1960SThanks for coming in…

STORMY SIXTIES? Civil Rights revolution Beginnings of the feminist revolution Introduction of Youth Culture Introduction of the Drug Culture War not supported by the people Brink of World War 3 3 Assassinations in one year First man on the moon Sexual revolution Riots Blackouts Charles Manson murders

BACKGROUND INFO Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh Leader of the nationalists Fighting against French colonization

since 1919 (Pres. Wilson) Divided at the 17th parallel

America supports France ‘54 1 billion a year 80% of the funding for the war Eisenhower did not want to intervene

despite S.o.S Dulles and VP Nixon’s requests

Ngo Ding Diem Western friendly leader Saigon

CUBA

Fulgencio Batista Invested in American

capital “enemy of

Communism” Corrupt, ruthless,

inefficient

CUBA Dr. Fidel Castro ‘59

Help from Ernesto “Che” Guevera

Overthrew Cuban government

Released Cuba from “imperialistic slavery” by cutting off sugar

Economic and military satellite to Soviet Union

90 miles off the coast

TWO NEW STATES

1959 Alaska Hawaii

1960 ELECTION

Richard Nixon Vice president Anti communist hero Huge experience with

Khruschev Ruthless

Kennedy US Senator 14 years Young, handsome, and rich Catholic 36

CAMELOT JFK Inaugural Address

Personified the glamour and vitality of the new administration

Youngest President ever elected“Bobby” 35 year old attorney generalRobert McNamara – Defense

DepartmentPeace Corps

“ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country”

Robert Frost “Be more Irish than Harvard”

“FLEXIBLE RESPONSE” Develop an array of military options that

could be precisely matched to the gravity of the crisis at hand.Green Berets in VietnamLowered level for diplomacy to give way to

warfareProvided a mechanism for progressive

(possibly endless) increase in force

BAY OF PIGS

Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) Close the gap between rich and poor Leaflets

Eisenhower leftovers CIA trained and armed invasion of Cuban exiles Supported by American air power

April 17, 1961 1200 exiles invade No direct American intervention Later ransomed for pharmaceutical/humanitarian

supplies “victory has a hundred fathers, and defeat is an orphan”

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS October 22, 1962

Spy planes revealed missile sites

“nuclear chicken,” “staring contest”

Ordered a naval quarantine and demanded immediate removal

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS FALL OUT

October 28 Khrushchev blinks Agrees to remove missiles, if US missile sites in Turkey are removed

too Khrushchev was disgraced, and became an “unperson” in Russia Increase in nuclear expansion

Détente Moscow-Washington “hot-line” relaxation

TOUGH TIMES IN TEXAS November 22, 1963

While riding in an open limousine in downtown Dallas, President Kennedy was shot in the brain by a concealed rifleman and died within seconds.

Lee Harvey Oswald Was shot to death in front of the television

cameras by Jack RubyChief Justice Earl Warren

Leads a commission in sorting through the circumstances

CONSPIRACY How it happened Who would want him dead? Magic bullet?

CIVIL RIGHTS

De facto segregation – by custom or practiceSegregation of schools todayExpectations of giving up your seat on the bus“White flight”

De jure segregation – by law Jim Crow laws

NEW LEADERS Malcom X

Nation of IslamHajj“Concerning nonviolence: it is criminal to

teach a man not to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks. It is legal and lawful to own a shotgun or a rifle. We believe in obeying the law… the time has come for the American Negro to fight back in self-defense whenever and wherever he is being unjustly and unlawfully attacked”

NEW LEADERS Black Panthers

Huey Newton & Bobby Seale

Self-sufficientCommunist

leaningsFree daycare,

medical centers, homeless aid, free student breakfasts

CIVIL RIGHTS: KERNER REPORT Lyndon B. Johnson appointed the

commission on July 28, 1967, while rioting was still underway in Detroit, Michigan.

Los Angeles (Watts Riot of 1965), Chicago (Division Street Riots of 1966), Newark (1967 Newark riots).

Johnson asked for answers to three basic questions about the riots: "What happened? Why did it happen? What

can be done to prevent it from happening again and again?"

CIVIL RIGHTS: KERNER COMMISSION Report of the National Advisory

Commission on Civil Disorders or Kerner Report was released on February 29, 1968 after seven months of investigation.

over two million Americans bought copies of the 426-page document. Its finding was that the riots resulted from black

frustration at lack of economic opportunity. Martin Luther King Jr., pronounced the report

a "physician's warning of approaching death, with a prescription for life."

CIVIL RIGHTS: KERNER REPORT The report berated federal and state governments for failed

housing, education and social-service policies. The report also aimed some of its sharpest criticism at the mainstream media. "The press has too long basked in a white world looking out of it, if at

all, with white men's eyes and white perspective." "Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one

white—separate and unequal." Its results suggested that one main cause of urban violence

was white racism and suggested that white America bore much of the responsibility for black rioting and rebellion.

Called to create new jobs, construct new housing, and put a stop to de facto segregation in order to wipe out the destructive ghetto environment.

Government programs to provide needed services, to hire more diverse and sensitive police forces and, most notably, to invest billions in housing programs aimed at breaking up residential segregation.

THE HISTORY OF VIETNAM 207 BCE: Earliest record political entity 212 BCE: China takes control until 938

CE 1853 CE: France takes over 1920: Ho Chi Minh fails at kicking France

out 1940s: Japan becomes involved and

France creates a separate southern government

1946-54: France vs. Vietminh France defeated

Geneva Accord: 17th parallel divides Republic of South Vietnam

US INVOLVEMENT IN VIETNAM 1950s – Over 1 billion dollars annually

goes to France, supporting 2/3rds the cost of their war.

1956 – Eisenhower sends 300 advisors to replace the French to assist the South Vietnamese government. (Green Berets)

1959 – First two Americans killed in Vietnam

1961 – Kennedy sends “support troops.” 16k troops by the end of his presidency.

GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION August, 1964: Gulf of Tonkin incident US Navy aiding South versus the North

Vietnamese in naval bombings and raids 2 Destroyers fired upon “For all I know, the Navy was shooting at

whales out there.” Blank Check

“like grandma’s nightshirt- it covered everything.”

AMERICAN ESCALATION 1965: 27k US troops 1967: 525k US troops 1969: 543k US troops

1968 TET OFFENSIVE Vietnamese new year Coordinated attack (80k troops

attacking 100 different cities) Viet Cong, Communist guerilla group

infiltrated in South Vietnam, and North Vietnamese Army attacked the South from Hue to Saigon.

US casualties were extremely heavy. War now being fought in democratic

South

Maybe things aren’t going as well as we thought.

VIETNAMIZATION Announced by President Nixon; US troop

withdrawal and turning over the war to the South Vietnamese. ‘69 – starts ‘70 – withdrawal continues, but bombing in

Cambodia ‘70 – Kent State University incident kills 4 ‘72 – Nixon orders blockade of N. Vietnam

harbors ‘73 – US and North Vietnam sign armistice ‘75 – April: final Americans leave S. Vietnam by

helicopter as Communist complete the takeover of Saigon and rename the city, Ho Chi Minh City

WAR POWERS ACT President is required to report to

Congress about US troop intervention on foreign soil.The act imposes a 60 day time limit to end

the intervention before a declaration of war is required.

LBJ

Texas Backslapping, and arm twisting Crass Egotistical and Vain Civil Rights Acts of 1964

Banned discrimination in public buildings Equal opportunity commission Title VII

Executive Order to take “affirmative action” against discrimination

War on Poverty (Appalachia)

GREAT SOCIETY QUESTIONS According to Johnson, what constitutes a Great Society?

How would you define a Great Society? What are the challenges that Johnson saw facing America

in the 1960s? In terms of cities? The countryside? Classrooms?

How do you see these challenges as being similar and/or different to those facing America today? When in your lives have you faced these challenges?

Can the challenges that Johnson describes ever be truly fixed?

Should the government take an active role in addressing society’s ills? How much government intervention is too much?

Were you surprised that Johnson addressed environmental issues?

How does this speech act as a cornerstone for the civil and equal rights movement that followed? For the development of healthcare and the war on poverty

LBJ The Great Society

War on Poverty: forty programs that were intended to eliminate poverty by improving living conditions and enabling people to lift themselves out of the cycle of poverty.

Education: sixty separate bills that provided for new and better-equipped classrooms, minority scholarships, and low-interest student loans.

Medicare & Medicaid: guaranteed health care to every American over sixty-five and to low-income families.

The Environment: introduced measures to protect clean air and water.

National Endowment for the Arts and the Humanities: government funding for artists, writers and performers.

Head Start: program for four- and five-year-old children from low-income families.

ELECTION OF 1964 Barry Goldwater

ArizonaHardcore conservativeAttacked Great Society programs

“In your heart you know he’s right” “In your guts you know he’s nuts”

“Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice”

“Moderation in the pursuit of justice is not virtue”

American field commanders be given discretionary authority to use tactical nuclear weapons