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UBSUP Sensitisation WorkshopPrepared by the UBSUP Technical Team

TECHNICAL OPTIONS

UBSUP Toilets & Treatment Options

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Presentation outline

1. Sector Obligation, Standards and service level2. Stakeholders & target groups3. Factors to consider in technical option selection4. Sanitation value chain5. Technical options:

• Dry systems• Wet systems• Decentralised waste water treatment systems

6. Service Delivery

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Water Sector Sanitation concept and implementation plan (2009)• Sanitation and human rights: Obligation & criteria

National Environment Sanitation and Hygiene Policy (2007)• Hygiene and disease prevention• Protection of environment• Appropriate technologies

UBSUP programme• Approved scope• Baseline study• Pilot experience• Menu of options• Feedback (Customer-Aided Design) & user needs

County Sanitation Laws and Building Codes• Standard designs• Approvals

Sector obligations, standards and service levels

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Stakeholders and target groups

National level:• Various ministries (MEWNR, MOH, MOE)• Sector institutes (WASREB, WSTF, WRMA)• National institutes (NEMA,..)• Research and Training institute (KeWI, Universities)

County level:

• Relevant County offices• Water Service Providers (WSPs)• Public Health Authority• NGOs/FBOs/CBOs• Private sector (e.g. artisans, manual emptiers exhausters, etc.)• Households, tenants & landlords

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Factors to consider in technology selection

• Availability of Water• Hydrogeological formations – ground & soil formation, water table• Land availability• Site and structure (once built) accessibility• User preferences: E.g. no. of users per toilet - gender and special needs

(PWDs, elderly, women etc.) - cultural and religious considerations • Cost of the toilet (facility)• County by-laws and approved building codes• Existing building and construction standards• Excreta disposal• Sanitation Value Chain• Others….

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The Sanitation Value Chain Having access to adequate sanitation means having access to an improved

toilet…..but also having access to sustainable toilet emptying & transport services and to sustainable treatment (and re-use)

If a single component of the value chain is missing residents lack full access to sanitation!!

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Technical options

Dry toilets• Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT);

Water based toilets• Pour flush toilet• Cistern flush toilet

• VIP latrines are not promoted under UBSUP• However: UBSUP will deal with sludge

coming from existing VIPs

• Dry toilet vaults • Drying bed• Decentralised Treatment Facilities

(DTFs)

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Water-based toilet systems

User Interface• Cistern /pour flush: sitting or squatting;• Superstructure: earth bricks, quarry stones,

concrete blocks, PVC panels, etc.• Roofing: Iron sheets

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Pros+ Water seals effectively prevents odours+ The excreta of one user are flushed away before the next user arrives+ Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, wipers and washers)+ Low capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water

Cons- Requires a constant source of water- High capital costs; operating costs depend on the price of water- Cannot be built and/or repaired locally with available materials- Requires some education to be used correctly

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Source: Bibliographic reference: Tilley, Elizabeth et al, 2008. Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Dübendorf, Switzerland

Pros and Cons of water-based toilets

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Dry toilets

Superstructure and vault sub-structure: Materials

• Prefab concrete panels, earth bricks, quarry stones or concrete blocks, Mabati or PVC panels• Also with light steel or PPR-frame

Double vault• Urine Diverting Dry Toilet (UDDT)• Soakpits• Above ground and underground vaults

User interface• Sitting or squatting• Stairs or access ramp• User manual and sensitisation

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Pros + Does not require a constant source of water+ No real problems with odours and vectors (flies) if used & maintained

correctly (i.e. kept dry)+ Can be built and repaired with locally available materials+ Low capital and operation costs+ Suitable for all types of users (sitters, squatters, washers, wipers)

Cons- Requires education and acceptance to be used correctly- Is prone to clogging with faeces and misuse

Pros and Cons of dry toilets

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Source: Bibliographic reference: Tilley, Elizabeth et al, 2008. Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). Dübendorf, Switzerland

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Sludge management

Vault/septic/conservancy tanks

Collection/transportation:Emptiers/exhausters

DTFs & drying beds

Re-use

Landfill/burial/treatment works

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A 124 cum bio-digester under construction treats sludge from septic tanks, VIPs and improved toilets

A 5 cum Anaerobic Baffled Reactortreats effluent from the bio-digester

Decentralised Waste Water Treatment systems(DEWATS)

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Service delivery Management & operation of treatment facilities

• WSP (lease agreement possible), under regulation• Assets owned by WSP on behalf of counties• Assets owned by Counties/County Plans

Exhauster operators• WSP, under regulation• Private operators, under regulation• Reduce required permits• More sludge disposal points

Manual/mechanical emptiers• Provide services, under regulation• Will be trained• Should use proper equipment• Proper sludge disposal

Private sector (artisans/small entrepreneurs)• Provide construction and maintenance services• Manufacturing and selling sanitation ware• Sludge marketing

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Service delivery

SaniGo is the dry sludge transportation cart that was developed for the SafiSan “Sanitation Teams” (toilet emptiers)

SaniGo carts:

• Are used for UDDT emptying, bio-solids transport and delivery• Are multi-purpose carts that can also be used to collect solid waste• Can be pushed (short distances) and drawn (longer distances)• Are easy to manoeuvre within a yard next to the SafiSan toilet• Can easily be kept clean • Are used to carry emptying equipment• Can be drawn by a single person or by a donkey, but can also be attached to a

bicycle or motorcycle• Have an attractive design and can be branded• Will help to raise the profile of the “Sanitation Teams”

See the technical drawings (in PDF)

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Do you have any questions? Please ask!