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Conceptual
PhysicalScience5th Edition
Chapter 16:
MIXTURES
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This lecture will help you
understand:
• Most Materials are Mixtures
• The Chemist’s Classification of Matter
• Solutions
• Solubility• Soaps and Detergents
• Softening Hard Water
• Purifying the Water We Drink
• Wastewater Treatment
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Most Materials are Mixtures
• Pure substance
A material consisting of only one type of element or compound.
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• Pure substance
A material consisting of only one type of element or compound.
• Mixture
A collection of two or more pure substances.
Most Materials are Mixtures
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• Pure substance
A material consisting of only one type of element or compound.
• Mixture
A collection of two or more pure substances.
—can be separated by physical means
Most Materials are Mixtures
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Most Materials are Mixtures
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The Chemist’s Classification of
Matter
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The Chemist’s Classification of
Matter
• Pure materials consist of a single element
or compound.
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The Chemist’s Classification of
Matter
• Pure materials consist of a single element
or compound.
• Impure materials consist of two or more
elements or compounds.
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The Chemist’s Classification of
Matter
• Pure materials consist of a single element
or compound.
• Impure materials consist of two or more
elements or compounds.
• Mixtures may be heterogeneous or
homogeneous.
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• In heterogeneous mixtures, the different
components can be seen as individual
substances.
The Chemist’s Classification of
Matter
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• In heterogeneous mixtures, the different
components can be seen as individual
substances.
• In homogenous mixtures, the composition
is the same throughout.
The Chemist’s Classification of
Matter
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The Chemist’s Classification of
Matter
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• Homogeneous mixtures
The Chemist’s Classification of
Matter
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• Homogeneous mixtures
– Solution: all components in the same phase.
The Chemist’s Classification of
Matter
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• Homogeneous mixtures
– Solution: all components in the same phase.
– Suspension: different components in different
phases.
The Chemist’s Classification of
Matter
Th Ch i t’ Cl ifi ti f M tt
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Is the air in your house a homogeneous or a
heterogeneous mixture?
A. Homogeneous, because it is mixed very well.
B. Heterogeneous, because of the dust particles it contains.
C. Homogeneous, because it is all at the same temperature.
D. Heterogeneous, because it consists of different types of
molecules.
The Chemist’s Classification of Matter
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Th Ch i t’ Cl ifi ti f M tt
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Is the air in your house a homogeneous or a
heterogeneous mixture?
A. Homogeneous, because it is mixed very well.
B. Heterogeneous, because of the dust particles it contains.
C. Homogeneous, because it is all at the same temperature.
D. Heterogeneous, because it consists of different types of
molecules.
The Chemist’s Classification of Matter
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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Solutions
• Solution: A homogenous mixtureconsisting of ions or molecules
• Solvent: The major component of asolution.
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Solutions
• Solution: A homogenous mixtureconsisting of ions or molecules
• Solvent: The major component of asolution.
• Solute: The minor components of a
solution.
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Solutions
• Solution: A homogenous mixtureconsisting of ions or molecules
• Solvent: The major component of asolution.
• Solute: The minor components of a
solution.• Saturated: Said of a solution in which no
more solute will dissolve.
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Solutions
• Concentration: A measure of the amountof solute dissolved in solution.
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Solutions
• Concentration: A measure of the amountof solute dissolved in solution.
Concentration =
Solute
Solution
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Solutions
• Concentration: A measure of the amountof solute dissolved in solution.
Concentration =Solute
Solution
―concentrated‖
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Solutions
• Concentration: A measure of the amountof solute dissolved in solution.
Concentration =Solute
Solution
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Solutions
• Concentration: A measure of the amountof solute dissolved in solution.
Concentration =Solute
―dilute‖
Solution
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Solutions
• Concentration: A measure of the amountof solute dissolved in solution.
• Mole: A super-large number, 6.02 1023,
used to measure numbers of atoms or molecules, a.k.a. Avogadro’s number.
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Solutions
• Concentration: A measure of the amountof solute dissolved in solution.
• Mole: A super-large number, 6.02 1023,
used to measure numbers of atoms or molecules, a.k.a. Avogadro’s number.
The formula mass of a
substance expressed in
grams contains one mole.
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Solutions
• Concentration: A measure of the amountof solute dissolved in solution.
• Mole: A super-large number, 6.02 1023,
used to measure numbers of atoms or molecules, a.k.a. Avogadro’s number.
The formula mass of a
substance expressed in
grams contains one mole.
Substance Formula Mass
Carbon, C 12
Oxygen, O2 32
Carbon dioxide, CO2 44
Sucrose, C12H22O11 342
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Solutions
Sucrose, C12H22O11 = 342 g/mole
Solutions
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Water, H2O, has a formula mass of 18. How many moles of water are there in 18 grams of water?
A. 0.5 moles
B. 1 mole
C. 9 moles
D. 18 moles
Solutions
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Solutions
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Water, H2O, has a formula mass of 18. How many moles of water are there in 18 grams of water?
A. 0.5 moles
B. 1 mole
C. 9 moles
D. 18 moles
Solutions
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Solutions
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How many grams of water, H2O, are there in 2 moles of water?
A. 1 gram
B. 9 grams
C. 18 grams
D. 36 grams
Solutions
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Solutions
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How many grams of water, H2O, are there in 2 moles of water?
A. 1 gram
B. 9 grams
C. 18 grams
D. 36 grams
Solutions
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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Solutions
• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressedin moles solute per liter of solution.
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Solutions
• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressedin moles solute per liter of solution.
Molarity =
Moles of Solute
Liters of Solution
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Solutions
• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressedin moles solute per liter of solution.
• ppm: A unit of concentration expressed in
milligrams solute in liters of solution.
• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressedin moles solute per liter of solution.
• ppm: A unit of concentration expressed in
milligrams solute in liters of solution.
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Solutions
• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressedin moles solute per liter of solution.
• ppm: A unit of concentration expressed in
milligrams solute in liters of solution.
1 ppm =
• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressedin moles solute per liter of solution.
• ppm: A unit of concentration expressed in
milligrams solute in liters of solution.
1 part solute
1,000,000 parts solution
1 milligram solute
1 liter solution=
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Solubility
• Solubility: The ability of a solute to dissolve
in a solvent.
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Solubility
• Solubility: The ability of a solute to dissolve
in a solvent.
• Soluble: Said of a solute that has
appreciable solubility.
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Solubility
• Precipitate: Solute that comes out of
solution.
Solubility
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The amount of oxygen, O2, dissolved in the waters of the
arctic ocean is greater, about equal to, or less than the
amount of oxygen dissolved in warm tropical waters? A. Greater than
B. About equal
C. Less than
D. It depends
y
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Solubility
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The amount of oxygen, O2, dissolved in the waters of the
Arctic Ocean is greater, about equal to, or less than the
amount of oxygen dissolved in warm tropical waters? A. Greater than
B. About equal
C. Less than
D. It depends
Explanation:
The solubility of oxygen in water decreases with increasing
temperature. As a consequence, cold polar oceans tend to be
more fertile than warmer tropical waters.
y
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Chapter 12 Review
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By mass, water is 88.88 percent
oxygen. So why can’t we
breathe water?
p
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Chapter 12 Review
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By mass, water is 88.88 percent
oxygen. So why can’t we
breathe water? Hint: What is the elemental formula for the oxygen we breathe and
the chemical formula for water?
p
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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Soaps and Detergents
• Soaps and detergents have both polar and
nonpolar properties.
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Soaps and Detergents
• Soaps and detergents have both polar and
nonpolar properties.
• Nonpolar part attracts to the ―grime‖.
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Soaps and Detergents
• Soaps and detergents have both polar and
nonpolar parts.
• Nonpolar part attracts to the ―grime‖.
• Polar part attracts to water.
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Soaps and Detergents
Soap and Detergents
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Soap attracts ―grime‖ by which type of molecular
interaction?
A. Dipole –dipole.
B. Induced dipole –induced dipole.
C. Hydrogen bonding.
D. Dipole –induced dipole.
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Soap and Detergents
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Soap attracts ―grime‖ by which type of molecular
interaction?
A. Dipole –dipole.
B. Induced dipole –induced dipole.
C. Hydrogen bonding.
D. Dipole –induced dipole.
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
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Softening Hard Water
• Hard water has high concentrations of
calcium and magnesium.
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Softening Hard Water
• Hard water has high concentrations of
calcium and magnesium.
• Undesirable effects
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Softening Hard Water
• Hard water has high concentrations of
calcium and magnesium.
• Undesirable effects
– Clogged pipes
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Softening Hard Water
• Hard water has high concentrations of
calcium and magnesium.
• Undesirable effects
– Clogged pipes
– Lower cleaning action of soaps and
detergents
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Softening Hard Water
• Hard water has high concentrations of
calcium and magnesium.
• Undesirable effects
– Clogged pipes
– Lower cleaning action of soaps and
detergents
– Soap scum
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Softening Hard Water
• Detergent additives attract the Ca2+ and
Mg2+ ions in hard water.
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Softening Hard Water
• Detergent additives attract the Ca2+ and
Mg2+ ions in hard water.
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Softening Hard Water
• Some homes contain water softening
units.
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Softening Hard Water
• Some homes contain water softening
units.
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Purifying the Water We Drink
• The first step to purifying water is
removing particles and bacteria.
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Purifying the Water We Drink
• The first step to purifying water is
removing particles and bacteria.
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• Water is then aerated to improve the taste
and smell.
Purifying the Water We Drink
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• Water is then aerated to improve the taste
and smell.
• Lastly, the water is disinfected with
chlorine gas (or ozone).
Purifying the Water We Drink
Purifying the Water We DrinkCHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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Which of the following is not a method of
disinfecting drinking water?
A. Chlorine gas
B. Boiling
C. Aeration
D. Iodine tablets
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Purifying the Water We DrinkCHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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Which of the following is not a method of
disinfecting drinking water?
A. Chlorine gas
B. Boiling
C. Aeration
D. Iodine tablets
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
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• Sea water can be converted to drinking
water through desalination.
Purifying the Water We Drink
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• Sea water can be converted to drinking
water through desalination.
– Distillation
– Reverse osmosis
Purifying the Water We Drink
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Purifying the Water We Drink
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Purifying the Water We Drink
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Purifying the Water We Drink
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Wastewater Treatment
• Screening removes large insoluble items.
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Wastewater Treatment
• Screening removes large insoluble items.
• Primary treatment allows smaller
insolubles to settle to the bottom or rise to
the top for removal.
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Wastewater Treatment
• Screening removes large insoluble items.
• Primary treatment allows smaller
insolubles to settle to the bottom or rise to
the top for removal.
• Secondary treatment aerates the water
and allows finer particles to settle for
removal.
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Wastewater Treatment
• Screening removes large insoluble items.
• Primary treatment allows smaller
insolubles to settle to the bottom or rise to
the top for removal.
• Secondary treatment aerates the water
and allows finer particles to settle for
removal.
• Tertiary treatment filters the water.
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Wastewater Treatment
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Wastewater Treatment