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Regents Exam Review Part 1

Political, Economic and Social

Revolutions

10th grade

Global History and Geography

Mr. Schwenebraten

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Political Revolutions1. French Revolution – 1789 –

inspiration to later revolutions

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A.Causes• Absolute Monarchy –

Louis XVI

• Huge debt = large taxes

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•Social Inequality –three social classes (1st, 2nd, 3rd Estates)

•Inspiration

Percentage of Population by Estate

0.50%

1.50%

98%

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B.Results

• Limited monarchy

• Political power shifts to bourgeoisie

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2. Independence movements in Latin America – 19th century

A. NATIONALISTIC feelings led to new nations

• Break away from Spain, Portugal, and France

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B.Inspiration = American and French Revolutions

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C.Key figures:

• Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Simón Bolívar

• José de San Martín

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Reaction against Revolutions

1. Congress of Vienna

A.Goal: Restore Europe to pre-French Revolution conditions

• Contain France, balance of power and legitimacy

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2. Latin America

A. Power shift from King’s representative to military leaders/wealthy landowners

B. Cash crop economies

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Economic Revolutions

1. Industrial Revolution

A.Before a nation can industrialize it must have enough FOOD and CAPITAL

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B.Why did it begin in England?

• Natural resources (coal and iron ore), human resources, and transportation

→ land, labor, capital

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• Industrialize

↓

mass production

↓

mass distribution

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C.Mass production = assembly line

• Each person performs ONE task

• Problem = BOREDOM

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E.Results:

• Increase middle class

• More social mobility

• Urbanization

• Government reforms = correct evils of factories

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2. Capitalism, Socialism, Communism A. Capitalism – private

ownership of means of production - PROFIT

B. Socialism – some government (public) control of business

C. Communism – complete government control of business

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Social Revolutions

1. Karl Marx – Communist Manifesto – “Dictatorship of the Proletariat”

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A.History is an ongoing conflict between the rich and the poor

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B. Industrialization/ Capitalism leads to proletarian revolution – “Workers of the world, unite.”• Conditions only improve

when workers are in control and create a classless society

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2. Adam Smith – “laissez faire” – govt. hands off

A.Economic freedom guarantees economic progress

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3. Social Darwinism

A. Survival of the fittest applied to people, businesses and nations