Post on 18-Dec-2015
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Chapter 13
Motivating Performance
Applying InnovationBy David O’Sullivan and Lawrence Dooley
© Sage Publications 2008
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Reflections What is a team, and how does it differ from an
organization or community? What can organizations do to create a successful
team environment? Name the four different types of teams that can be
used for managing projects. Explain the terms fully empowered and enabled in
regard to team members. List a number of ways in which creativity can be
improved in teams. What technologies can be used to support virtual
teams? What is a community of practice?
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Activities
[Discussion of selected student ‘Activities’ from previous chapter]
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Learning Targets Examine the role of motivation in influencing
individual behaviour Understand the difference between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation Outline the process of linking individual performance
to organizational performance Describe a number of techniques for sharing rewards
with all team members Understand the performance appraisal technique Explain the training and development approach in
relation to motivation Design a simple performance appraisal system
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Motivation Creativity: Expertise, Creative
Thinking and Motivation (Amabile, 1998)
Maslow: self-fulfillment, ego or esteem, social, safety, and physiological needs.
Theory x – authoritarian Theory Y – participative Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation
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Intrinsic Motivation
From within the individual The most powerful type of motivation Inherent desire to perform better Difficult to manage Organizations need to hire self
motivated people, provide training and opportunity and provide a challenging work environment
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Forces against Intrinsic Motivation
People are often risk averse and tend to remain within a certain comfort zone rather than stretch beyond it.
The intrinsic needs of the person and those of the organization may not align.
People need to fulfill all of Maslow’s needs, and lower needs are not adequately met by intrinsic motivation and instead require extrinsic motivation.
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Extrinsic Motivation From outside the individual Financial incentives, additional holidays,
etc. Useful up to a ‘saturation’ point beyond
which free time and self-development become important
Popular systems: Gain sharing Profit Sharing Performance Appraisal
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Gain Sharing Group bonus scheme where entire
organisation benefits from improved innovation
Individual remuneration linked with organisational performance
Some individuals rewarded for little effort Based on an agreed formula:
If labor costs are below 12% of sales then bonus awarded amounting to 60% of difference between actual costs and 12% target
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Profit Sharing
Bonuses based exclusively on profits. If profits increase then bonus
awarded on agreed formula Difficulty when profits are affected by
factors outside control of organization Changing share prices Currency fluxuations Materials costs
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Benefits of Gainsharing Coordination, teamwork, and sharing of knowledge
increase. Social needs are recognized via participation and
mutual reinforcing of group behavior. Attention is focused on goals such as performance
indicators. Change due to technology, market, and new methods
gains acceptance. People demand better performance from each other. Innovation increases. Where unions are present, union–management
relations become more flexible.
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Performance Appraisal Reward or recognition based on individual
performance Linking goals and actions to individuals
i.e. individual responsible for particular goals or contributing to particular ideas or projects
Typical linkages around: Objectives Indicators Skills – technical, personal and interpersonal Ideas and Projects
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Performance Appraisal - sample
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Training and Development Individuals developed through job design,
task delegation, skills training and career development
Identification of skills available and required Identification of mechanisms for improving
skills E.g. courses, manuals, etc.
Planning development of skills within organisations through training plan
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Summary Examine the role of motivation in influencing
individual behaviour Understand the difference between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation Outline the process of linking individual performance
to organizational performance Describe a number of techniques for sharing rewards
with all team members Understand the performance appraisal technique Explain the training and development approach in
relation to motivation Design a simple performance appraisal system
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Activities
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Search Online
http://mitworld.mit.edu/ Why Bad Things Happen to Good
Technologies (John Sterman) Stuck: Why It’s So Hard to Do New
Things in Old Organizations (Rebecca Henderson)
Building Growth: Why Don’t We Use What We Know (Rebecca Henderson)
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CopyrightCopyright © 2009 Sage Publishing, Inc. All rights
reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United State Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, Sage Publications, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.