Plant morphology and anatomy

Plant morphology and anatomy

• Plant organs– Vegetative

•Stem, root, leaf– Reproductive

•Flower, fruit

Plant morphology and anatomy

• Plant organs– Composed of tissues

• Plant tissues - complex– Composed of cells

Plant morphology and anatomy

• I. Meristematic Tissues• II. Permanent Tissues

• I. Meristematic Tissues– A. Apical meristems

•1. Stem apical meristem•2. Root apical meristem

• I. Meristematic Tissues– A. Apical meristems

•1. Stem apical meristem•2. Root apical meristem

– B. Lateral meristems•1. Vascular cambium•2. Cork cambium

– C. Other meristems in leaves, flowers, fruits

Plant morphology and anatomy

• II. Permanent Tissues– A. Surface tissues– B. Fundamental tissues– C. Vascular tissues

• II. Permanent Tissues– A. Surface tissues

•1. Epidermis – of herbaceous plant stems, young stems of woody plants, leaves, flowers, and fruits–a. Covering cells with thick outer walls and waxy cuticle

–b. Epidermal hair cells–c. Glandular hair cells–d. Stomates with guard cells

• II. Permanent Tissues– A. Surface tissues

•2. Epidermis – of herbaceous plant roots, young roots of woody plants–a. Covering cells with a very thin cuticle

–b. Root hair cells•3. Peridermis of woody stem or root

–a. Parenchyma cells–b. Suberized cork cells

• II. Permanent Tissues– B. Fundamental (= Ground)

tissue•1. Stem

–Dicot plant: Pith and Cortex–Monocot plant: Ground tissue

• II. Permanent Tissues– B. Fundamental (= Ground)

tissue•2. Root

–Dicot plant: Cortex–Monocot plant: Pith and Cortex

• II. Permanent Tissues– B. Fundamental (= Ground)

tissue•3. Mesophyll of leaf

–Dicot plant: palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll

–Monocot plant: mesophyll and bundle sheath cells

• II. Permanent Tissues– B. Fundamental (= Ground) tissue

•Cell types found in these tissues–1. Parenchyma cells–2. Collenchyma cells–3. Sclerenchyma

»a. sclerenchyma fiber cells»b. sclerenchyma sclereid cells

–4. Endodermal cells

• II. Permanent Tissues– C. Vascular tissue – 1. XylemCell types

•Parenchyma•Sclerenchyma fibers•Tracheids

•Vessel elements

• II. Permanent Tissues– C. Vascular tissue – 1. Xylem

–Primary Xylem

»Protoxylem » (annular & spiral 2nd walls)

»Metaxylem » (reticulate, scalariform & pitted 2nd

» walls)–Secondary Xylem

II. Permanent TissuesC. Vascular tissue Cell types in Xylem

1. Xylem 1. ParenchymaPrimary Xylem 2. Sclerenchyma

fibers Protoxylem 3. Trachieds (annular & spiral 2nd walls) 4. Vessel

elements Metaxylem

(reticulate, scalariform & pitted 2nd walls)

Secondary Xylem

• II. Permanent Tissues– C. Vascular tissue

•1. Phloem–Primary Phloem–Secondary Phloem

II. Permanent TissuesC. Vascular tissue Cell types in Phloem

1. Phloem 1. ParenchymaPrimary Phloem 2. Sclerenchyma fibersSecondary Phloem 3. Sieve cells

4. Companion cells

Evolutionary trends in Xylem transport cells

Evolutionary trends in Xylem Tissue – Stelar

theory

Evolutionary trends in Xylem Tissue – Stelar

theory• Protosteles

– Haplostele– Actinostele– Plectostele

Evolutionary trends in Xylem Tissue – Stelar

theory

• Siphonosteles–Ectophloic–Amphiphloic