Post on 08-Aug-2018
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
1/66
1
SDH BASICS
What is SDH?
Characteristics of SDH
ITU-Ts Recommendations
Bit Rates
Path and Section
Review Questions
SDH TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
2/66
2
What is SDH?
A New Digital Hierarchy
155.52 Mb/s, 622.08 Mb/s, 2488.32 Mb/s, 9953.28 Mb/s,39813.120Mb/s
Existing PDH and future ATM signals are carried overthe SDH system.
Very basic functions are same as PDH.
Multiplex low bit rate digital signals to higher bit rate
and transmit large information efficiently.
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
3/66
3
What are the differences ?
Synchronous Network
Basically, all network elements work on a single clock
source.
Abundant Overhead Bits
To carry large information for Network Management.
Unified Interface and Multiplexing Specifications
Common to all countries.
Standardized optical interfaces.
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
4/66
4
What are the benefits? (1)
- Synchronous Network -
Simple multiplexing process
Easy access to tributary signals in a multiplexed highbit rate signal.
ADD/DROP distribution
RING survivability
CROSS CONNECT capacity management
band width management
protection route diversity
140M 140M
34M 34M
8M 8M
2M
DDF
ADD/DROP MUX
PDHSTM-1 STM-1
MINI X-CONN
2M
SDH
Simple Access to Tributaries
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
5/66
5
What are the benefits? (2)
- Overhead Bits
Realization of highly advanced NetworkManagement System for:
Fault management
Configuration management
Performance management
Security management
Accounting management
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
6/66
6
What are benefits SDH? (3)
- Unified Interface
Multi-vendorEnvironment
International Connection
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
7/667
What are SDH?
- in conclusion
SDH is the infrastructure for the telecommunication
network of the 21st century, providing board band and
intelligent services.
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
8/668
ITU-Ts Recommendations on SDH
G.707 Network Node Interface for the SDH
G.773 Protocol Suits for Q-interfaceG.774 SDH Management Information Model for the Network Element
View
G.781 Synchronization layer functions
G.782 Types and General Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing
EquipmentG.783 Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing Equipment Functional
Blocks
G.784 SDH Management
G.803 Architecture of Transport Networks Based on the SDH
G.813 Timing characteristics of SDH equipment slave clocks(SEC)
G.842 Interworking of SDH network protection architectures
G.957 Optical Interfaces for Equipments and Systems Relating toSDH
G.958 Digital Line Systems Based on SDH for Use on Optical FiberCables
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
9/669
SDH Bit Rates
SDH
G.707
STM: Synchronous Transport Module
CEPT North America Japan2.048 Mb/s 1.544 Mb/s 1.544 Mb/s8.448 Mb/s 6.312 Mb/s 6.312 Mb/s
34.368 Mb/s 44.376 Mb/s 32.064 Mb/s139.264 Mb/s 97.728 Mb/s
G.702
PDH
STM-256 39,813.120 Mb/s
STM-0 51.840 Mb/s
STM-64 9,953.280 Mb/s
STM-16 2,488.320 Mb/s
STM-4 622.080 Mb/s
STM-1 155.520 Mb/s
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
10/6610
Path and Section
MUX LT LT MUX
Regenerator
Section
Multiplex Section
Path
Regenerator Regenerator
Section Section
REG REG
VC Processing STM-N Processing
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
11/6611
Review QuestionsFill up the following sentences with correct words:A) When the SDH and PDH are compared, the ( 1 ) is an asynchronous system andthe ( 2 ) is a synchronous system. The ( 3 ) conforms to the worldwide unique
standard. On the other hand, there are three different ( 4 ) standards, for Europe
and others, North America, and Japan.
B) The peculiarities of the SDH are that the entire network basically operates with one (
1 ), it conforms to the ( 2 ) recommendation, and advanced ( 3 ) is easily
enabled by using abundant ( 4 ).C) The bit rate of STM-1 is ( 1 ) Mb/s, bit rate of STM-4 is ( 2 ) Mb/s, and bit rate
of STM-16 is ( 3 ) Mb/s. They are ( 4 ) multiple of STM- ( 5 ).
D) The regenerator section is a section between ( 1 ) ( 2 ) or a section between a
( 3 ) and its neighbor ( 4 ).
E) The multiplex section is a section between nodes where ( 1 ) is generated and (
2 ) .F) The path is a connection between assembling and disassembling points of ( 1 ).
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
12/6612
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
13/6613
MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE,
FRAME STRUCTURE AND
POINTER
Multiplexing Structure
Frame Structure
Pointer
Review Questions
SDH TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
14/6614
SDH Multiplexing Structure (1)
X1 AUG-64
Poi nt er pr ocessi ng
Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping
6312 kb/s
2048 kb/s
1544 kb/sC-11
C-12
C-2
34368 kb/s44736 kb/s
139264 kb/s
C-3
VC-3TU-3
TU-2
x 3
VC-2
VC-12TU-12
VC-11
x 4
TU-11
x 1
C-4
TUG-2
x 7x 7
TUG-3x 1
x 3AU-4 VC-4
VC-3AU-3
x 3
x 1
AUG-1
C-4-4c
VC-4-256cAU-4-256c
C-4-16c
C-4-64c
C-4-256c
AUG-4
X1
AUG-256STM-256
STM-64
STM-16X1
STM-4X1
STM-1X1
STM-0X1
VC-4-16cAUG-16
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
VC-4-64cAU-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-4cAU-4-4c
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
15/6615
SDH Multiplexing Structure (2)
X1 AUG-64
Poi nter pr ocessi ng
Multiplexing
Aligning
Mapping
6312 kb/s
2048 kb/s
1544 kb/sC-11
C-12
C-2
34368 kb/s44736 kb/s
139264 kb/s
C-3
VC-3TU-3
TU-2
x 3
VC-2
VC-12TU-12
VC-11
x 4
TU-11
x 1
C-4
TUG-2
x 7x 7
TUG-3x 1
x 3AU-4 VC-4
VC-3AU-3
x 3
x 1
AUG-1
C-4-4c
VC-4-256cAU-4-256c
C-4-16c
C-4-64c
C-4-256c
AUG-4
X1
AUG-256STM-256
STM-64
STM-16X1
STM-4X1
STM-1X1
STM-0X1
VC-4-16cAUG-16
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 4
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
VC-4-64cAU-4-64c
AU-4-16c
VC-4-4cAU-4-4c
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
16/66
16
Multiplexing Process of SDHExample: 2 Mb/s to STM-4
TUG-3HO POH TUG-3TUG-3 123
C-12LO POH
S
AU-4 PTR
pointer offset valueTU-1 PTR
C-12
VC-12
TU-12
TUG-3
VC-4
AUG-1
2.048Mb/s
TU-1 PTR
TUG-2
TUG-2
PDH
SOH
AU-4 PTR
11VC-12
VC-12
1
VC-4 AU-4
AUG-4
AUG-4
STM-4
pointer offset value
2.048Mb/s
AUG-1AUG-1AUG-1AUG-1
TU-1 PTR 2TU-1 PTR 3 12VC-1213VC-121
TUG-2 7
1234
VC-4
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
17/66
17
STM-1 Frame Structure
5
3
R-SOH: Regenerator Section OverheadM-SOH: Multiplex Section Overhead
1 2 3 5 6 7 84
( 1) ( 2) ( 9)
270 bytes
125 s
8 bits = 1 byte
270 columns
9
rows
125 s
( 1)
( 2)
( 9)
9 261
Payload Capacity
R-SOH
1 AU PTR
M-SOH
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
18/66
18
Byte Interleaved Multiplex and Frame Structure STM-N
STM-1 (AU-4) STM-N
N CBA N
NNNSTM-1
STM-1
AU-4AAA
STM-1BBB
CCC
STM-N
byte interleaved multiplexing
R SOH
M SOH
N
N
9 x N 261 x N
9 rows
125 s
STM-1
AU-4
AU-4
AU-4
CBA
AU PTRs
ABC NABC N
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
19/66
19
Pointer Function
R SOH
STM-4
Example:
2 Mb/s to STM-4 via AU-4
AU PTR
M SOH
VC-4(3)
VC-4(2)
VC-4(1)
VC-4 (4)
VC-12 (63)
63
2
1
2 M signal
(
)
VC4
P
O
H
TU12 PTR
TU-3 PTR area
POHVC-12
POHVC-12
POHVC-12
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
20/66
20
AU-4 Pointer and Pointer Offset Number
N N N N S S D DD DDI I II I
10 bits
H1 H2
H1 * * H2 * * H3H3H3
782 # #
521 # #
86 # #
435 # #
696 # #
87 # #
522 # #
# same number for 3 consecutive bytes
0 0 0
VC-4
Pointer Configuration
1 1 1
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
21/66
21
TU-12 Pointer and Pointer Offset Numbering
105
0
35
70
139
34
69
104VC-12
TU-12
N N N N S S D DD DDI I II I
10 bits
V1 V2
V 1
V 2
V 3
V 4
35 bytes
125 s
36 bytes
500 s
V 1
V 2
V 3
V 4
Pointer Structure
J2
Z6
K4
V 5
V5
500 s
125 s
20 *
*In this case, pointer offset value is set20(0000010100)
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
22/66
22
Pointer Renewal
( )
B
( )
A
B
A
STM-1
STM-N
delay
input signal
frame aligned signal
multiplexed signal
A B
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
delay
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
23/66
23
AU-4 Justification (1)
N N N N S S I I II ID DD DD
H1 H2
pointer value
1
4
9
Negative justification opportunity(3 bytes)
Positive justification opportunity(3 byte)
Negative justification control
invert five D-bits accept majority vote
Positive justification controlinvert five I-bits accept majority vote
I : Increment bitD : Decrement bit
N : New data flag bit
0 0 0
AU 4 J tifi ti (2)
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
24/66
24
AU-4 Justification (2)
- Positive Justification -
n+1n+1n n nn-1
H1 H2 H3 H3 H311Y Y
H1 H2 H3 H3 H311Y Y
start of VC-4
pointer value (n)
pointer value (I bits inverted)
positive justification start of VC-4 (new)
pointer value (n+1)
H1 H2 H3 H3 H311Y Y
H1 H2 H3 H3 H311Y Y
n+1n+1n n nn-1
n+1n+1n n nn-1
n+1n+1n n nn-1
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 4
125 s
250 s
375 s
500 s
AU 4 J tifi ti (3)
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
25/66
25
AU-4 Justification (3)
- Negative Justification -
n-2 n-1
n+1n+1
H1 H2 H3 H3 H311Y Y
H1 H2 H3 H3 H311Y Y
start of VC-4
pointer value (n)
pointer value (D bits inverted)
negative justification start of VC-4 (new)
pointer value (n-1)
H1 H2 11Y Y
H1 H2 H3 H3 H311Y Y
n+1n+1n n nn-1
n+1n+1n n n
n+1n+1n n nn-1
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 4
125 s
250 s
375 s
500 s
n-1
n-2 n-1 n-1n-1
n-1n-1n-2
n n nn-1n-1n-1n-2
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
26/66
26
Review Questions
Fill up the spaces enclosed in parentheses in the following sentences with correct words:1. The cycle of the frame structure of STM-1 is ( a ) and composed of ( b ) bytes. (
c ) vertical matrixes and ( d ) horizontal matrixes represent the frame structure.
2. An STM-4 signal has four times the rate of an STM-1 signal. The STM-4 signal has rate of (a )Mbit/s (=( b ) x ( c )Mbit/s). There are 36 columns for section overhead plus (
d ) pointer. There are ( e ) columns or byte for an STM-4 signal.
3. Multiplexing process route via AU-( a ) is ( b ) standard and used in most countries.
One AUG is equivalent one ( c ). A three of ( d ) signals is formed an AUG.
4. VC-3 or VC-4 POH starts immediately after ( a ) (if the pointer offset value is 0); but for
VC12 POH, V5 is placed right after the ( b ) byte not after the ( c ).
5.. The five I bits in the (H1, H2) pointer word are inverted if the system request a ( a )
frequency justification while the five D bits used for ( b ) frequency justification. In either
case, the majority vote rule is applicable to both the I and the D bits. Under a normal operation
condition, the pointer value can be increased or decreased by ( c ). If the pointer value is
728, and a positive frequency justification is requested, the new pointer value will become ( d
) for the next three frames. If the pointer value is 0, and a negative frequency justification is
requested, the new pointer value will become ( e ) for the next three frames.6. The NDF of SDH pointer has a code of ( a ) for a normal operation; on the other hand, for re-
starting (rebooting ) a new pointer while ignoring the existing one, NDF should be set to ( b
).
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
27/66
27
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
28/66
28
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
29/66
29
OVERHEAD AND MAPPING
Overhead
Mapping
Review Questions
SDH TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
30/66
30
STM-1 Frame Structure and SOH
RSOH
MSOH
A U P TR
STM-1 PAYLOAD
261 bytes9 bytes
Sec tion O verhead
9
rows
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
}
}: bytes reserved for national use
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
31/66
31
Function of SOH (1)
Framing (A1, A2)
Regenerator section trace (J0) regenerator section connection check
Data communication channel (D1-3) regenerator section DCC, 192 kb/s
(D4-12) multiplex section DCC, 576 kb/s
Order wire (E1) accessible at regenerators
(E2) accessible at multiplexers
User channel (F1) 64 kb/s clear channel
Error monitoring (B1) regenerator section BIP-8
(B2) multiplexer section BIP-24N
APS signaling (K1,2) automatic protection switching(K2) also used as MS-AIS and MS-RDI
Synchronization status (S1) indication of quality level
Section status reporting (M1) REI (count of BIP-24N)
RDI ; Remote Defect Indication
(formerly FERF, Far End Receive Failure)REI ; Remote Error Indication
(formerly FEBE, Far End Block Error)
MS ; Multiplex Section
DCC ; Data Communication Channel
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
}}
: bytes reserved for national use
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
32/66
32
Function of SOH (2)
Framing (A1, A2)
Regenerator section trace (J0) regenerator section connection check
Data communication channel (D1-3) regenerator section DCC, 192 kb/s
(D4-12) multiplex section DCC, 576 kb/s
Order wire (E1) accessible at regenerators
(E2) accessible at multiplexers
User channel (F1) 64 kb/s clear channel
Error monitoring (B1) regenerator section BIP-8
(B2) multiplexer section BIP-24N
APS signaling (K1,2) automatic protection switching(K2) also used as MS-RDI
Synchronization status (S1) indication of quality level
Section status reporting (M1) REI (count of BIP-24N)
RDI ; Remote Defect Indication
(formerly FERF, Far End Receive Failure)REI ; Remote Error Indication
(formerly FEBE, Far End Block Error)
MS ; Multiplex Section
DCC ; Data Communication Channel
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
D11 D12
AU Pointer(s)
RSOH
MSOH
; bytes reserved for national use
}
}
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
33/66
33
Section and Path Trace Method
RSTMSTHPTLPT RST LPTHPTMST
RST
J0: Section trace
VC-4 POH (J1: Path trace)
VC-3 POH(J1: Path trace)
VC-12(J2: Path trace)
Node A
RST: Regenerator Section Termination MST: Multiplex Section TerminationHPT: High Order Path Termination LPT: Lower Order Path Termination
Node -A Node -BPath Trace : Used
Transmit path trace : 123-565656
Path Trace expected value
: ABCDEGF
Received value : ABCDEFG
Path Trace : Used
Transmit path trace : ABCDEFG
Path Trace expected value
: 123-565656
Received value : 123-565656
Node B
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
34/66
34
Section Trace(J0)
RST
RST
Node A Node B
RST
RST
RST
RST
Node C
RST: Regenerator Section Termination
Terminated Section ofSection Trace
Terminated Section of
Section Trace
a
c
a
c
b
d
b
d
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
35/66
35
Principle of BIP 8
1
n
K i =even - - - - - K=0
odd - - - - - K=1
B1 byte
# nBlock
# n+1Block
1121 * * * K1 * * * 81 12 22 * * * K2 * * * 82
1i 2i * * * Ki * * * 8i
1n 2n * * * Kn * * * 8n
1 2* * * * *K * * * *8
BIP C i A
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
36/66
36
BIP Computing Area
AU PTR
B1
B2 B2 B2
countedafter scrambling
countedbefore scram bling
BIP 8 for Regenerator Section BIP N x 24 for Multiplex Section
B1 renewed at every regenerator
B2 renewed only at multiplexer
RSOH RSOH
MSOH
A U P TR
MSOH
# n
# n+1
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
37/66
37
Higher-Order POH Functions (VC-3, VC-4)
Path error monitor (B3) BIP-8
Pa th sta tu s re po rt (G1 ) R EI (Re mote E rror In dic ation )count of error (BIP-8 results)RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
receiving path AIS, signal failurepath trace mismatch
Path trace (J1) verification of VC connectionuser p rogrammable, 15 characters
Signal label (C2) indication of VC compositionunequipped, equipped-non-specific,TUG structure, locked TU, ATM,async. 34M or 45M, async. 140M,MAN (DQDB), FDDI
Path user channels (F2, F3) 64 kb/s clear channelsAPS sign aling (K3) automatic protection switching at the
higher order path levelPo siti on ind ica to r ( H4 ) mult ifra me p os itio n for th e V C- 1, VC -2Network operator byte (N1) for tandem connection maintenance
REI; formerly FEBE (Far End Block Error), RDI; formerly FERF (Far End Receive Failure)
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-3 / V C-4payload
VC-3 / VC-4
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
38/66
38
TU-12 multiframe indication byteVC-3/VC-4POH Portion
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
(V4)
In H4(X Y), X Y represent bits 7 and 8 of H4
H4(00)9 rows
PTR(V1)
PTR(V2)
PTR(V3)
(V4)
VC-3/VC-4 PayloadH4(01)
VC-3/VC-4 PayloadH4(10)
VC-3/VC-4 Payload
H4(11)
VC-3/VC-4 PayloadH4(00)
H4 bits1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Frame No TimeX X 1 1 X X 0 1 0 0X X 1 1 X X 1 0 1
X X 1 1 X X 1 0 2X X 1 1 X X 1 1 3 500s TU-n multiframe
X: Bit reserved for future international standardization. Its contentshall be set to 1" in the interim.
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
39/66
39
Path Trace (J1)
LPT
Node A Node B
Cross
connection
L
PT
Node C
LPT: Lower Order Path Termination[It will change to HPT(High Order Path Termination) when VC-4 J1 is used]
Terminated Section of J1 (J2) Path Trace
a
c
b
d
T d C ti
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
40/66
40
Tandem Connection
B3 monitor B3 monitor
Compare
Error in TC
Error detection (for all VCs in a bundle)
Data link (for the first VC in the bundle)
Error count
N1 byte in VC
VC
* The Tandem Connection is applicable to a single VC or bundled VCs.
B Network (Operator Administrative area)A Network C Network
RS RS RSMS MSMS
Path
RS: Regenerator Section
MS: Multiplex Section
VC
Tandem Connection
F ti f POH (VC 1 VC 2)
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
41/66
41
Functions of POH (VC-1x, VC-2)
K4
N2
J2
V5
500s
125s
REI RFI RDI1 2 4 5 6 7 83
Signal LabelBIP-2
V5 byte
Path error monitor (V5) BIP-2Path status report (V5) REI (Remote Error Indicat ion)
count of e rror (BIP-2 results)RFI (Remote Failure Indication)RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
receiving path AIS, signal failure
Signal label (V5) indication of VC compositionunequipped, equipped-non-specific,asynchronous, bit synchronous,byte synchronous, equipped-unused
Path access point identifier (J2) verification of VC connectionuser programmable, 15 characters
Network operator byte (N2) for tandem connection maintenanceAPS signaling (K4) automatic protection switching at the
lower order path level
REI ; former FEBE (Far End Block Error)RDI ; former FERF (Far End Receive Failure)RFI ; formerly this bit was assigned to Path Trace
VC
-1x/
VC
-2
T bl f SAPI & API
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
42/66
42
Table for SAPI & API
Total 94 characters plus space
0 x x x x x x x(o)
0 x x x x x x x(k)
1 C 1C2C3C4C5C6C7
0 x x x x x x x(T)
J1
J1
J1
J1
0 x x x x x x x(2)
0 x x x x x x x(1)
0 x x x x x x x(#)
J1
J1
J1
1 6
m u
l t i - f r
a m e
125s
2ms
example : VC-4 or VC-3 case
CRC of previous 16 multiframe for J1
maximum 15 characters (ex. Tokyo-Osaka #21)
(Space) 3 F Y l
! 4 G Z m
5 H [ n
# 6 I \ o
$ 7 J ] p
& 8 K ^ q
% 9 L _ (Under Bar) r (Apostrophe) : (Colon) M ! s
( ; (Semicolon) N a t
) < O b u
* = P c v
+ > Q d w
, (Comma) ? R e x
- (Hyphen) @ S f y
. (Period) A T g z
/ B U h {
0 C V i |
1 D W j }
2 E X k ~
E d t E d M i t Si l
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
43/66
43
End-to-End Maintenance Signal
AIS AIS
Low Order Path Section
High Order Path Section
Multiplex Section
RegeneratorSection
RegeneratorSection
LOVC HOVC LT REG LT HOVC LOVC
AIS AISAIS AIS
LOPLOPLOSLOF
LOSLOF
RDI (FERF)
RDI (FERF)
RDI (FERF)
REI (FEBE)
REI (FEBE)
REI (FEBE)
BIP-8BIP-8
BIP-24N
BIP-2
BIP-8
MUX
Terminal Equipment generation detection
M i 2M Si l i t VC 12
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
44/66
44
Mapping 2M Signal into VC-12
R
32 bytes
32 bytes
32 bytes
V5
RJ2
RN2
RK4
R
1 0 O O O O R R
1 0 O O O O R R
1 0 R R R R R R
32 bytes
V5R
RJ2
RN2
RK4
R
31 bytes + 7 bits
32 bytes
C1C2O O O O R R
C1 C2 O O O O R R
C1 C2 R R R R R S1
S2 I I I I I I I
32 bytes
32 bytes
* The latest recommendation deletedbit synchronous mapping.
Async hronous Byte Synchronous
140bytes
500 s
35 bytes125 s
Bit Synchronous
I ; informationO ; overheadC ; justification controlS ; justification opportunityR ; fixed stuff
R
TS1 to 15
TS16TS17 to 31
R
V5
J2
RN2
RK4
R
R
TS1 to 15
TS16
TS17 to 31
R
TS1 to 15
TS 0
TS16
TS17 to 31
R
TS1 to 15
TS16
TS17 to 31
TS0
TS 0
TS0
TS0
M i 34M Si l i t VC 3
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
45/66
45
Mapping 34M Signal into VC-3
1
C = R R R R R R C1 C2 A B = R R R R R R R S1 S2 I I I I I I= R R R R R R R R
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
C
C
C
C
C
A B 8I
J1
B3
C2
G1F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
T1
T2
T3
125s
3 rows
3 rows
3 rows
84 bytes
VC-3 POH
R : F ixed stu ffing b it
C 1, C 2 : Justificatio n control bit
S 1, S 2 : Justification opportunity bit
I : Informatio n bit
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
3x8 I
M i 140M Si l i t VC 4
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
46/66
46
Mapping 140M Signal into VC-4
Y Y Y Z
Y Y Y Y96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
I ; in fo rm a tio n
O ; o ve rh ea d
C ; justification controlS ; justification opportunity
R ; f ixe d st uf f
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I 96 I
W X Y Y Y
Y Y Y
POH
1 12 bytes1
W = I I I I I I I I
X = C R R R R R OO
Y = R R R R R R R R
Z = I I I I I I S R
X X
X
X
J1
B3C2
G1
H4
F3
K3
N1
F2
SOH
PTR
SOH
1 byte 13 bytes
POH 20 blocks of 3 bytes
VC-4
STM-1
M i ATM C ll I t VC 4
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
47/66
47
Mapping ATM Cell Into VC-4
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4F3
K3
N1
VC-4 POH
VC-4
ATM ce llheader
53 bytes
VC 12 (2 Mb/s) to VC 4 (STM 1)
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
48/66
48
VC-12 (2 Mb/s) to VC-4 (STM-1)
36
36
36
36
9
1 2 3
PTR
PTR
4
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
9
12 = 4 x 3
1 2 7 1 2 7 1 2 7 1 2 77
(12)(4) ~ (11)(3)(2)(1)S
S
86 = 12 x 7 + 2
9P
O
H
S S
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 31
261 = 86 x 3 + 3
AU PTR
AU PTR
SO H
SO H
PTR
PTR
3
x 3
x 7
x 3V3
V2
V1
R
125 s
9
9
9
270 = 261 + 9
VC 12
(NPI)
NPI
125 s
125 s
125 s
125 s
125 s500 s
STM-1
AU-4
VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
125 s
M i f VC 12 i t VC 4
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
49/66
49
Mapping of VC-12 into VC-4
VC 3 (34 Mb/s) to VC 4 (STM 1)
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
50/66
50
VC-3 (34 Mb/s) to VC-4 (STM-1)
Scrambler
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
51/66
51
Scrambler
scrambled
1111111000000100 - - - -
1111111000000100 - - - -
not scrambled
Payl oadSOH
123.....
9
Payload
D QC S
D QC S
D QC S
D QC S
D QC S
D QC S
D QC S
clock
set = frame pulse
+
+
data
scrambleddata
+
1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 10 0 1 1 1 1 10 0 0 1 1 1 10 0 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 0 0 00 0 0 0 1 0 00 0 0 0 0 1 01 0 0 0 0 0 11 1 0 0 0 0 00 1 1 0 0 0 0
. .
. .
. .
modulo 2 addition
A + B = C
1 + 1 = 0
1 + 0 = 1
0 + 1 = 1
0 + 0 = 0
scrambler output
2M PDH Signal Extraction from STM-1
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
52/66
52
2M PDH Signal Extraction from STM 1
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
36
36
36
36
144TS
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
9Row
3435
V5
J2
N2
K4
9
Rows
9 bytes 261 bytes
H1 H2 H3
AU PTRJ1
C-12
2.048Mbit/sInformation
VC-124 Multi-frames
35
35
35
140TS
STM-1 Frame
TU-124 Multi-frames
(4x9 Frame)
TU-12frame in a row
9Row
9Row
* * * ** *
H1 H2 H3* * * ** * J1
J1
J1
H1 H2 H3* * * ** *
H1 H2 H3* * * ** *
9Rows
9Rows
9Rows
PTR
N
P
I
1
3
4
1
2
3
4
VC-4
261=86x3+3
9Row
(NPI)P
OH
S S
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
86=12x7+2
1 2 7 1 2 7 1 2 7 1 7 1 2 7S
4
12=4x3
S (12)(4) ~ (11)(3)(2)(1)
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
PTR
PTR
2
TU-12(4x9 frame)
VC-12
4 bytes
TU-12
TUG-2
TUG-3
PTR
Contiguous & Virtual Concatenation
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
53/66
53
Contiguous & Virtual Concatenation
STM-16
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
NE-A
STM-4
STM-4c VC-4-4c
NE-CNE-B NE-D
Contiguous
Concatenation
Virtual
Concatenation
STM-16
Contiguous
Concatenation
AU-4 #1
AU-4 #2
AU-4 #3
AU-4 #4
AU-4-4c
AU-4#1
AU-4#2
AU-4#3
AU-4#4
AU-4#1
AU-4#2
AU-4#3
AU-4#4
AU-4-4c
Virtual Concatenation
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
54/66
54
Virtual Concatenation
For the transport of payloads that do not fit
efficiently into the standard set of virtual containers
(VC-3/4/12)
VC concatenation can be used. VC concatenation is
defined for:VC-3/4- to provide transport for payloads requiringgreater capacity than one Container-3/4;
VC-12- to provide transport for payloads that require
capacity greater than one Container-12.
Contiguous Concatenation of X VC-4s
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
55/66
55
Contiguous Concatenation of X VC 4s
(VC-4-Xc, X=4, 16, 64, 256)
AU-4-4c PTRs
MSOH
RSOH
9X 261X
5
3
1
261X1J1B3
C2
F3K3
N1
G1
F2
H4
Fixed
StuffC-4-Xc
X-1VC-4 POH
STM-N
AU-4-4 PTRs
MSOH
RSOH
9N 261N
5
3
1
1261N
VC-4 POH
STM-N
VC-4-Xc
Concatenated VC-4-XcVC-4-N
J1B3
C2
F3K3
N1
G1
F2
H4
J1B3
C2
F3K3
N1
G1
F2
H4
VC-4 POH
N
C-4-N
VC-4-N
AU-4 Pointer and Concatenation Indication
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
56/66
56
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
H1 Y 1* 1* H2 H3 H3 H3
1 0 0 1 U U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a) Nine AU-4 pointer bytes
b) Normal AU-4 pointer
c) Concatenation indication
H1 H2
(H1, H2) = AU-4 pointer, H3= pointer action byte , Y=(100UU11)U=Unspecified, 1*=(11111111)
N = New data flag bit, S= size bit, I= increment bit, D= decrementbit, U=Unspecified
Virtual concatenation of X VC-3/4s
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
57/66
57
(VC-3/4-Xv, X=1.256)
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
1
9
851
VC-3#X125s
1
9
851
VC-3#1125s
J1B3
C2
G1F2
H4F3
K3N1
X1 X x 841
9
C-3-#X
125s
VC-3-Xc
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
1
9
2611
VC-4#X125s
1
9
2611
VC-4#1125s
J1B3
C2
G1F2
H4F3
K3N1
X1 X x 2601
9
C-4-#X
125s
VC-4-Xc
a) VC-3-Xv Structure b) VC-4-Xv Structure
Virtual Concatenation Multiframe Structure
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
58/66
58
Virtual Concatenation Multiframe Structure
a) Mulltiframe indicator MFI1 Configuration(from Frame 0 to 15)
b) Mulltiframe indicator MFI2( from Frame 0 to 255)
Bit No in H4 1
MFI X
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
No used
Bit No in H4 1
MFI2(LSB)
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
MFI2(MSB)
Frame 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Frame 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Frame 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Frame 126 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0Frame 127 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Frame 128 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Frame 129 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Frame 130 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Frame 254 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0Frame 255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
SequencceindiccatorSQ LSB(bit 5-8)
SequencceindiccatorSQ MSB(bit 1-4)
Frame 0 0 0 0 0Frame 1 0 0 0 1Frame 2 0 0 1 0
Frame 14 1 1 1 0Frame 15 1 1 1 1
VC 3/VC 4 Xv multiframe and sequence indicator
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
59/66
59
VC-3/VC-4-Xv multiframe and sequence indicator
C-4/3-Xc C-4/3-Xc
POH
POH
POH
POH
POH
MFI1:0MF12_MSB:0
MFI1:1MF12_LSB:0
MFI1:15
MFI1:0MF12_MSB:0
MFI1:1MF12_LSB:1
POH
POH
POH
POH
PO
H
MFI1:1MF12_LSB:0
MFI1:15
MFI1:0MF12_MSB:0
MFI1:1MF12_LSB:1
MFI1:0MF12_MSB:0
SQ:0
SQ:X-1
Mu
ltif
rame
(MF)
1 X
VC-12-Xv Structure
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
60/66
60
VC-12-Xv Structure
1
2
3
4
V5
J2N2
K4
V5
J2
N2
K4
1
23
4
1 35
1 35
VC-12#1
VC-12#X
500s
500s
1
2
3
4
1 X X34
500s
C-12#Xc
VC-12#Xv
Capacity of virtually concatenated VC 12 Xv
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
61/66
61
Capacity of virtually concatenated VC-12-Xv
If carried in X Capacity In steps of
VC-12-Xv VC-3 1 to 21 2176 kbit/s to 45 696 kbit/s 2176 kbit/s
VC-12-Xv VC-4 1 to 63 2176 kbit/s to 137 088 kbit/s 2176 kbit/s
VC-12-Xv Unspecified 1 to 64 2176 kbit/s to 139 264 kbit/s 2176 kbit/s
VC12 Extended Signal label byte coding
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
62/66
62
-in K4 bit 1-
MSB LSB MFAS: Multiframe Alignment Signal0: ZeroR: Reserved bit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
MFAS0 R R R R R R R R R R R R
Extended Signal Label0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
MSBb12 b13 b14 b15
LSBb16 b17 b18 b19
Hexcode
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1
0 0
07
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 9
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 A
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 B
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 C
Interpretation
Reserved
Mapping under development
ATM mapping
Mapping of HDLC/PPP framed signal
Mapping of HDLC/LAPS framed signals
Virtually concatenated test signal, O.181specific mapping
Flexible Topology Data Link mapping0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 D
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F Reserved
K4 bit 2 multiframe:K4 (b2)
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
63/66
63
K4 bit 2 multiframe:K4 (b2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Frame countR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
Sequence indicator
R: Reserved bit
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
64/66
64
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
65/66
65
Review Questions
8/22/2019 1.SDH Basics.ppt
66/66
Q
Fill up the spaces enclosed in parentheses in the following sentences with correct words.1. B1 is to monitor a ( a ) error and B2 is for monitor a ( b ) error. For STM-4, the
monitoring method of B1 is ( c ) and the monitoring method of B2 is ( d ).
2. K1 and K2 are called ( a ) signaling and used to exchange of transfer controlinformation among nodes in an ( b ) Ring and a ( c )protection ( d )
system.
3. M1 is used to report a result of error detection by ( a ) , by number of ( b )
violation.
4. G1 is used to report the receiving status of ( a ) back to the ( b ) side.
5. H4 is used to display a ( a ) number in a multiframe required to process the TU
pointer.
6. ( a ) 2,048 kb/s signal is required in frequency justification between ( b ) and SDHis necessary. ( c ) synchronous 2,048 kb/s signal is always ( d ) bit is used and (
e ) bit is not used. To indicate this status ( f ) and ( g ) are always set to 1 and 0
automatically. ( h ) synchronous 2,048 kb/s signal location of 64 kb/s channels of 2Min VC-12 is allocated
7. SDH pointers require 10 bits (5 Is and 5 Ds) of pointer value because of the maximum
possible pointer offset value of AU-4 pointer is ( a )