down the group.

Alkali Metals

Periodic Trends in Reactivity: the Alkali Metals - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OR2Mg1UmIE0

Reaction (Explosion) of Alkali Metals with Waterhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HvVUtpdK7xw

Alkali Metals

Why do atoms combine?Why do atoms combine?

Valance electron

Alkali Earth Metals

• The elements of Group 2 are called the alkaline earth metals.

• These metals are harder and denser, and melt at higher temperatures than alkali metals.

• They are very reactive, though not as reactive as the alkali metals.

• These metals are also never found uncombined in natures.

Element FamiliesElement Families

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Transition Metals• The elements in Groups 3 through 12.

• The transition metals include iron, copper, nickel, gold, and silver.

• Most of these metals are hard and shiny solids. Ex. mercury.

• With the exception of mercury, the transition metals often have high melting points and high densities.

• They are also good conductors of heat and electric current, and are very malleable.

• The transition metals are less reactive than the metals in Groups 1 and 2.

Lanthanides and ActinidesLanthanides and Actinides There are two rows of There are two rows of

elements placed below the elements placed below the main part of the periodic main part of the periodic table. table.

The top row are the The top row are the lanthanides. lanthanides.

Compounds containing Compounds containing lanthanide neodymium lanthanide neodymium (Nd) are used to make (Nd) are used to make laser light, used for laser light, used for surgery, cutting metals.surgery, cutting metals.

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Lanthanides and ActinidesLanthanides and Actinides

Many of these elements are not found in Many of these elements are not found in nature but are made artificially in laboratories. nature but are made artificially in laboratories.

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The elements below the lanthanides are called actinides.

Transuranium ElementsTransuranium Elements

Elements that follow uranium (U, 92) in the Elements that follow uranium (U, 92) in the periodic table are periodic table are transuranium elementstransuranium elements. .

These elements are made, or synthesized, when These elements are made, or synthesized, when nuclear particles are forced to crash into nuclear particles are forced to crash into another. another.

They are called synthetic elements. They are called synthetic elements. To make elements with atomic numbers above To make elements with atomic numbers above

95, scientists use devices called 95, scientists use devices called particles particles accelerator. accelerator.

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Element FamiliesElement Families

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Where do we find METALS?Where do we find METALS?

Some metals like gold, silver, and platinum are Some metals like gold, silver, and platinum are found as pure substances in the earthfound as pure substances in the earth’’s crust s crust because they are least reactive. because they are least reactive.

Most metals are reactive and are found as oxides Most metals are reactive and are found as oxides (react with oxygen), carbonates (react with carbon), (react with oxygen), carbonates (react with carbon), sulfides (react with sulfur).sulfides (react with sulfur).

MineralsMinerals : are elements or compounds which : are elements or compounds which occur naturally inside the earthoccur naturally inside the earth’’s crust.s crust.

OreOre : : is a mineral from which metals can be is a mineral from which metals can be extracted profitably.extracted profitably.

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THE NONMETALSTHE NONMETALS

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PROPERTIES OF NONMETALSPROPERTIES OF NONMETALSPhysical PropertiesPhysical Properties::

Can be gas, solid, or liquid at room temperature Can be gas, solid, or liquid at room temperature

Come in all colorsCome in all colors

No metallic luster (No metallic luster (dulldull))

Poor conductorsPoor conductors

BrittleBrittle

Odors or pungentOdors or pungent

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties::

Tend to gain electronsTend to gain electrons(makes negative ion)(makes negative ion)

The Periodic TableThe Periodic Table

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Examples of NONMETALSExamples of NONMETALS

Non metals may be solids, liquids or gases. Non metals may be solids, liquids or gases. Examples: Examples: Solids – Solids – Carbon, Sulfur, PhosphorusCarbon, Sulfur, Phosphorus Liquid – Liquid – BromineBromine Gases – Gases – Oxygen, Hydrogen, NitrogenOxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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Examples of NonMetals Examples of NonMetals

Physical Properties of Physical Properties of NonMetalsNonMetals

DullDull – not shiny – not shinyPoor conductors – means that heat and Poor conductors – means that heat and

electricity do electricity do not not move through easilymove through easilyBrittleBrittle – break easily – break easilyMost nonmetals are gases at room Most nonmetals are gases at room

temperaturetemperature

Physical Properties of Physical Properties of NONMETALSNONMETALS

Nonmetals Nonmetals have a have a dulldull luster luster.. (They are not shiny!)(They are not shiny!)

Example: Example: PhosphorusPhosphorus

Physical Properties of Physical Properties of NONMETALSNONMETALS

Nonmetals are Nonmetals are insulators. insulators.

They do not conduct electricity or heat They do not conduct electricity or heat well. well.

Physical Properties of Physical Properties of NONMETALSNONMETALS

Nonmetals are Nonmetals are insulators. insulators.

They do not conduct electricity or heat They do not conduct electricity or heat well. well.

The atoms in nonmetals do not have loose electrons. Therefore, when electricity, or something hot touches a non-metal, the energy does not move quickly through the material.

What would you rather stir a hot pot with—a wooden spoon or a metal spoon?

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An interesting element: CarbonAn interesting element: CarbonEver break the point of your pencil? That’s because it’s made of graphite, a substance made up completely of Carbon—a brittle nonmetal.

Carbon atoms in graphiteHowever diamonds, the hardest

material of all, are made of the same element: Carbon. Look at how the carbon atoms are arranged in diamonds—why do you think diamonds are harder than graphite?

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METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS

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METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS

Properties and characteristics of Properties and characteristics of bothboth metals metals and nonmetalsand nonmetals

Along the Along the staircase/stepsstaircase/steps of the periodic table of the periodic table EXCEPTEXCEPT: Al, At: Al, At

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METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS Metalloids are the elements found Metalloids are the elements found along along the stair-step line that distinguishes metals the stair-step line that distinguishes metals

from non-metals. from non-metals. This line is drawn from between Boron and Aluminum to the border between Polonium and This line is drawn from between Boron and Aluminum to the border between Polonium and Astatine. Astatine. The only exception to this is AluminumThe only exception to this is Aluminum, which is classified under "Other Metals". , which is classified under "Other Metals".

Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metalsMetalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. . Some of the metalloids, such as Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can carry an electrical charge under special silicon and germanium, are semi-conductors. This means that they can carry an electrical charge under special conditions. This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculatorsconditions. This property makes metalloids useful in computers and calculators

The Metalloids are:The Metalloids are: BoronBoron SiliconSilicon GermaniumGermanium ArsenicArsenic AntimonyAntimony TelluriumTellurium PoloniumPolonium

METALLOIDSMETALLOIDSThe elements contained in the classification of Metalloids:

METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS Elements classified as Elements classified as MetalloidsMetalloids have physical have physical

properties of properties of both metals and non-metals.both metals and non-metals. All metalloids are solids at room temperature. All metalloids are solids at room temperature. Some are shiny, some are dull, they are Some are shiny, some are dull, they are

somewhat malleable and ductile, and can conduct somewhat malleable and ductile, and can conduct heat and electricity at a lesser level than metalsheat and electricity at a lesser level than metals . .

BORON

SILICON ARSENIC

METALLOIDSMETALLOIDS Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and

germanium, are semi-conductors. germanium, are semi-conductors. SemiconductorsSemiconductors are substances that can conduct are substances that can conduct

electric current under special conditions. electric current under special conditions. This property makes metalloids useful This property makes metalloids useful electronics (electronics (in in

calculators, radio, computers, telephones, etc.) calculators, radio, computers, telephones, etc.) They are useful because they conduct just the right They are useful because they conduct just the right

amount of electricity or heat.amount of electricity or heat.

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PRACTICE!PRACTICE!METAL, NONMETAL, METALLOIDMETAL, NONMETAL, METALLOID

HydrogenHydrogen

MagnesiumMagnesium

CalciumCalcium

ArsenicArsenic

CarbonCarbon

HeliumHelium

LeadLead

AluminumAluminum

NONMETALNONMETAL

METAL

METALLOID

Lets Classify!Lets Classify!

________ Silver________ Silver ______ Iron______ Iron

________ Oxygen ________ Oxygen ______ Calcium______ Calcium

_________ Carbon_________ Carbon ______ Sulfur______ Sulfur

_________ Aluminum _______ Sodium_________ Aluminum _______ Sodium