Post on 24-Dec-2015
1
Eco-Housing in Asia and the Eco-Housing in Asia and the Pacific RegionPacific Region
Inception cum Training Workshop Inception cum Training Workshop on Eco-housing in Bhutanon Eco-housing in Bhutan
21 – 25 March 200621 – 25 March 2006
2
Population
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
Africa Asia and the PacificEurope Latin America and the CaribbeanNorth America West Asia
Nearly two-thirds of world population growth is in AsiaNearly 50 million peoples are being added to Asia every year
Asia & Pacific
3
Population
Population Growth by Sub-region
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
250000019
50
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Year
Thou
sand
Central Asia
North East Asia
South Asia
South East Asia
Source: World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision
Projected population in Asia: 4.88 billion by 2030
40
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1975 2000 2030
Asia will have an urban population of 2.6 billion by 2030
24%
54%(2.6
billion)
AsiaGrowing
urban proportion
Urbanization
Urb
an
Po
pula
t ion
(Mill
ions
)
37%(1.4
billion)
Source: World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision
5
GDP Growth Forecast
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
World U.S.A. Europe Asia
3.13.1
2.3
6.0
2003-2015
The global economy is expected to grow at 3.1% during the 2002-2015 Asian economy is projected to be growing at 6% during the same period
Source: Global Economic Prospects 2003, World Bank
6
Emerging Middle Class
Middle class (million) based on the number of people who can buy
automobiles
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Asia:2003 China:2003 China:2006
60s and 70s: if a Chinese person wanted to buy a bicycle, he had to save for a few years Now: for some middle class families, it would only take 2 to 3 years to save and buy a car
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Growing Service Sector
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1960 1998
Share of service sector in
global economy
38%
60%
Projections
8
Urban vs. Rural: Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption
Developed(Germany)(Kw/capita)
Developing(India)
Kw/capita
Average 5 0.6
Urban 6 2
Rural 3 0.3
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Emissions from mobile source
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2010 2020
EuropeUSA & CanadaAsia
(mil
lio
n m
etr
ic t
on
s p
er
ye
ar)
SO2 emissions2
Mobile sources are the major emitters of NOx,CO,
particulates, and HC, and in addition contribute to SOx,
lead and CO2.
Mobile sources contribution in Shanghai1
CO HC NOxCurrent 75% 93% 44%2010 94% 98% 75%
Source: 1. SEI (2003); 2. www.wri.org
80 million tons
110 million tons
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Impacts of Air Pollution at Different Scales
Indoor
Urban
Regional
Global
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Health impacts of air pollution
Scale of health impacts
Indoor air pollution
Urban air pollution
Regional air pollution
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Health Costs of Air Pollution
Asia1
• An estimated 487,000 premature deaths occur each year due to outdoor air pollution.
China2
• Environmental and health costs of air pollution in China is about 7 % of GDP [budget deficit in 2003 = 3.3% of GDP]5
• Estimates shows that these costs could rise to 13% of China’s GDP by 2020
Bangkok• Health cost of air pollution • $640 million• $800 million by 2020
0
50
100
150
200
Mumbai Metro Manila Jakarta KathmanduValley
US
$ m
illi
on
s (
p.a
.)
Mortality
Morbidity
Economic Implications of Health Impacts4
Source: 1. WHO(2002); 2. State of the World 2003, World Watch Institute; 4. URBAIR project; 5. UN, 2004; 6: NIES, www.nies.go.jp
Exposed to diesel exhaust6
Exposed to clean air6
Bangkok
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Costs of Air Pollution
“An estimated 487,000 premature deaths in Asia occur each year due to outdoor air pollution”1
“ A total of 3,547 persons were killed in international terrorist attacks in 2001”2
Air pollution is becoming a major health threat in Asian cities
1. WHO (2002);2. USDoS(2002)
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Impact: water quantity
Decreasing water table
Increasing temperature
Increasing supply to citie
s
Decreasing supply to agriculture
105 million tons grain short fall
(largest in the record)
2003
Need to produce
105 m tons (2003 short fall)
15 m tons (to feed 74 m people who was added in 2004)
2004
• 3 of the 4 warmest years on record came during the last 4 years
• 2004 projected to be the 5th consecutive year in which the harvest falls short of consumption
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Impact: water quality
Urban centers contribute more than 25% of the sewage in India
• 63% of population in Asia without access to clean water
• Infant mortality rates are 10 to 20 times higher in cities without adequate water and sanitation
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Import of Petroleum: burden on national budget
Gasoline consumption trends in Shanghai, China3
0
5
10
15
20
25
Oil use
Total Asian Oil Consumption by 2010(Barrel / Day)1
Need to be imported from outside the region [18 – 24 million b/d]
India spends over $3.5 billion on crude petroleum
import annually2.
Source: 1. Harvard International Review (2003); 2. ESCAP Statistical Year Book 2002; 3. M.P. Walsh, US AEP 2000
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Global Primary Energy Use
Source: 1. Volt Viewtech (www.energyloans.org)
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Emissions from residential areas
Average home emit more than twice as much carbon dioxide as the average car1
Source: 1. Volt Viewtech (www.energyloans.org)
9,979 Kg of CO2 /year
4,535 Kg of CO2 / year
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Prevention: Turning the environmental degradation curve
Economic development
Environmental degradation
Prevention measures such as renewable energy sources
Business as usual scenario
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Prevention Vs Mitigation/rehabilitation
Prevention
Costs of damage
Cos
ts o
f im
plem
enta
tion
Mitigation
Rehabilitation
Today 99% efforts
Prevention Mitigation Rehabilitation
99% efforts Tomorrow
Today & Tomorrow
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Hybrids
Reduces
CO2 by 50% CO, HC and NOx by 90% below Japanese standards.
Toyota Prius Hybrid
Price: $20,810 MSRPFuel efficiency: 23 Km / litreSaving: $5,000 over 15 years
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SOLVE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
H2O
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSECONOMIC BENEFITSHydrogen
Energy
SOCIAL BENEFITS
water
• create domestic jobs• electricity to remote areas which
are not in the national power grid
• eliminate our dependence on foreign oil
• solve our balance of payments woes
• export opportunities
• solve our air pollution problems
• eliminate oil spills
• reduce noise pollution
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WATER RESOURCES IN NEPAL
H2O
Nepal is reach in water resources and among the world’s top 5 countries in hydropower potential.
Current use Economic Technical
42,000MW
83,000MW
Hydropower potential in Nepal
Less than 1.2% of
economic potential
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Prevention
Technical measures Technical measures
Legal & financial Legal & financial
Mobility
Housing Technical measures Technical measures
Legal & financial Legal & financial
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Regional Expert Consultation
Knowledge building and education
Networking
Demonstration Projects
First Expert group meeting; 13 September 2005
3 groups were formed, and each of them are bringing out a white paper on it.
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Work plan for the implementation of Work plan for the implementation of Demonstration ProjectsDemonstration Projects
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Objectives
General Objective:promote eco-friendly buildings.
Specific Objectives:1. demonstrate the suitability and technological
feasibility.
2. create awareness about the sustainability of eco-friendly buildings, leading to their wider acceptance and use.
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Demonstration Project: Scope
i) Regional expert group
ii) Develop generic designs for the different climatic zone and economic groups
iii) Assist in constituting a National Task Force (NTF)
iv) Design tailored to each of the selected countries
v) Enhance the capacity of national technical committee
vi) Assist in the construction in selected countries
vii) Facilitate wider dissemination of the demonstrated concept
viii) Promotion in other countries of the region
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Scope
Phase 1: Development of guidelines and design
Phase 2:Training and construction
Phase 3:Evaluation and dissemination
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Phase 1: Development of Guidelines and Design
1. Generic guideline
2. National Inception workshop
3. Site specific guideline
4. Training selected local architects
5. Detailed design by the local architects
6. Review and finalization of the design
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Phase 2: Training and Construction
1. Identify builders for implementing the construction
2. Implement the demonstration project with participation of entrepreneurs and local stakeholders Site specific guideline
3. Training as appropriate
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Phase 3: Evaluation and Dissemination
1. Hand over the building to users
2. Select agency for upkeep and maintenance of the facilities
3. Evaluate the impacts of the project with respect to select indicators and make Scenarios for the future based on the project outcomes
4. Prepare a compendium on the results of the project and dissemination
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Potential Partners
National Authority
Implementing Agency
Local Authorities
Local architects
Regional architects
International Agency
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Implementation Arrangement
National
National Focal Points
National Implementing Agencies
National Task Force
Regional
Steering Committee
Regional Expert group
Guidance
Technical input
Actual construction
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Regional Training Programme
Maldives Sri Lanka Indonesia
National WS National WS National WS
Site Selection Site Selection Site Selection
Regional Training
Site Specific Design
Site Specific Design
Site Specific Design
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Thailand: Change of Policy on Sustainable Thailand: Change of Policy on Sustainable Urbanization Urbanization
ECO-HOUSING
In 2005, the Thai Cabinet approved a project for an eco-city, as a joint venture between the Natural Resources and Environment Ministry, Thailand and UNEP
GREEN VEHICLESOn July 27, 2004, the Cabinet approved a new vehicle excise tax structure to
promote eco-friendly vehicles
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New vehicle excise tax structure in ThailandNew vehicle excise tax structure in Thailand
Old Tax
(%)
New Tax
(%)
Passenger Cars
0-2,000 cc
2,001-2,500 cc
2,501 – 3,000 cc
>3,000 cc or >220hp
35
35,41
41
48
30
35
40
50
Energy saving vehicles
Hybrid electric/electric powered / fuel cell powered
35 to 48 10
Vehicles which use natural gas or fuel with at least 20% Ethanol mixed
35 to 48 20
Source: www.krc.co.th
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Eco-Towns in JapanEco-Towns in Japan
Reduce environmental impacts throughout the entire spectrum of activities
Recycling not only within Individual industrial firms but also among the firms
The Concept of Kawasaki Eco-Town
Source: www.kawasaki-net.ne.jp