Post on 02-Jan-2017
Literature Review
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CHAPTER -II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
The following literature is carried out during research work
• Leyla et al ( 2010) reported the isolation & characterization of
seven flavonoids, the levels of total phenolics, flavonoids &
proanthocyanidins, & the antioxidant activity of the leaf extract of Rosa
agrestis Savi (Rosaceae). The results showed that the R. agrestis leaf
extract exhibited important antioxidative activity as measured by DPPH.
The flavonoids isolated from R. agrestis leaves were diosmetine,
kaemferol, quercetine, kaemferol-3-glucoside (astragalin), quercetine 3-
rhamnoside (quercitrine), quercetin-3e-xyloside & quercetin-3-galactoside
(hyperoside). Diosmetin (5,7,30-trihydroxy-40-methoxyflavone) was
isolated for the first time from Rosa species.
• Khan et al (2005) carried out extraction & analysis of essential oil
of Rosa species . Two rose species R. damascena & R. centifolia were
analysed. The results showed that recovery of concrete oil from petals of
R. damascena was higher (0.24%) than R. centifolia (0.22%) on fresh
weight basis. GC analysis revealed R. centifolia having higher content of
chemical constituents studied except phenyl ethyl alcohol which was
higher in R. damascena than Rosa centifolia. Geraniol, eugenol, rhodinol,
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citronellol, linolool, phenyl ethyl alcohol, rhodinyl acetate are present in
essential oil of R. centifolia & R. damascena with variable percentage.
• Kumar et al (2009) carried out antioxidant activity & ultra-
performance LC-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass
spectrometry for phenolics-based fingrprinting of Rose species: R.
damascena, R. bourboniana & R. brunonii. The results showed that the
methanolic extracts of R. brunonii exhibited maximum free-radical-
scavenging activity followed by R. bourboniana & R. damascena at 100
µg/ml as evaluated by (DPPH) method. Ultra pressure liquid
chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-
flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was used to analyze
phenolic composition in the MeOH extracts from the fresh flowers of rose
species The dominance of quercetin, kaempferol & their glycosides was
observed in all the three species.
• Cai et al (2005) carried out identification of phenolic antioxidants
by LC-ESI-MS & MALDI-QIT-TOF MS from R. chinensis flowers. In this
study, LC-MS was employed to simultaneously identify many phenolic
constituents separated directly from crude extracts of the dried R.
chinensis flowers. LC-MS analysis showed that the major phenolic
constituents in the dried R. chinensis flowers were hydrolyzable tannins,
flavonols, & anthocyanins consisting of over 30 known & unknown
compounds. These included 16 hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins &
ellagitannins), 17 flavonols, & 3 anthocyanins. The assay results of
antioxidant activity of the methanolic crude extracts indicated that the
phenolic antioxidants from R. chinensis flowers exhibited potent
antioxidant effects.
• Raj Janifer et al (2010) wrote on screening of phytochemical active
compounds of 21 medicinal plants of Trans Himalaya region.
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Tannins, alkaloids, bitter glycosides, coumarins, steroids, anthracene
glycosides, flavonoids & cardiac glycosides are distributed in high 1
altitude medicinal plants belonging to many types of families (Lamiaceae,
Apiaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Crassulaceae, Urticaceae
& Zygophylaceae). These all plant constituents were assessed &
compared. The plant tested were Achillea milafolium, Artemiesin,
dracunulus, Bidens pilosa, Heraceleum pinnatum, Carum carvi,
Hippophae rhamnoids, Inula racemosa, Dracocephalum heterophyllum,
menthalongifolia, ferula jaeskiana, Nepeta podostachys, Gallium
pauciflorum, origanum vulgare, Rosa webbiana, Rosa microphylla,
Peganum harmala, Rhodolia imbricate, Rubia condifolia, Rhodiols
heterodenia, Tanicacetum gracile & Utrica hyperborea which have been
mainly utilized for time immemorial in the traditional Amchi system of
herbal medicine in the Leh Ladakh region of India. Phytochemical
constituents were quantitatively identified using aqueous extracts &
solvent portion of plants appling various biochemical testings. Further
study will isolate, characterize, identify & elucidate the structural formula &
structure activity relationaship of new bioactive herbal formulations. The
importance of these plants in traditional herbal medicine & the value of
the distribution of their chemical constituents are studied in the context of
the role of the plants in ethanomedicine in Leh Ledakh region. Rosa
webbiana is known as wild rose or siah & its flowers & fruits are were used
for the treatment of fever due to poison & food poisoning. Rosa webbiana
was also used for inflammation of liver, hepatitis & jaundice.
• Malpani A arti et al (2011) wrote on effect of aqueous extract of
Gloriosa superba roots on reproductive & cardiovascular system in female
albino rat.
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HO
H3CO
OCH3
H3CO
O
CH3COHN
2-demethylcolchicine
from ancient time in traditional system of Indian medicine Gloriosa superb
was used to induce labor. The study was carried out to evaluate the
activity of H2O aqueous extract of plant root for female reproductive
system. The simple maceration method was used for extraction with
water. Toxicity (in mice) & antifertility study as well as phytochemical
analysis, uterotropic assay, ducioduoma model, utrotonic checking in vitro
& in vivo of H2O aqueous extract was performed on albino rats. Uterotonic
reference st&ard was taken oxytoxin. The effect of extract on
cardiovascular system is also studied. Phytochemical screening reveals
presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides & alkaloids in the H2O
aqueous extract of Gloriosa superb. The yield of extract was 6% & was
obtained as safe at a dose of 550 mg/kg/body weight. Early abortifacient
activity was shown by antifertility study. There is no change in weight of
uterus & ducidual. Both the extract & oxytoxin (St&ard) showed dose
dependent contraction but extract had no effect on cardiovascular system.
The oxytoxic & early abortifacient activity of extract was shown which is
mainly due to presence of alkaloid colchicine & colchicoids. This gives
ofjustification for its use in traditional medicine.
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H3CO
H3CO
H3CO
H
NHCOCH 3 H
O
OCH3
Beta-lumicholchicine
CH3
H
CH3 H
H3C
CH3
CH3
HO
Beta-sitosterol
• Megala S et al (2012) developed a method for bioactive compound
analysis & used MS method for identification of Seeds & Tuber of Gloriosa
superb.
The article mainly highlight phytochemical & gas chromatographic-mass
spectroscopic (hyphenated technique) analysis of Gloriosa superb
medicinal plant. The MeOH extract of plant showed presence of bioactive
& phytochemical constituents found in gas-mass analysis of Gloriosa
superb. The final results found five bioactive compounds in tuner & 4
phytochemical constituents in seeds. Seeds have high contents of
alkaloids.
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H3CO
H3CO
OH
H3CO
O
CH3COHN
3-demethylcolchicine
• Hemant Badwaik et al (2011) reported review on pharmacological
profile of Gloriosa superba known as phytomedicine.
Synthetic medicines are increasing very fastly in the world drug market.
Ayurvedic medicines are the only altrative way to replace the medicines by
indigenous plant derived copounds. Gloriosa supeba is one of them. It
was used in ancient medicine as ethinomedicine plant. Phytochemical
study of Gloriosa superba shows presence of colchicines & β-sitosterol,
higher carbon chain fatty acids, β-lumicolchicine, γ-lumicholchine,
gloricine, 2-dehydroxy-6-demethoxy benzoic acid, N-formyl desacetyl
cholchicine & new colchicines glycosides 3-demethyl-ocholchicine, 2-
demethyl-o-colchicine & α-D-glucopyranoside. The FDA approved used of
Colchicine is in acute episodes of gout. The drug is also useful as anti-
tumor, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antilipooxygenase & antidote in snake
bite. Hower plant is very poisonous if ingested directed. The side effect of
drug is nausea & GIT problems. The plant is main source of colchicines as
natural & synthetic way.
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H3CO
H3CO
H3CO
H
NHCOCH 3 H
O
OCH3
Delta-lumicholchicine
• Geetangli et al (2012) described review on Gloriosa superba;
important medicinal plant
Gloriosa superb is herbaceous stout, perennial creeper, climbing herbs.
The plant is very important in medicine to cure ailments in Africa & Asia.
The important constituents of plant are colchicines & colchicoids which are
highly dem&ed by pharma industries & are very costly due to excessive
use of plant in large number of ailments. The plant is rarely available
species & threatened category. There is great problem of low set seed but
because of industries dem& it is now under cultivation. The conservation
of plant is very necessary otherwise plant will be lost upto 2020.
Phytochemical screening yielded alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids &
glycosides in H2O aqueous extract. EtOH & water extract yielede
phytosterols, fixed oils, fats, carbohydrates, mucilage, phenolic
compounds, saponins & gums. Alcoholic extract of dried tuber & plant
produced dextrose, organic acid, fatty alcohol & hydrocarbons. Tuber &
seed extracts isolated various compounds mainly colchicines &
colchicocides & semisynthetic derivatives of thiocolchicocides.
These derivatives were synthesized using plant raw material as starting
point after that the acetylation, methylation, esterification, sufonation,
amidation reactions were carried out in different solvent systems. The
optimum growth was found in alcoholic solvent system. Some structure
are given below of chemical constituents of Gloriosa superba.
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H3CO
H3CO
OCH3
H3CO
O
CH3COHN
Colchicin e
H3CO
H3CO
OCH3
H3CO
O
OHCHN
Gloriosin e
• Ghazghazi et al (2010) carried out determination of phenols,
essential oil & carotenoids of R. canina from Tunisia & their antioxidant
activities. The results showed that the carotenoids identified in fruit
samples were carotene & lycopene. The essential oils of R. canina leaves
predominantly compromise of palmitic acid & vitispirane & their
concentrations were dependent on the harvesting zone. The phenol &
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flavonoid contents & anti-oxidant activity of samples were varying,
depending on the locality from where they were collected.
• Kumarasamy et al (2003) carried out the determination of
bioactive flavonoid glycosides from the seeds of R. canina. The results
showed that preparative RP-HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of the
seeds of R. canina yielded two geometric isomeric flavonoid glycosides
characterized by spectroscopic techniques (UV, HRFABMS, & 1D & 2D
NMR) & comparison with the published data (Budzianowski & Skrzypczak,
1995; Kumar et al., 1985). Compounds were characterized as kaempferol-
3-O-(6-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside & kaempferol-3-O-(6-O-Z-
p-coumaroyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside. The qualitative antioxidant assay
using DPPH spray on TLC plate bearing the spot of methanol extract of
the seeds of R. canina indicated the presence of antioxidant components
in the seeds. The isolated compounds showed some antioxidant
properties in a quantitative DPPH assay.
• Salminen et al (2005) carried out characterization of
proanthocyanidin aglycones & glycosides from rose hips by high-
pressure liquid chrometography–mass spectromtrey, & their rapid
quantification together with Vitamin C. The results showed that 15
individual proanthocyanidin aglycones & 19 glycosides, together with a
complex mixture of chromatographically non-separated proanthocyanidin
glycosides were detected. The non-separated glycosides being novel
plant derived copounds were characterized from R. canina hips using
high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass
spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MS). Along with these phenolics, a 50%
aqueous ethanol extract of rose hips was found to contain high levels of
Vitamin C.
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• Wong et al (2010) carried out evaluation of antioxidant, anti-
tyrosinase & antibacterial activities of selected China rose (Hibiscus)
species. Six species were assessed for their total phenolic content, total
anthocyanin content, ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity
(AEAC), ferric reducing power (FRP), ferrous ion chelating (FIC) ability &
lipid peroxidation inhibition (LPI) activity. Antityrosinase & antibacterial
activities of four species were assessed using the modified dopachrome &
disc diffusion methods, respectively.
• Ozkan et al (2004) determined antioxidant & antibacterial activities
of R. damascena flower extracts. The total phenolic contents were 276.02
mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g in fresh flower extract (FF) & 248.97mg
GAE/g in spent flower (SF) extract. FF & SF extracts showed 74.51 &
75.94 % antiradical activities at 100 ppm. The antioxidant activity of FF
extract (372.26 mg/g) was higher than that of SF extract (351.36mg/g).
Antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by the agar diffusion
method against 15 species of bacteria: Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus
cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli,
Escherichia coli O157:H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium
smegmatis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas
fluorescens, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium,
Staphylococcus aureus & Yersinia enterocolitica. Both extracts were
effective against all the bacteria except E. coli O157:H7, although the FF
extract was more effective than the SF extract. FF & SF extracts showed
the strongest effects against S. enteritidis & M. smegmatis, respectively
• Stajner et al (2003) carried out evaluation of the antioxidant
abilities of Allium species. Antioxidative properties of leaves of different
wild (Allium flavum L., Allium sphaerocephalum L., Allium atroviolaceum
Bois., Alliumvienale L., Allium scorodoprasum L.) & grown (Allium
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nutans L., Allium fistulosum L., Alliumvienale L., Allium pskemense B.
Fedtsch, Allium schenoprasum L., Allium cepa L., Allium sativumL.).
Allium sorts were investigated. Activities of antioxidant enzymes
(superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase) &
also the content of total flavonoids, chlorophylls a & b, carotenoids,
vitamin C & soluble proteins were determined. Results indicated that some
of grown Alliums such as Allium sativum L., A. vineale L., Allium cepa L.,
A. fistulosum L. & A. nutans L. possessed high antioxidant activities.
Among the wild Alliums, A. flavum L. & particulary A. ursinum L. exibited
high antioxidant activities.
• Shashi Ranjan et al (2010) investigated anti-inflammatory &
analgesic potential of leaf extract of Allium stracheyi. Results of qualitative
analysis indicated that petroleum ether & chloroform extract is rich in
steroids while methanolic & aqueous extract is rich in alkaloid & saponins.
The anti-inflammatory effect was observed in methanol, petroleum ether &
aqueous extract & compared with the st&ard Diclofenac sodium. Out of
the three extracts methanolic extract showed important percent reduction
(60%) as compared to the diclofenac sodium that showed 72% inhibition
of paw volume. The reduction was non-important in case of petroleum
ether extract & aqueous extract with 46 & 20% inhibition when the dose
administered was 100mg/kg.
• Higuchi et al (2003) investigated antioxidative activity of sulfur-
containing compounds in Allium species for human low-density lipoprotein
(LDL) oxidation in vitro. Anti-oxidative activities of sulfur containing amino
acids, dialk(en)yl disulfides, dialk(en)yl trisulfides, & that LOOH
formation on human LDL was inhibited by the addition of S-methyl-L-
cysteine, S-propyl-L-cysteine, S-allyl- L-cysteine, S-methyl-L-cysteine
sulfoxide, S-propyl-L cysteine sulfoxide, dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl
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trisulfide, diethyl trisulfide, di-n-propyl trisulfide, di-isopropyl trisulfide, di-n-
butyl trisulfide etc.
• Marotti et al (2002) carried out characterization of flavonoids in
different cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.). Twelve cultivars of different
colored onions (white, golden & red) were evaluated for fresh bulb yields &
flavonoid contents. The flavonoids extracted with methanol/water/acetic
acid (50:42:8, v:v:v) from fresh bulbs & characterized by HPLC on a DAD
detector were mainly constituted of quercetin & isorhamnetin in the form
of aglycones & glycosides.
• Nencinib et al (2007) carried out evaluation of antioxidative
properties of Allium species growing wild in Italy. Antioxidant activity of
aqueous extracts of different parts belonging to three Allium species
growing wild in Italy: Allium neapolitanum Cyr., A. subhirsutum L. & A.
roseum L., compared with the in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous
extracts of bulbs & leaves of the much studied garlic (Allium sativum L.).
The flowers of species growing wild showed the higher antioxidant power
even by the leaves, while the antioxidant capacity of the bulbs was lower.
• Galdòn et al (2008) investigated the flavonoids composition of
onion cultivar (Allium cepa L.). Total phenol & flavonoid contents were
analyzed by HPLC coupled with a diode array detector in 5 traditional
onion cultivars from Tenerife (Guayonje, San Juan de la Rambla, Carrizal
Alto, Carrizal Bajo, & Masca) & a commercial cultivar (Texas Early Grano
502). Five quercetin chemical species (isoquercetin, quercetin diglucoside,
quercetin monoglucoside 1, quercetin monoglucoside 2 & free quercetin)
& kaempferol were identified & quantified in the onion samples. Variations
were noted total phenol, quercetin diglucoside,
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isoquercetin, QMG/QDG ratio, & kaempferol contents between different
onion cultivars.
• Kekuda et al (2009) carried out the antibacterial & anthelmintic
activity of E. kologa Schldl . Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract
showed the presence of tannins, saponins & flavonoids. Terpenoids,
alkaloids & steroids were not detected. The results of antibacterial activity
indicated antibacterial activities towards the Gram-positive bacteria to
more extent than Gram negative bacteria. Among different extracts tested,
maximum inhibition of test bacteria was found in methanolic extract
followed by chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone & least in petroleum ether
extract. Acetone & chloroform extracts showed good anthelmintic activity
& caused paralysis of worms in relatively shorter time (70 minutes) when
compared to other extracts.
• Tolkachev et al (2008) carried out phytochemical study of the bark
of some plants of the Elaeagnaceae family as a natural source of β-
carboline indole alkaloids. Six β-carboline indole alkaloids viz. harmane,
tetrahydroharmane, dihydroharmane, tetrahydroharmol, N-
methyltetrahydro harmol were identified using TLC & synthetic carbolines
as st&ards. In addition, the structures of the isolated alkaloids were
elucidated using IR & PMR spectra.
• Bucur et al. (2009) carried out & compared the polyphenols in two
soft extracts of E. angustifolia using HPLC-MS analysis. Major
compounds were identified as kaempferol, after hydrolysis (kaempferol
heterosides were presented) & p-cumaric acid before hydrolysis of the
extracts. An unknown heteroside hamnetol or isorhamnetol was identified
in the MS. Such compounds can be also found in Hippophae rhamnoides
L. species of the same family, which means that they can be a common
element of the species of Elaeagnaceae family.
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• Abizov et al. (2008) determined composition of biologically active
substances isolated from the fruits of E. angustifolia introduced in the
European part of Russia. The polysaccharide complex of the fruit
consisted of glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, xylose, & rhamnose
while rutin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin-3-O-galactopyranoside,
eleagnoside, kaempferol, & caffeic acid constituted the flavonoid fraction
of the fruit. Aspargic acid, threonine, serine,glutamine, proline, glycine,
alanine, valine, methoinine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine,
histidine, lysine,arginine, tryptophan, cysteine, & cysteinic acid were also
identified in fruit.
• Hosseinzadeh et al (2003) studied the muscle relaxant activity of
E. angustifolia L. fruit seeds in mice. The aqueous & ethanolic extracts
(i.p.) induced a muscle relaxant effect in a dose dependent manner as
effective as diazepam (1 mg/kg). The results suggested that fruit seeds
exerted muscle relaxant activity due to flavonoid component(s).
• Hua Li et al (2009) investigated HT1080 tumor cell invasion
inhibition of methanol extract of E. glabra, a Korean medicinal plant. The
results showed that methanol extract suppresses cell invasion,
gelatinolytic activities, & protein & mRNA expressions of both MMP-2 &
MMP-9 inHT1080 cells.
• Hill R. A. et al (1993) reported terpenoids as a Natural product are
very useful inherbal medicines. They classified the terpenoids as given
below Terpens are hydrocarbon like pinine & terpenoids are oxygenated
hydrocarbons like phenol, alcohol, ethers, esters, ketones & aldehydes.
These are biosynthesized from isoprene unit that contain C5H8 formula &
chemically 2- methyl-1,3-butadiene.
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Monoterpenoids (C10H16)
d) acyclic : ocimene, myrecetine, citral, citranellal, geraniol,
citranellol, linalool
e) monocyclic : d-limonene, carvone, pulegone, menthol,
menthone, α-terpeneol
f) bicyclic : camphor, borneol, isoborneol, pinine, fenchone
Sesquioterpenoids (C15H24)
d) acyclic : farnesol
e) monocyclic : zinziberine, curcumin
f) bicyclic :
Diterpenoids(C20H32)
d) acyclic :
e) monocyclic :
f) bicyclic :
Triterpenoids (C30H48) : Squalene, α amyrin β amyrin
Triterpenoids(C40H64) : carotene, crocine, bixin, cycophene
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Composition of volatile oils
Name Botanical name Important
constituents
Terpenes or Sesquieterpenes
Turpentine Pinus spp. Terpenes
(pinenes, camphene)
Juniper Juniperus communis pinenes,
camphene & cadinene
Alcohols
Cori&er Cori&rum sativum Linalol (65-80%);
terpenes
Oil of rose Rosa spp. Geraniol,
citronellol (70-75%); esters
Geranium Pelargonium spp. Geraniol,
citronellol; esters
Indian or Turkish geranium Cymbopogon spp. Geraniol (85-90%)
S&al wood Santalum album Santalols (sesquiterpene
alcohols); esters, aldehyde
Esters & alcohols
Lavender Lav&ula officinalis Linalol; linalyl acetate
(much), ethyl phenyl ketone
Rosemary Rosemarinus officinalis Borneol & linalool
(10-18%); bornyl acetate
Pepperment mentha piperita Menthol (45%);
Menthyl acetate (4-9%)
Aldehydes
Cinnamon bark Cinnamomum verum presl. Cinnamiac aldehyde
(60-75%); eugenol; terpenes
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Cassia
aldehyde (80%)
Cinnamomum cassia Cinnamiac
Lemon Citrus limonis citral (4%);
limonene (about 90%)
Lemon grass
Cymbopogon spp.
Citral & citronellal
(75-80%)
Terpenes or Sesquieterpenes
Turpentine Pinus spp. Terpenes
(pinenes, camphene)
Juniper Juniperus communis pinenes,
camphene & cadinene
Ketones
Spearmint Mentha spicata Carvone (55-70%);
limonene, ester
Caraway Carum carvi Carvone (60%);
limonene
Dill Anethum graveolens Carvone (50%);
limonene
Phenols
Clove Syzygium aromaticum Eugenol (85-
90%); acetyl eugenol & vanillin
Cinnamon
80%)
Cinnamomum verum presl. Eugenol (upto
Thyme Thymus vulgaris Thymol (20-
30%)
Tulsi
Ocimum sanctum
Eugenol
Ajawan Trychyspermum ammi Thymol (4-55%)
Ethers
Anise
Pimpinella anisum
Anethole (80-90%);
chavicol ether
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Fennel Foeniculum vulgaris Anethole (60%);
fenchone (20%)
Eucalyptus Euclyptus globulus Cineole (70%);
terpenes
Cajuput Melaleuca spps Cineole (50-60%)
terpenes, alcohols
Camphor Cinnamomum camphara Camphor; safrole;
terpenes
Indian dill & Parsley Peucedanum soja Apiole
(Dimethoxysafrole)
Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Myristicin
(methyl safrole), terpenes
Peroxides
Chenopodium Chenopodium ambrosioids Ascaridole
(60-70%); terpene oxides
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H3C
Acyclic Terpenoids H3C
CH2OH
CHO
Aromatic Compounds
H3CO
HO
OCH3
H3C CH3
H3C
CH3
CHO CH3
CH2
Geraniol Citral Cinnamic aldehyde Anthole Euginol
Monocyclic Monoterpenoids
H3C
H2C
H3C
H3C
H3C H3C
O
H3C
CH3
H3C
CH3
H3C
OH
CH3
H3C
OH
CH3
H3C
O
CH3
H3C
CH3
Limonene Beta Phellandrene alpha Terpineol Menthol Menthone Carvone
Bicyclic Monoterpenoids -
. . . . O .
O OH O O
. - - - - - - .
- -
CH2 -
.
alpha pinene Borneol Camphor Cineol Thujone Fenchone
Artemisia: flower heads of Artemisia cina BergArtemisia brevifolia
Darona oil: flowering herbs of Artemisia pallone (Compositisae)
Arnica: flower heads of Arnica montana (Compositae)
Oil of S&alwood: heart wood of Sabtalum album (Santalaceae)
Clove: dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus myrtaceae, 15 %
Euginol
Hop: dried flower(strobilis) of Humulus lupulus (Cannabinaceae)
Saussurea: roots of Saussorea lappa (Compositae)
Acorus: rhizomes of Acorus calamus (Araceae) Asarone
Cubeb: unriped fruits of piper cubeba (Piperaceae) Cubebi
Valeria: Dried rhizomes, stolons of valeriana wallichi (Valerianaceae)
Feverfew: fresh dried leaves of aerial part of Tanacetum parthenium
(asteraseae)
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Taxus (Diterpenoids) : Taxus buccata – Europeon, Taxus
cuspidata(Japan),Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew) Paclitaxaled
Coleus (Diterpenoids) : roots of coleus fors kohli (Labiatae)Forkolin,
phytol,abietic acid
Amergris (Triterpenoid): Sperm Phystere catodon (Physterae),
squalene, amyrin
Annato (Tetraterpenoid): dried seeds of Bixa Orenella (Bixaceae), Bixin
Crocus (Tetraterpenoid): dried stigma of crocus sativus (Iridicas)
CrocinCrocetin + 2-gentibiose, Picrosin Glucose + Saffranal
• Fiaz Aziz Minhas et al (2013) reported antimicrobial or
antimicrobial or antibacterial spectrum of activities of the leaves & roots of
Elaeagnus umbellate thumb.
Bioactive compounds are obtained from plants that are rich sources. Many
medicinal plants have an important an important role in biomedicine.
Some bioactive compounds are lethal to plants & animals. Leaves & roots
of Elaeagnus umbellate were extracted with successive solvent extraction
method using various solvents like MeOH, MeCN, chloroform, di ethyl
ether & H2O on the basis of ethanomedical uses. The crude extracts were
tested for their antibacterial activity against many Gram +ve & Gram –ve
bacteria. The antifungal activity is also tested. The MeOH, EtOH, Pet.
Ether, Et acetate, CHCl3 & MeCOMe extracts of plants have validated
antibacterial activities against Gram +ve & Gram –ve bacterias. The
CH3COCH3, Pet ether, Et acetate & MeOH extracts of leaves & roots of
plants have siginificant antibicrobial activity while chloroform & EtOH
extracts showed moderate activity & water extract did not possess any
activity against all tested bacteria. EtOH & MeOH extracts have important
antifungal activity. The root extracts of plant were found more active than
leaves extracts against micro-organism.
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• Manske R H S et al (1965) reportd alkaloids & its importance in
medicine Alkalis like substances are known as alkaloids. These are basic
in nature. The basicity is due to nitrogen atom present in ring or outside
the ring. Maximum alkaloids are organic solvent soluble & water insoluble
but their salts are water soluble product with mineral acid. The alkaloids
may contain one or more number of nitrogen & may exist in the form as
primary (R-NH2), e.g. mescaline; secondary amine (R2-NH-), e.g.
ephedrine, colchicine; tertiary amine (R3N); e.g. atropine, quinine,
morphine & quaternary ammonium compounds (R4N+X); tubocurine
chloride. These are classified as 1) true alkaloid 2) Proto-alkaloids
(ephedrine & pseudoephedrine 3) pseudo-alkaloid (purines).
The test which are used to identify the alkaloids are
Meyer’s test: true alkaloids give white precipitate with Meyer’s reagent
(K2HgI4).
Dragnedorff’s Test: true alkaloids give brick red precipitate with
Dragnedorff’s reagent with potassium bisumth iodate (KBiI4).
Wegner’s Test: Alkaloids give yellow precipitate with Wegner’s reagent (I2
+ KI).
Hager’s Test: Alkaloids give yellow precipitate with Hager’s reagent
(Picric acid)
Mueroxide Test: purines give purple color with mueroxide reagents
(Purpuric acid)
• Biosynthesis of alkaloids: alkaloids are biosynthesized by amino
acids in different plants. Ornithine amino acid is major source of
pyrrolidine ring for tropane alkaloids. Lysine amino acid mainly
synthesizes piperidine & pyridine derivatives.
60
Table 2.1 : List of alkaloids biosynthesized from different amino acids.
S.
No.
Name of Amino acids Name of Alkaloid
1. Orinithine & phenyl alanine Atropine, hyoscyamine, Scopolamine
2. Phenylalanine Ephedrine & Mescaline
3. Tyrosine
Papaverine, morphine, codeine &
thebaine
4. Dihydroxyphenylalanine Colchicines & emetine
5. Tryptophane & tryptamine
Quanine, Reserpine, Vincristine,
Vinblastine, Strychnine, Ergotamine
6. Ornithine Kushgrine, Hygrine
7. Lysine Anabasine, aerecoline, Nicotine, piperine
Functions of alkaloids:- alkaloids are found in plants in a very minute
amounts. The roles of alkaloids in plants are followings:
They are the reserve substances with an ability to supply nitrogen.
They might be defensive mechanisms for plants growing in dry regions to
protect from grazing animals, herbivores & insects.
It is also possible that they are end products of detoxification mechanism
in plants, & by this way check formation of substances which may prove to
be harmful to the plant.
They might have a possible role as growth regulatory factors in the plants.
They are present normally in conjugation with plant acids, like meconic
acid (morphine), cinchotannic acid (quinine) etc. Therefore, alkaloids could
be acting as carriers within plants for transportation of such acids.
Alkaloids are classified on different basic like pharmacological,
taxonomical, biosynthetic & chemical classification. Chemical classification
is most widely used. The alkaloidal drugs are categorized into two
divisions
61
a) True alkaloids (heterocyclic alkaloids) are divided into twelve groups
according to nature of the heterocyclic ring.
b) Protoalkaloids or biological amines & pseudoalkaloids.
Pyrrole & pyrolidine:- hygrine, kushigrine, stachydrine
Pyridine & piperidine:- arecoline, anabasine, coniine, lobeline,
pelletierine, trigonelline, piperine, racinine
Pyrrolizidine:- echimidine, senecionine, seneciphylline, symphitine
Tropane: - atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine, cocaine, pseudopelletierine,
meteloidine, calystigine
Quinoline:- quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, chinchonidine, cuspreine,
camptothecine.
Isoquinoline:- morphine, codeine, hydrastine, d-tubocurarine, berberine,
emetine, cephaeline, papaverine, narcotine, narceine, corydaline,
galanthamine, erythaline
Aporphine:- boldine, apomorphine
Indole:- ergometrine, ergotamine, reserpine, vincristine, vinblastine,
strychnine, brucine, physiostigmine, yohmbine, ajmaline
Imidazole:- pilocarpine, isopilocarpine, pilosine
Norlupinane:- cytisine, laburnine, lupanine, sparteine
Purine:- caffeine, theobromine, theophylline
Steroidal:- protovertine, solanidine, conessine, funtumine
Diterpene:- aconitine, aconine, hypoaconitine
Alkylamine:- ephedrine, pseudoephedrine.
62
CH3
N
HO
O
OH
Morphine (Papaver Somniferum)
9
10 8
H3CO 11 13 N 12 H
1
6 7 5
H N
2 4 21 3
H 20 H 14 19
OCH3
OCH3
15
O O H3C 17
18
OCH3
O OCH3 O
RESERPINE (Rauwolfia serpentina)
• Uddin Ghias et al (2012) described phytochemical investigation &
biological finding of aerial part of Elaeagnus Umbellata.
The MeOH extract of aerial part of Elaeagnus umbellate & various
solvents was tested for the secondary metabolites & biological activity.
Phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of plant revealed the presence
of bioactive secondary metabolic products; alkaloids, saponins,
terpenoids, tannins, anthraquinone, phelobatanins, flavanoids &
glycosides are absent. The Et acetate & MeOH extracts were found to be
moderately active against Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus
epidermidis & Bacillus subtlis. The isolated products of n- C6H14 hexane,
Et acetate & MeOH extract showed validated diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl
(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity while CHCl3 extract did not show
this activity. The EC50 ranges from 5.5 to 250.6 mcg/ml & that of the
63
quercetin was 4.12 mcg/ml. this study showed that consumption of the
plant would extract many profitable effects by virtue of that antioxidant &
antibacterial activity.
• Bravo L. (1998) describes polymenols their dietary sources,
metabolism & its singnificance, these are Hydrolysable tannins: As the
name indicates, these tanins are hydrolyzed by acids or enzymes quickly
& products of hydrolysis are gallic acid or ellagic acid. On dry distillation,
galic acid & other components are get converted to pyrogallol. They
respond to ferric chloride solution, producing blue color. The examples of
hydrolysable tannins are galotannin in nutgal, rhubarb, clove & chestnut;
elagitannin from oak, myrobalans & pomegranate bark.
HOOC HO
HO HO OH
HO OH HO OH
CO O
OH
OH HO OH HO
Gl uOOC HO O CO
HO
Gallic acid pyrocatechol Glucogallin Pyrogallol Ellagic acid
2) Condensed tanins: They are also called as non hydrolysable
tanins, phlobatannins or proanthocyanidins. They are much resistant to
hydrolysis. They are related to flavonoid pigments because they are
formed via derivatives of flavones, like Catechine or flavan-3-ol or flavan-
3,4-diols. Unlike hydrolysable tanins or treatment with enzymes or mineral
acids, they are polymerized or decomposed into red colored substances
called phlobaphenes, which are insoluble in water & indicate the typical
brownish-red color of many plants & drugs. On dry distillation they yield
catechol. Tannins with ferric chloride produce brownish-green color. They
are distributed in different parts of plants. The green tea & hamamelis
leaves, cinchona, cinnamon & wild cherry
64
bark; male fern rhizome; cocoa, cola & areca seeds; pale & black catechu
contain these types of tannins.
3) Pseudotannins: This is not as such a separate group of tanins, but
may be treated as sub group because they do not obey to goldbeater’s
skin test & are low mol. wt. compounds. Chlorogenic acid in cofee &
nuxvomica, ipecacuanhic acid in ipecacuanha & Catechines in cocoa are
examples of pseudotanins. The detection test for chlorogenic acid is
carried out by extracting the drug with water & treating this extract with
ammonia solution, followed by exposure to air, which leads slowly to
formation of green color.
• Hollman P C H et al (1999) reported flavanoids are very important
constituents in herbal plants. Flavonoid occurs, either as free molecules or
as glycosides. They have widespread occurrence in plant kingdom.
Chemically flavonoids show a fifteen-carbon skeleton (C6 – C3 – C6),
which consists of two phenyl rings connected by a three-carbon bridge.
Chalcones & dihydrochalcones represent the two classes, in which the
three-carbon bridge is open but in remaining classes, the three-carbon
bridge is part of heterocyclic ring, involving a phenolic (carbonyl group
present on heterocyclic ring). Flavones show 2-phenyl-γ-chromane
structure. Although pure flavones are colorless, the yellow color of their
derivaties increases with rise in pH & number of hydroxyl groups.
Isoflavones are isomers of flavones are isomers of flavones where C-ring
& B-ring are joined through C-3, rather than C-2 (as in flavones).
Flavonoid are identified by Sinoda test . Flavonoids have been found to
possess a number of biological activities. Silymarin which is a
flavonolignan from seeds of milk thistle is antihepatotoxic.
Table 2.2: List of Some Important Flavonol Glycosides
S.N. Name of
drug
Biologi cal name Consti tuents Uses
Silymarin Seeds of Silybus
marianum
(Asteraceae)
Silybin, Silycristin Liver disorders
Gingko Leaves of Gingko
biloba
(Gingkoaceae)
Gingkolide, A, B, C Vascular
disorders
Buck wheat Dried fruits of
Fagopyrum
esculentum
(Polygonaceae)
Rutin (also from
Ruta graveolens)
Treatment of
capillary
bleeding
Citrus-fruits Rind of unripe
green citrus fruits
(Rutaceae)
Hesperidin In capillary
fragility
65
66
7
O
8 O 2 1
O 6 3
O 4 Dihydrochalcone Chalcone
5
Flavone
O O
O
O O OH
O Isoflavone Flavonone Flavonol
RO O
HO O
OH
RO
Hesperitin; R=H
O O (Flavanone)
OM e OH
Naringenin; R=H ( Flavanone)
Naringin R= rhamno-glucosyl
Hesperidin R= rhamno-glucosyl
OH OH
O HO OR
OR HO O
HO O OH
HO O
Quercetin; R= H, Hyperoside; R = galactosyl
Isoquercetin; R= glucosyl; Rutin;
R = rhamnoglucosyl (Flavonol)
Luteolin (Flavone)
• William wethering et al (1965) Reported saponin glycosides
containing steroidal nucleus. This is generally pentacyclic & steroidal
tritepenoid nucleus in plants
67
3
3
CH12 3
9
3 7
Diasgenin, Higogenin
Shataverin, Charantin
contain this
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
Panaxadiol, Senegin II
Asiatic acid, glycerrhizin
H3C CH3
nucleous CH3 contain this
nucleus CH3
CH3
CH3
Steroidal pattern of Saponins
(Tricyclic Triterpenoid s)
Pentacyclic Triterpenoids
Steroidal nomenclature (IUPAC) & stereochemistry :- Steroids have a
common nucleus which is composed of phenanethrene &
perhydrocyclopantane ring that has unique numbering system.
12 17
12 CH3
20 CH3
21 18
11 13
1 H H 16
18 17 H 11
13 H H
CH 18 17 H
11 13 9 14
2 10 8 15
H H 5
1 C 3 19
2 10
H
16 14
8 15 2 H
1 CH H 16 19 9 14
10 8 15
3 7 3 5
7 5 H H
4 6 4 6 4 6
Estrane Pregnane Endrostane
• There are there three sex hormones estrogen, progesterone & endrogen.
First two are female sex hormones & contain estrane & pregnane ring
system in its structures. Third one is male hormone testosterone that
contains endrostane ring system. Cholesterol is most important steroid
that contain 27 carbon cholestane ring system in the structure. These all
have 5α nucleus.
68
CH3
7
21 CH3
11
1 CH93 2 19
10
3
20 12 CH317
18 13
16
8 14 15
23 25 22 24
27
CH3 26
O 5 4 6
Cholest-5-ene-3-ol (cholesterol)
• This cholesterol is biosynthesized from acetyl CoA in adrenal cortex & is
useful in biosynthesis of glucocorticoids & sex hormones. This is
converted to pregnenolone that is rate limiting step in the biosynthetic
pathways.
&rogens & anabolic agents:-
Estrogens & Progestational agents:-
Oral contraceptives:-
Adrenocorticoids
• Porter L W et al (1998) Investigated tanins & their derivatives in diferent
plants Tanins are the one of the most widely occurring group of natural
substances in different families of higher plants. These secondary
metabolites are present in solu. form in the cell sap & also in
distinct vacuoles. They have been known since long time as the
astringent substances, having the capacity to combine with tissue
proteins & precipitate them. They are therefore, used in medicines for
allied purposes or as mild antiseptics, in treatment of diarrhea, & to
check small haemorhages. Comercially, they find extensive aplication in
leather industry, when the skins of animals (animal hide) are treated
with tanins to prevent the putrefection. Chemicaly, they contain the
mixture of complex organic substances in which polyphenols are
present, generally ortho-dihydroxy or o-trihydroxy groups on a phenyl
ring.
69
Normally, they have fairly high molecular weight & unlike alkaloids, are
devoid of nitrogen.
• Tannins form colloidal solutions with water & are non-crystalline
substances. In solution, they show acidic reaction due to phenols. They
are soluble in alcohol, glycerine, dilute alkalies, but practically insoluble
in organic solvents except acetone. Tannins exhibit some specific
chemical reactions.
1) Solution of tanin precipitates gelatin, & alkaloids.
2) They are precipitated by strong potasium dichromate solution or
chromic acid solution
3) Tannins are precipitated by salts of coper, tin, & lead.
4) They show color rxn with iron salts. Ferric chloride gives bluish-
or brownish-green color; potasium fericyanide with amonia gives deep red
color.
Goldbeater’s skin test: Goldbeater’s skin is a prototype of untaned
fresh skin of an animal & is obtained as a membrane from the intestine
of ox. This membrane is treated with HCl, rinsed with distilled water &
then placed in tannin solution for 5 minutes. It is followed by washing with
distilled water & putting in ferrous sulphate solution. A brown or
black color is developed on the skin due to tannin.
Tannins are precipitated by 2 % solution of phenazone, the tannin
solution being prepared with sodium acid phosphate.
Resins & their derivatives Resins are amorphous products of complex
chemical natures. These are amorphous mixtures of essential oils,
oxygenated products of terpene & carboxylic acids found as exudations
from the trunk of various trees. They are transparent or translucent solids,
semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms.
Most of resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but
soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrates & non-polar
organic solvents like benzene or ether. They are hard, electrically non-
70
conductive & combustible masses. When heated, they soften & ultimately
melt. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysogenouse
cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism. Chemically, they contain
organic acids, alcohols, esters, & natural resins. Depending upon the type
of the constituents of the resins, they are further classified as: 1) acid
resins 2) ester resins 3) resin alcohols.
1) Acid resins: following are few examples of this type of resins
alongwith their acids; colophony (abietic acid), s&rac (s&racolic acid),
copaiba (copaivic & oxycopaivic acids), myrrh (commiphoric acid) shellac
(alleuritic acid)
2) Ester resins: this group contains ester as the chief constituents of
the resins, e.g. benzoin & storax, benzoin contains coniferyl benzoate &
contains cinnamyl cinnamate.
3) Resin alcohols: the contents are the complex alcohols of high
molecular weight. They are either found in free state or as esters. The
examples are balsam of peru with peruresinotannol, gurjan balsam with
gurjuresinol & guaiacum resin with guaic-resinol.
Resins & oils in homogenous mixture are called as oleoresins, e.g.
copaiba, Canada balsam, capsicum etc. Oleo-gum resins are the
homogenous mixtures of volatile oils, gum & resins, e.g. myrrh, guggul &
asafetida. Glycoresins are made up of resins & sugars & are present in
jalap & ipomoea, if the resin contains benzoic acid & or cinnamic acid, it is
called as a balsam , e.g. balsam of tolu, storax, balsam of peru, etc.
Resenes: these are the complex natural substances without any specific
chemical properties. They are inert chemically, they neither form any salt
nor get they hydrolysed. Examples are the gum copal, gutta purcha,
asafetida, colophony & dammar.
Isolation of Resins: Pharmaceutical resins are obtained from plants &
animals by one of the following methods
71
1. By extraction with alcohol & precipitation with water, e.g. jalap,
podophyllum, ipomoea, etc.
2. By distillation for separation of oil, e.g. copaiba, copophony, etc.
3. By heating the plant part, e.g. guaiacum.
4. As plant exudates by incisions, e.g. myrrh, asafetida, balsams, etc.
5. By collecting fossil resins, e.g. copal, kauri, etc.
6. By processing the encrustations i.e. shellac
Table 2.3: List of some important resins & derivatives
S.N. Name of
drug
Biologi cal name Consti tuents Uses
Ginger Zingiber officinale
(Zingiberaceae)
Volatile oil,
zingiberene,
curcumene, resin,
gingerol, shogaols,
gingediol
Aromatic
carminative,
flavouring
agent, motion
sickness
Ginger
oleoresin
Zingiber officinale
(Zingiberaceae)
gingerol, shogaols,
zingiberene
Flavour for
carbonated
beverage
Capsicum Capsicum annum
(Solanaceae)
Capsaicin,
capsanthin, carofene
pigments
Stomachic,
conterirritant in
rhumatism,
lumbago.
Capsicum
oleoresin
Capsicum annum
(Solanaceae)
Capsaicin,
capsanthin
Powerful
irritant of
capsicum
powder
Turmeric Curcuma longa
(Zingiberaceae)
Volatile oil,
curcuminoids
Anti-
inflammatory
Condiment,
spice
Asafoetida Ferula foetida Resin, gum, volatile Carminative,
(Umbelliferae) oil,
Asaresinotannol
nervine
stimulant,
intestinal
flatulence
Cannabis Cannabis sativa
(Cannabinaceae)
Resin,
tetrahydrocannabinol
Narcotic
analgesic,
psychotropic
Male fern Dryoptiris filix-
mas
(polypodiaceae)
Oleo-resin,
phloroglucinol
derivatives, filicic
acid, flavispidic acid
Anthelmintic
for tap worm,
tinea
Jalap Ipomoea purge
(Covolvulaceae)
Resin, volatile oil,
jalapin, convolvulin
Powerful
cathartic
Ipomoea Ipomoea
orizabensis
(Covolvulaceae)
Resin, jalapin Cathartic
Podophyllum Podophyllum
hex&rum, P.
emodi
(berberidaceae)
Resin, podophyllin,
peltatins
Purgative
treatment of
veneral worts,
anti-tumor
Podophyllum
resin
Podophyllum
hex&rum, P.
emodi
(berberidaceae)
Resin, podophyllin,
peltatins
Drastic
purgative
treatment of
veneral worts
Kaladana Ipomoea
hederaceae
(Covolvulaceae)
Resin (pharbiticin),
saponin
Cathartic
Colosynth Citrullus
colosynthis
(Cucurbitaceae)
Resin, alkaloids,
cucurbitacin E
Purgative
Benzoin Styrax benzoin Benzoic acid, Expectorant,
72
(Sumatra
benzoin)
Styrax tonkinesis
(Siam benzoin)
(Sryraceae)
cinnamic acid & their
esters, sumaresinolic
& siaresinolic acid,
coniferyl acetate
carminative,
antiseptic
Tolu balsum Myroxylon
balsumum
(Leguminasae)
Cinnamic acid,
benzoic acid,
benzoyl benzoate,
toluresinotannol,
volatilie oil
Expectorant,
flavouring
agent,
Antiseptic
Myrrh Commiphora
molmol
(Burserraceae)
Volatile oil, gum,
resin, commiphoric
acids
Antiseptic,
Stimulant
Storax Liquidamber
orientalis
(Hmamelidaceae)
Resin, (storesin),
free & cinnamic acid
ester
Stimulant,
Antiseptic & in
perfumes
Tar Pinus sylvestris
(Pinaceae)
Hydrocarbons,
terpenoids, resinous
susbstance
Expectorant,
Antiseptic
Guggul Commiphora
weighti
(Burseraceae)
Gum resin, steroids,
guggulosterones
Anti-
inflammatory,
hypolipidmic
Boswellia Boswellia serrata
(Burseraceae)
Resin, boswellic
acid, volatile oil,
sesquiterpenes
Rheumatoid
arthritis
Colophony Pinus species
(pinaceae)
Resin acids, abietic
acid, resene
Stimulant
diuretic
Balsum of
peru
Myroxylon
balsumum
(Leguminosae)
Resin, volatile oil,
esters of cinnamic
acid & benzoic acid
Scabies,
wounds,
Flavouring
73
74
agent
Lac Lacifer lacca
(Lacciferidae)
Resin, shelloic acid,
aleuric acid
Sustained
release
medicaments
• Capsicum: capsicum consists of the dried ripe fruits of capsicum annuum
family Solanaceae.
Constituents: In 1876, Thresh extracted the drug with petroleum, treated
the extract with aqueous alkali, & by passing carbon dioxide through the
alkaline liquid precipitated crystals of an intensely pungent compound,
capsaicin. The pungent phenolic fraction of capsaicin also contains a
proportion of 6,7-dihydrocapsaicin. The active constituent is in amount of
1.5%.
•
CH3O
HO
O
CH2 NH C (CH2)C4 H CH HC
CH3
CH3
Capsaicin (Vanillyl amide of isodecanoic acid) •
75
CH3O
O HO
CH3O
O
HO CH2 CH2 C CH2 CH (CH2)4CH3 HO CH2 CH2 C CH CH (CH2)4CH3
Gingerol (Main cosntituent for pungency) Shogaol (Anhydrus form of gingerol)
H3C
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3O
HO
O
CH2 CH2 C CH3
Zingerone
H3C
H3C
CH3
O CH3
CH3
OH CH3
Zingiberene •
Ferulic acid (Hydroxymethoxy- cinnamic acid)
HO CH3O
O
Ar - Curcumene Zingiberol OH
O HO O O
CH CH C OH
HO CH CH C OH Umbellic acid ( dihydroxy- cinnamic acid)
Umbeliferone
• Vinayaka et al (2009) determined free radical scavenging &
insecticidal activity of E. kologa Schldl. The preliminary phytochemical
analysis of the methanol extract showed the presence of tannins,
saponins & flavonoids. Among various extracts methanol extract exhibited
high free radical scavenging activity followed by acetone, ethyl acetate,
chloroform & petroleum ether extracts. All the extracts, at concentration of
5mg/ml, exhibited over 50% mosquito (Aedes aegypti) larval mortality
except chloroform & petroleum ether extracts.
• Sun et al (2002) carried out fractional isolation & physico-chemical
characterization of hemicelluloses from Chinese shrubs Haloxylon
ammodendron & E. angustifolia. The cell wall material from these shrubs
was fractionated by successive extractions with ethanol/H2O under acidic
conditions to break the original hemicelluloses from dewaxed
76
H.ammodendron & E. angustifolia. Xylose, glucose, & galactose were the
major sugar constituents in the two acidic organosolv-soluble hemicellulosic
preparations.