Post on 15-Jan-2016
Governance, Corruption and Poverty: Analytical and Empirical approaches
Handout for session on Governance and Poverty ReductionIn Learning Activity "Attacking Poverty for APP Family"January 28 and 29, 2002, Washington D.C. Daniel Kaufmann and colleagues The World Bank Institute http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance
Governance: 9 Orthodoxies + 1 ChallengePoverty is key cause of misgovernance and corruptionAmbiguous evidence on whether misgovernance affects poverty and under-developmentPoverty of Data on Governance: cannot use empiricsUnclear evidence on links between Governance and Public Expenditures / Public Service Delivery Misgovernance = CorruptionFocus: Bureaucratic bribery in developing countriesGovernment leads Anti-Corruption (A-C) programParamount: A-C Agencies/Commissions/Ethics OfficeHigh Pay in public service for combating corruption
Challenge: The 9 orthodoxies above contain myths
What is Governance?: A working definition for governanceGovernance is the process and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised: (1) the process by which governments are selected, held accountable, monitored, and replaced; (2) the capacity of governments to manage resources efficiently, and to formulate, implement, and enforce sound policies and regulations; and, (3) the respect for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them
Operationalizing Governance: Unbundling its Definition into Components that can be measured, analyzed, and worked onEach of the 3 main components of Governance Definition is unbundled into 2 subcomponents:Voice and AccountabilityPolitical Stability and lack of ViolenceQuality Regulatory FrameworkGovernment EffectivenessControl of CorruptionRule of Law
For access to data on these indicators:http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/pubs/govmatters2001.htm
Governance and Poverty Nexus, ILower Investment and GrowthUnsound economic/institutional policies due to vested interestsDistorted allocation of public expenditures/investments Low human capital accumulationElite corporate interests capture laws and distort policymakingAbsence of rule of law and property rights Governance obstacles to private sector developmentLack of Health and Education Low human capital accumulation Lower quality of education and health care
ContImmediate Causes of Poverty: How Misgovernance and Corruption affects Immediate Cause of Poverty
Governance and Poverty Nexus, cont. Poor have Smaller share in GrowthState capture by elite of government policies and resource allocationRegressiveness of bribery tax on small firms and the poorRegressiveness in public expenditures and investmentsUnequal income distribution
Bribery imposes regressive tax and impairs access and quality of basic services for health, education, and justicePolitical capture by elites of access to particular servicesImpaired Access to Public Services
Control of Corruption: Aggregate Indicator (selected countries from 155 worldwide, for illustration, based on 1998 research data*)Source: Governance Matters, PRWP 2196 by Kaufmann, Kraay and Zoido. http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/POORGOODCorruption LevelMargin of ErrorGood Corruption Control
Application of Rule of Law Varies by RegionOECDEastAsiaMiddleEastSouthAsiaEasternEuropeLatinAmericaSub-SaharanAfricaFormerSovietUnion(based on aggregation of surveys/polls 1997-99*)High Indexof Rule of LawAppli-cationLowIndexNote: Regional Averages shown for discussion purposes, and hide large intra-regional variation in each case. Thin vertical line reflects estimated margin of error. Source: Kaufmann, Kraay and Zoido-Lobaton (1999). "Aggregating Governance Indicators" and "Governance Matters" PWRP 2195 and 2196. http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance
The Dividend of Good GovernanceNote: The bars depict the simple correlation between good governance and development outcomes. The line depicts thepredicted value when taking into account the causality effects (Development Dividend) from improved governance to betterdevelopment outcomes. For data and methodological details visit http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.
Incomes vs. Government Effectiveness
Incomes vs. Control of Corruption
Voice, Accountability and Civil Liberties Matter for DevelopmentSource: KKZ 1999
Chart6
226144.0384000125
20985.7042760284
4036.8760591259
1158.1102555227
2424.3533848214
19.394296982536.0552586921
79.2261566929
710.753705541
2379.8006750563
200109.107468038
710.8520366783
14920.3415280501
16943.8951175461
10437.1011513033
2421.9814856105
1188.18111659
20.700000762914.0167630698
16.628958209183.3757666559
15.257935604556.9401463674
39.599998474112.9108764069
9626.2983405962
4422.9593809377
17.200000762910.3687499214
11.300000190779.8214417858
167.8285658565105.9637293034
8818.9439156134
16038.0849791531
811.5586633375
68.7275998311
1321.7600334317
39109.8179277533
14059.3224522661
7866.4428406212
14570.5379118268
3040.5536107194
9334.7850209116
71.699996948215.8893506998
1511.7229962829
9126.2448243388
10.300000190714.2501155306
813.2425670737
610.3673410203
175.100006103560.978865191
69.1860223041
4739.1331261571
39111.0902333151
3929.2049825013
6664.8586736177
9560.6233441478
711.7952520195
1318.780861796
17555.9339641349
59.4294742845
2436.2350752472
613.828009022
13647.8007714886
710.3790169805
2146.8852764769
10252.9399297213
18276.7352960379
11.3000001907
114.124171052883.409876563
22053.8077166784
177118.7617213728
914.7444736048
5559.0997899055
7815.5779728439
5.953449756639.0018145651
4838.3918183676
1048.1718485113
12566.7887459727
1213.2768709689
6098.3122049405
8824.0323053852
710.2740849392
3558.8297521119
140161.6926998371
710.7552006476
814.6343114555
712.3169832518
1419.4050478007
3532.172267521
613.6787860125
2966.9392823284
11266.3493518446
37.937684616245.1860396647
14779.1015152086
1115.6744236484
1336.6268770164
145.862606353389.1750784849
3251.5944717066
19477.7479681246
30114.5715715217
1941.8473645211
13741.4548863062
1319.1329208086
6.699999809310.6325259951
1921.5817535834
5.1890465341
6744.8760247104
2431.9702333927
15828.1925556394
3979.1015152086
3840.156567645
1734.0406692616
23525.7686495008
8.899999618511.0681153331
131160.9893259516
6817.9455342572
20142.3844591915
14983.3757666559
8.4035270372
2315.5510193336
22434.7699571251
1441.3743084723
10124.5367088915
178.093921141168.8018635932
122104.2185098875
5734.5548674417
79.3884554508
69.0272230313
11735.1942054989
710.6644369233
2859.3769672848
13653.2038600498
2620.8605561765
5265.5687867704
4121.7873300512
8233.0660257547
1214.7994258316
13.895464681
74166.6691199016
810.4650742009
2852.2488277418
1570.6573460526
11.3000001907
2625.9790660368
2547.6863105911
20999.0726034867
2893.2509219916
115130.3017753418
11046.9029612386
635.4202341741
27.513.568787383
286144.8924449978
3939.8794331732
205.1999969482153.8086276779
74.300003051818.2832298367
3328.8359888977
11.199190594419.6115863707
614.846946672
59.2261566929
100.570.784028965
38115.7036252154
18275.4957425183
13889.2350746072
3830.5255821494
36137.8581427703
50125.1790125982
1516.3397037661
3360.3132247104
5075.8538608522
8.399999618520.1429955968
13646.576113587
16256.7740073539
1736.8967857408
2019.0865190231
8.547838952710.2422422407
31114.2968935761
2531.478948912
40121.5225964505
2840.9530089581
13752.0518392675
2079.840962403
6515.8218506209
148138.1915340745
18938.0770524561
10864.3789328342
Voice, Civil Liberties and Accountability
Infant Mortality
Finland
Sheet1
Intercept3.601
Slope-0.847
LABELSVOICEINFMORFITTED
AfghanistanAFG-1.6163871674226144.0384000125
AngolaAGO-1.003427059820985.7042760284
AlbaniaALB-0.00774797674036.8760591259
United Arab Em*ARE-0.54467787881158.1102555227
ArgentinaARG0.48208872862424.3533848214
ArmeniaARM0.018827951319.394296982536.0552586921
AustraliaAUS1.628048915279.2261566929
AustriaAUT1.4471660016710.753705541
AzerbaijanAZE-0.91916406582379.8006750563
BurundiBDI-1.2884691167200109.107468038
BelgiumBEL1.4364193924710.8520366783
BeninBENBenin0.694610964414920.3415280501
Burkina FasoBFA-0.213462923616943.8951175461
BangladeshBGD-0.014932705510437.1011513033
BulgariaBGR0.60306902492421.9814856105
BahrainBHR-1.03706356841188.18111659
Bahamas, TheBHS1.134292827120.700000762914.0167630698
Bosnia and HerzBIH-0.970906374816.628958209183.3757666559
BelarusBLR-0.520661927315.257935604556.9401463674
BelizeBLZ1.231322209639.599998474112.9108764069
BoliviaBOLBolivia0.39137444879626.2983405962
BrazilBRA0.55168050954422.9593809377
BarbadosBRB1.490204879117.200000762910.3687499214
BruneiBRN-0.919471266111.300000190779.8214417858
BhutanBTN-1.2539514276167.8285658565105.9637293034
BotswanaBWA0.77865076258818.9439156134
Central Africa*CAF-0.04583229816038.0849791531
CanadaCAN1.3619418792811.5586633375
SwitzerlandCHE1.69363589368.7275998311
ChileCHL0.61502366191321.7600334317
ChinaCHN-1.296131986139109.8179277533
Cote d'IvoireCIV-0.569052958714059.3224522661
CameroonCMR-0.70288316247866.4428406212
CongoCOG-0.773495066914570.5379118268
ColombiaCOL-0.11998207823040.5536107194
ComorosCOM0.06117253779334.7850209116
Cape verdeCPV0.986246614571.699996948215.8893506998
Costa RicaCRI1.3452746081511.7229962829
CubaCUB-1.46071200949126.2448243388
CyprusCYP1.11479927510.300000190714.2501155306
Czech RepublicCZE1.2013737669813.2425670737
GermanyDEU1.4903653145610.3673410203
DjiboutiDJI-0.6015670978175.100006103560.978865191
DenmarkDNK1.633195969469.1860223041
Dominican Rep.DOM-0.07788586144739.1331261571
AlgeriaDZA-1.309731740139111.0902333151
EcuadorECU0.26760409883929.2049825013
EgyptEGY-0.674392746664.8586736177
EritreaERI-0.59466356069560.6233441478
SpainESP1.3380199772711.7952520195
EstoniaEST0.78885671581318.780861796
EthiopiaETH-0.499612494717555.9339641349
FinlandFINFinland1.602313641359.4294742845
FijiFJI0.01295445192436.2350752472
FranceFRA1.1502996759613.828009022
GabonGAB-0.31409891313647.8007714886
United KingdomGBR1.489036399710.3790169805
GeorgiaGEO-0.29126764082146.8852764769
GhanaGHA-0.434661002710252.9399297213
GuineaGIN-0.872918282818276.7352960379
GuadeloupeGLP11.30000019070
GambiaGMB-0.9713892873114.124171052883.409876563
Guinea-BissauGNB-0.453857012522053.8077166784
Equatorial GuineaGNQ-1.3885704183177118.7617213728
GreeceGRC1.074535606914.7444736048
GuatemalaGTM-0.56461318715559.0997899055
GuyanaGUY1.00961284627815.5779728439
Hong KongHKG-0.07391755895.953449756639.0018145651
HondurasHND-0.05530622624838.3918183676
CroatiaHRV-0.32322880121048.1718485113
HaitiHTI-0.70901368712566.7887459727
HungaryHUN1.19831936661213.2768709689
IndonesiaIDN-1.16546420266098.3122049405
IndiaIND0.49775798948824.0323053852
IrelandIRL1.5010334127710.2740849392
Iran, I.R. ofIRN-0.55920627543558.8297521119
IraqIRQ-1.7528897512140161.6926998371
IcelandISL1.4470018669710.7552006476
IsraelISR1.0833897624814.6343114555
ItalyITA1.2869196432712.3169832518
JamaicaJAM0.7502559291419.4050478007
JordanJOR0.15335912123532.172267521
JapanJPN1.1631096027613.6787860125
KazakhstanKAZ-0.71167175282966.9392823284
KenyaKENKenya-0.701220769811266.3493518446
Kyrgyz RepublicKGZ-0.247683804237.937684616245.1860396647
CambodiaKHM-0.908774533914779.1015152086
Korea, SouthKOR1.00232548171115.6744236484
KuwaitKWT0.00025700641336.6268770164
LaosLAO-1.0502970618145.862606353389.1750784849
LebanonLBN-0.4042674493251.5944717066
LiberiaLBR-0.888397186919477.7479681246
LibyaLBY-1.346162581530114.5715715217
Sri LankaLKA-0.157058821941.8473645211
LesothoLSO-0.145933599713741.4548863062
LithuaniaLTU0.76692980651319.1329208086
LuxembourgLUX1.46054569896.699999809310.6325259951
LatviaLVA0.62473646261921.5817535834
MacaoMAC5.18904653410
MoroccoMAR-0.2395557046744.8760247104
MoldovaMDA0.16079661932431.9702333927
MadagascarMDG0.309258608415828.1925556394
MaldivesMDV-0.90877453393979.1015152086
MexicoMEX-0.10836600323840.156567645
Macedonia, FormMKD0.08671078571734.0406692616
MaliMLI0.415397145923525.7686495008
MaltaMLT1.41314228778.899999618511.0681153331
Myanmar (Burma)MMR-1.747742697131160.9893259516
MongoliaMNG0.84257225966817.9455342572
MozambiqueMOZ-0.172115426920142.3844591915
MauritaniaMRT-0.970906374814983.3757666559
MartiniqueMTQ8.40352703720
MauritiusMUS1.01165739262315.5510193336
MalawiMWI0.061683928122434.7699571251
MalaysiaMYS-0.14363650521441.3743084723
NamibiaNAM0.473234571110124.5367088915
NigerNERNiger-0.7440741814178.093921141168.8018635932
NigeriaNGA-1.2343444529122104.2185098875
NicaraguaNIC0.06901012825734.5548674417
NetherlandsNLD1.607460695479.3884554508
NorwayNOR1.653784187669.0272230313
NepalNPL0.047365463311735.1942054989
New ZealandNZL1.4570076106710.6644369233
OmanOMN-0.57013742032859.3769672848
PakistanPAK-0.440532409713653.2038600498
PanamaPAN0.6648640952620.8605561765
PeruPER-0.68724884455265.5687867704
PhilippinesPHL0.61354355314121.7873300512
Papua New Guin*PNG0.12100785958233.0660257547
PolandPOL1.07014358341214.7994258316
Puerto RicoPRI13.8954646810
Korea, NorthPRK-1.788678310674166.6691199016
PortugalPRT1.4792875487810.4650742009
ParaguayPRY-0.41914693632852.2488277418
QatarQAT-0.77549242251570.6573460526
ReunionREU11.30000019070
RomaniaROM0.40579567742625.9790660368
RussiaRUS-0.3112684382547.6863105911
RwandaRWA-1.174560743720999.0726034867
Saudi ArabiaSAU-1.10306250982893.2509219916
SudanSDN-1.4980556187115130.3017753418
SenegalSEN-0.291712884211046.9029612386
SingaporeSGP0.0398072684635.4202341741
Solomon IslandsSLB1.172642137327.513.568787383
Sierra LeoneSLE-1.6233668342286144.8924449978
El SalvadorSLV-0.10018976593939.8794331732
SomaliaSOM-1.6938714902205.1999969482153.8086276779
Sao Tome and PrSTP0.820561703374.300003051818.2832298367
SurinameSURSuriname0.28261603133328.8359888977
Slovak RepublicSVK0.737756159511.199190594419.6115863707
SloveniaSVN1.066358639614.846946672
SwedenSWE1.628048915259.2261566929
SwazilandSWZ-0.7776073148100.570.784028965
SyriaSYR-1.357770916938115.7036252154
ChadTCD-0.853690984918275.4957425183
TogoTGO-1.051091116213889.2350746072
ThailandTHA0.21538950293830.5255821494
TajikistanTJK-1.564610632236137.8581427703
TurkmenistanTKM-1.450702259350125.1790125982
Trinidad & Tob*TTO0.95324916191516.3397037661
TunisiaTUN-0.58860849463360.3132247104
TurkeyTUR-0.85927816495075.8538608522
TaiwanTWN0.70619053738.399999618520.1429955968
TanzaniaTZA-0.28345670113646.576113587
UgandaUGA-0.517212047216256.7740073539
UkraineUKR-0.00841138131736.8967857408
UruguayURY0.7697966052019.0865190231
United StatesUSA1.5046982718.547838952710.2422422407
UzbekistanUZB-1.343328680831114.2968935761
VenezuelaVEN0.17908024332531.478948912
VietnamVNM-1.415702744440121.5225964505
West BankWTB-0.13155287652840.9530089581
YemenYEM-0.414687285713752.0518392675
YugoslaviaYUG-0.91975995992079.840962403
South africaZAF0.99127280366515.8218506209
ZaireZAR-1.5674623978148138.1915340745
ZambiaZMB-0.045586544218938.0770524561
ZimbabweZWE-0.665627449510864.3789328342
Under 5 Infant Mortality (World Bank, plus CIA Factbook)
Sheet1
Voice, Civil Liberties and Accountability
Infant Mortality
Finland
Sheet2
Sheet3
Sheet4
Sheet5
Sheet6
Not FreePartly FreeFreeCorruption High LowCivil LibertiesCorruption is associated with absence of Civil Liberties Based on averages of data from 160 countries.
Control of Graft and Freedom of the PressHighLowLowHighr = .68 Freedom of the Press (Freedom House)Control of Graft [kkz]
Salient Features of New Governance Diagnostic ToolsMulti-pronged surveys of: households, firms and public officials [triangulation] Experiencial questions (vs. opinions/generic) Specially designed and tested closed questions Conceptual framework: Incentive Structure behind Governance; focus on development Rigorous technical requirements in implementation Local Institution Implements, with WB Collaboration Recognizing Multidimensionality of GovernanceFocus on Service Delivery: Input for Action and Change
Romania: Disproportionally Negative Impact on the Poor
Corruption as a regressive tax on the household(% of income paid in bribes, as reported by all users that requested public services)
Corruption as a regressive tax: small firms pay disproportionally in bribes(% of gross monthly revenue paid in bribes)
Citizen Voice Improves Accessibility of Public Services to the Poor (Bolivia diagnostic results, 2000)Based on Bolivia Public Officials Survey. The sample of institutions includes 44 national, departmental, and municipal agencies which are a prior anticipated to be accessible to the poor
Citizen Voice Helps Control Bribery (Bolivia diagnostic results, 2000) Based on 90 national, departmental, and municipal agencies covered in the Bolivia Public Officials Survey.
Chart4
46.2943.45-5-5Low
39.0236.84Moderate_Low
28.5831.16Moderate_High
21.424.8266High
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Voice / External Accountability
Bribery
all3
all3
45.4946.21-11.288
32.9132.80
23.1620.6811.288
Simple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Transparency on Corruption
Internal Transparency
Frequency of Bribery
construct3
6.3324.95
35.3633.88
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
all4
38.4736.399
35.533.8357
27.7230.6239
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
construct4
22.3437.1118
43.733.9769
36.3730.4671
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Corruption
Voice
Frequency of Bribery
effect
51.8255.0519
59.6560.1275
70.5365.279
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Resources
Service Delivery Performance
Sheet2
29.6126.97
36.4931.09
34.9536.33
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
Sheet1
45.4946.21-11.288
32.9132.80
23.1620.6811.288
Simple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Transparency on Corruption
Internal Transparency
Frequency of Bribery
Sheet6
6.3324.952.4402
35.3633.88-12.9646
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
38.4736.399-4.2432422
35.533.83570
27.7230.62394.2717278
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
5454.572.3904
59.1959.860.1730737705
6865.8-2.3572
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Service Delivery
Voice
Quality of Services
51.8255.05192.18705
59.6560.12750
70.5365.279-2.2975064
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Resources
Service Delivery Performance
29.6126.973.0212
36.4931.090
34.9536.33-2.2908
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
TransparencyTransparencyControlled Causal Link of Transparency on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Transparency and CorruptiondifferenceMeritocracyControlled Causal Link of Meritocracy on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Meritocracy and Corruptiondifference
Low52.7346.2142.860223487552.617376512545.49-11.2886.8Low53.4138.646636.458637914740.834562085345.49-4.3759241706
Medium64.6432.833.731060142333.400739857732.9102.26Medium63.934.345734.196079146934.495320853132.91-0.2992417062
High75.420.6825.48338612116.03961387923.1611.2886.8High76.7129.093631.433126066426.754073933621.344.6790521327
64.2534.0364.6734.03
-1.190.4234875445-0.410.1943127962
AutonomyAutonomyControlled Causal Link of Autonomy on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruptiondifference
Autonomous Agencies124.95216.332.44021.47
Non-autonomous Agencies033.883635.36-12.9646-7.81
62.4633.74
-4.243.1879699248
WageControlled Causal Link of Wages on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Low21.0136.39939.133748837234.423051162838.47-4.24324222.55617
Medium36.2733.835734.257646511633.805553488435.50
High54.7730.623928.346251162833.056948837227.724.27172782.57333
37.8933.74
-0.18-0.1395348837
VoiceControlled Causal Link of Voice on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Voice and CorruptionVoiceControlled Causal Link of Voice on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Low38.5137.111835.599782062838.623817937222.34-3.0240358744Low38.5154.5756.011080327953.5477196721542.39041.44
Medium52.1433.976933.870666816134.083133183943.7-0.2124663677Medium52.1459.8660.454236885260.281163114859.190.1730737705
High67.430.467131.934768161428.999431838636.372.9353363229High67.465.865.428746721367.819853278768-2.3572-1.42
33.7460.79
53.1753.17
-0.23-0.10313901350.410.0840163934
ValuesControlled Causal Link of Values on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Values and Corruption
Low33.8435.968236.1922228740.1795771336.37-3.9873542601
Medium50.8133.762134.039391928334.526208071734.52-0.4868161435
High67.7331.562531.892904035928.889495964130.283.0034080717
33.74
50.98ResourcesControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
-0.13-0.1048387097Low38.3355.051955.952403278753.458796721351.822.187051.3175
Medium51.0660.127560.102174590259.747625409859.650
High63.9965.27964.31714262366.13525737770.53-2.2975064-1.38404
60.79
51.27
0.40.0785854617
PoliticizationControlled Causal Link of Policitization on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Low21.9826.9737.696794170444.130605829629.613.02121.82
Medium41.5731.0935.211587443937.604412556136.4900
High57.9236.3333.137410313932.157589686134.95-2.2908-1.38
33.74
40.7
0.340.1176470588
RulesControlled Causal Link of Ill-Specified Rules on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Ill-Specified Rules and Corruption
Bad53.9840.902533.637242600933.470157399145.330.1670852018
Medium63.233.987532.467584304930.398615695132.942.0689686099
Good73.0726.58531.215466367727.110533632322.594.1049327354
33.74
63.53
-0.75-0.1536885246
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Transparency on Corruption
Internal Transparency
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Corruption
Voice
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Values and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Values on Corruption
Voice
Service Delivery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Ill-Specified Rules and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Ill-Specified Rules on Corruption
Rules
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Service Delivery
Voice
Service Delivery Performance
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Resources
Service Delivery Performance
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Meritocracy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Meritocracy on Corruption
Meritocracy
Frequency of Bribery
41.5436.7-4.482
36.434.57
31.832.91
23.530.14.6646
Simple Average Association Between Wages and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Wages on Corruption
Wage Satisfaction
Frequency of Bribery
50.6851.292.72242.7224
56.3258.04
60.9962.7
73.669.85-2.6726-2.6726
Simple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Voice on Service Delivery
Voice
Quality of Services
29.0327.484.4824.482
3332.46
3635.44
3538.72-3.486-3.486
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
6.3324.952.4402
35.3633.88-12.9646
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
29.0327.4830.95
3332.4632.94
3635.4434.26
3538.7235.78
Simple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Policitization on Corruption
Politicization
Frequency of Bribery
6.3324.9521
35.3633.8836
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Frequency of Bribery
TransparencyControlled Causal Link of Transparency on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Transparency and Corruptiondifference
Low49.8348.81-12.05167.26
Moderately Low37.2935.743.13
Moderately High28.9132.672.92
High16.6417.9312.25087.38
WageControlled Causal Link of Wages on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Wages and CorruptionHigh36.739.54-4.4822.7
Low36.741.54-4.4822.7Moderate_High34.5736.41.6
Moderately Low34.5736.41.6Moderate_Low32.9135.81.54
Moderately High32.9131.81.54Low30.123.54.66462.81
High30.123.54.66462.81
VoiceControlled Causal Link of Voice on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Voice and Service Delivery
Low51.2950.682.72241.64
Moderately Low58.0456.320.83
Moderately High62.760.990.82
High69.8573.6-2.67261.61
PoliticizationControlled Causal Link of Policitization on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Politicization and Corruption
Low27.4829.034.4822.730.95
Moderately Low32.46331.7132.94
Moderately High35.44361.6434.26
High38.7235-3.4862.135.78
ResourcesControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low5452.433.35322.02
Moderately Low58.9354.441.35
Moderately High62.2462.131.48
High67.5974.04-3.4032.05
RulesControlled Causal Link of Ill-Specified Rules on CorruptionSimple Average Association Between Ill-Specified Rules and Corruption
Bad045.330
Medium032.940
Good022.590
33.74
0
DIRECT
QualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyService QualityCorruption
Corruption-0.110.00-0.13-0.11
Meritocracy0.00-0.42-0.010.00-0.41
Transparency0.00-1.140.000.12-1.19
Resources0.400.000.000.000.400.00
Voice0.380.010.140.170.41-0.23
Politicization0.000.12-0.13-0.17-0.040.34
Autonomy0.00-11.33-4.46-4.780.47-4.24
Wage0.00-0.180.000.000.02-0.18
Enforcement0.00-0.010.000.000.00-0.01
Values0.00-0.130.000.000.01-0.13
Rules0.000.00-0.660.00-0.080.75
PerRules0.000.000.000.380.02-0.16
PerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryVoiceControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryVoiceControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryAutonomyAutonomyControlled Causal Link of Autonomy on CorruptionupperlowerSimple Average Association Between Autonomy and CorruptiondifferenceBudget DiversionControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86Low37.3138.895.0132-3.02Low43.0442.684.482-2.7Autonomous Agencies15.32216.9111.52046.94Low57.556.79-4.8142.9
Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42Moderate_Low47.7249.211.35Moderate_Low50.853.771.35Non-autonomous Agencies011.13611.186.32463.81Moderate_Low54.855.211.48
Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03Moderate_High54.7453.561.48Moderate_High57.1258.791.4862.4633.74Moderate_High50.951.181.35
High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8High63.962.86-4.8142.9High64.53262.66-4.4822.7High45.2144.825.0132-3.02
Budget DiversionControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low6162.015.0132-3.02
Rule4Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryTransparencyControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryModerate_Low5656.141.35
Low8.8812.39-1.992-1.2Low45.7340.633.5856-2.16Rule4Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryModerate_High5251.11.48
Moderate_Low8.2710.981.35Moderate_Low49.547.291.35Low43.4546.29-54.32High4450-4.8142.9
Moderate_High7.846.251.48Moderate_High52.97581.48Moderate_Low36.8439.021.35Simple Average AssociationControlled Causal Link
High7.344.652.2411.35High57.557.7-3.35322.02Moderate_High31.1628.581.48Low13.2814.511.8
High24.8221.464.91Moderately Low12.5111.55
Moderately High9.59.5
High8.96.941.87129.5250.6599526913
7108.51
484144.535
5974
26282742
24182130
111814.56
71410.517
242926.521
7129.54
101311.56Party finance (% of firms)Corruption
1278222013.8251821.527258.44
10714568.414020.535120.13
PoliticiControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery414839444042.435152513357.14
Low57583.43622.073.7167.97711.6229525058.844323.542425.97
Moderate_Low59591.357.1664.9165282628281925.8421327.5104230.52
Moderate_High62621.489.4462.963182430292926302226273036.35
High6564-3.2038-1.9312.0760.57591.3821811129911.863520.524670.78
1478889172018.5201777.27
292432182024.621814.5112124.68
1278557.44442429477.92
131019141414655.54614.29
181659263029.8272724.03
40498212628.8353549.35
1579111411.2131363.64
433040333436424240.26
13106121811.8101072.73
222026141719.8272737.66
353247242733242427.27
201237292524.6202062.99
854665.8111183.77
443737212633292912.34
548596.2449.09
PerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryPerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service DeliveryPerRuleControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86Low59.8956.572.87181.7359.86
Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42Moderate_Low62.4359.721.3562.42
Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03Moderate_High65.0366.441.4865.03
High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8High68.7875.39-3.03781.8368.8
ValueControlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low36.4741.43-4.4156-2.6659.86
Moderate_Low34.38391.3562.42
Moderate_High33.234311.4865.03
High31.1219.624.2164-2.5468.8
00-1.992
00
00
002.241
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Quality of Rules
Budget Diversion
003.58563.5856
00
00
00-3.3532-3.3532
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Politicization
Quality of Services
005.01325.0132
00
00
00-4.814-4.814
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Accessibility to the Poor
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Poverty Reduction Impact
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Internal Transparency
Poverty Reduction Impact
000
000
000
000
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Meritocracy
002.87182.8718
00
00
00-3.0378-3.0378
&A
Page &P
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Meritocracy
002.87182.8718
00
00
00-3.0378-3.0378
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Meritocracy
00-5-5
00
00
0066
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Frequency of Bribery
002.4402
00-12.9646
Simple Average Association Between Autonomy and Corruption
Controlled Causal Link of Autonomy on Corruption
Job Purchases
002.87182.8718
00
00
00-3.0378-3.0378
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Rules in Personnel Management
Bribery
00-4.4156
00
00
004.2164
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Bribery
001.6221.622
00
00
001.3821.382
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Politicization
Meritocracy
00-5
00
00
006
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Quality of Rules
Frequency of Bribery
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Voice
Accessibility to the Poor
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Budget Diversion
Poverty Reduction Impact
00
00
00
00
Simple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service Delivery
Budget Diversion
Accessibility to the Poor
001.81.8
00
00
001.81.8
Simple Average Association
Controlled Causal Link
Transparency
Job Purchase
Simple Average AssociationControlled Causal Linkdifference
Simple Average AssociationControlled Causal LinkdifferenceLow40.6345.73-5
Low48.8149.83-12.0516Moderately Low47.2949.5
Moderately Low35.7437.29Moderately High5652.97
Moderately High32.6728.91High57.757.55
High17.9316.6412.2508
Rule4Controlled Causal Link of Resources on Service DeliverySimple Average Association Between Resources and Service Delivery
Low43.4546.29-5
Moderate_Low36.8439.02
Moderate_High31.1628.58
High24.8221.46
00-12.0516-12.05160
000
000
0012.250812.25080
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Internal Transparency
Bribery
00-5-50
000
000
00550
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Internal Transparency
Poverty Reduction Impact
00-5-50
000
000
00660
Simple Average Association
Control Causal Link
Margin of Error
Voice / External Acountability
Bribery
DIRECTThru CorruptionThru TransparencyThru Meritocracy
QualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracy
Corruption-0.110.00-0.14-0.110.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Meritocracy0.000.40-0.010.00-0.040.00-0.060.000.000.010.00-0.000.000.000.000.00
Transparency0.00-1.170.000.110.130.000.000.130.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Resources0.400.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Voice0.380.040.150.18-0.000.00-0.01-0.000.00-0.180.000.000.000.00-0.000.00
Politicization0.000.09-0.14-0.18-0.010.00-0.01-0.010.000.160.000.000.000.000.000.00
Autonomy0.00-12.47-4.80-5.161.370.001.751.370.005.620.000.000.000.000.050.00
Wage0.00-0.170.000.000.020.000.020.020.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Enforcement0.00-0.100.000.000.010.000.010.010.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Values0.00-0.130.000.000.010.000.020.010.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00
Rules0.000.00-0.650.000.000.000.000.000.000.760.000.000.000.000.000.00
PerRules0.000.000.000.380.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.00-0.000.00
DIRECTINDIRECTNET
QualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracyQualityBribeTransparencyMeritocracy
Corruption-0.110.00-0.14-0.11Corruption0.000.000.000.00Corruption-0.110.00-0.14-0.11
Meritocracy0.000.40-0.010.00Meritocracy-0.040.01-0.06-0.00Meritocracy-0.040.41-0.07-0.00
Transparency0.00-1.170.000.11Transparency0.130.000.000.13Transparency0.13-1.170.000.24
Resources0.400.000.000.00Resources0.000.000.000.00Resources0.400.000.000.00
Voice0.380.040.150.18Voice-0.00-0.18-0.01-0.00Voice0.38-0.140.140.18
Politicization0.000.09-0.14-0.18Politicization-0.010.16-0.01-0.01Politicization-0.010.25-0.15-0.19
Autonomy0.00-12.47-4.80-5.16Autonomy1.375.621.801.37Autonomy1.37-6.85-3.00-3.79
Wage0.00-0.170.000.00Wage0.020.000.020.02Wage0.02-0.170.020.02
Enforcement0.00-0.100.000.00Enforcement0.010.000.010.01Enforcement0.01-0.100.010.01
Values0.00-0.130.000.00Values0.010.000.020.01Values0.01-0.130.020.01
Rules0.000.00-0.650.00Rules0.000.760.000.00Rules0.000.76-0.650.00
PerRules0.000.000.000.38PerRules0.000.00-0.000.00PerRules0.000.00-0.000.38
Corruption0%-1%0%
Meritocracy100%3%85%100%
Transparency100%0%54%
Resources0%
Voice-1%130%-5%-3%
Politicization100%65%7%5%
Autonomy100%-82%-60%-36%
Wage100%0%100%100%
Enforcement100%0%100%100%
Values100%0%100%100%
Rules100%0%
PerRules100%0%
0
Transparency within Government Agencies Increases Their Poverty Reduction Impact in BoliviaBased on Bolivia Public Officials Survey. The sample of institutions includes 50 national, departmental, and municipal agencies which are a prior anticipated to have a major impact on poverty reduction.
Chart2
0.0575495050.0382513661
0.27289603960.1967213115
0.08415841580.087431694
0.69987623760.5245901639
0.18316831680.174863388
0.09529702970.0327868852
0.1404702970.0710382514
0.51237623760.4644808743
0.39418316830.4972677596
0.46039603960.2732240437
0.11262376240.0655737705
0.6980198020.650273224
0.30940594060.3387978142
0.21225247520.1256830601
0.33725247520.131147541
Most Accessed Public Services Are lso Those Where People Have to Pay More Bribes:Are Users Buying Access? Or ...Are Providers Reaping the Benefits of Their Proprietary Rigths?
Rich Access Ratio
Poor Access ratio
Bribe Income Ratios
Share of Users With Access
Chart1
0.6646688995
0.7208653953
1.0388942462
0.7495470424
0.9546595776
0.3440493932
0.5057172432
0.9065230591
1.2615144418
0.5934543745
0.5822374347
0.9315971011
1.0949945355
0.5921394319
0.3888705068
Poor BRIBE MORE and get MORE ACCESS
The Poor BRIBE MORE and get LESS ACCESS
Poor BRIBE LESS and get MORE ACCESS
Poor BRIBE LESS and get LESS ACCESS
Poor/Rich Access Ratio (to Public Services)
Poor/Rich Access Ratio
Poor/Rich 'Bribe Tax' Ratio (Paid for Public Services)
'Bribe Tax' and Public Service Delivery Are Regressive
Custom Offices
License Department
Transit Authority
Construction Licenses
Public Hospitals
National Police
Public Registry
Social Security
Trash Collection
Post Office
Public Education
Tax Offices
Water Works
Power Company
Phone Company
poor and bribes
poorFreq.
01616
with bribeincome ratios > 0allaccess all1183
-> poor=0-> poor=0poor=0Variables
VariableObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMaxVariableObsMeanStd. Dev. MinMaxVariableObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMaxRich bribe/income ratiosPoor bribe/income ratiosRich Freq. Bribe PayingPoor Freq. Bribe PayingRich Access RatioPoor access ratioPoor/Rich Bribe/Income RatioPoor/Rich Freq. Bribe Paying RatioPoor/Rich Access RatioAvge Bribe / Income RatioPoor/Rich Freq.*Cost of Corruption
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Customs Offices0.02347260.0176580.27956989250.42857142860.0575495050.03825136610.75228138341.5329670330.66466889950.02287111.1532225603
v79pin0260.02347260.02739510.00053330.1071932v7932178.0313386.702202000v73933.2580651.80520517Tax Collection Offices0.05764590.04464280.09977324260.250.27289603960.19672131150.7744314862.50568181820.72086539530.05543781.9404788939
v87pin0440.05764590.06743480.00020280.3333333v874594.33333139.94761800v814413.7936511.71372917Construction Permit Offices0.04707390.05684120.13970588240.18750.08415841580.0874316941.20748865081.34210526321.03889424620.04840581.6205768735
v95pin0190.04707390.06423370.00405680.2590674v952283.36364116.78780500v891363.9926471.81147117Water Works0.04610190.05521980.10256410260.16666666670.69987623760.52459016391.19777709811.6250.74954704240.04720711.9463877845
v103pin01160.04610190.05835440.00020280.2666667v1031391385.2595686.939140000v9711313.9664011.78060417National Police0.06864210.05875710.29729729730.343750.18316831680.1748633880.85599216811.156250.95465957760.06754380.9897409443
v111pin0880.06864210.08487160.00040.4v11195102.7263123.07660600v1052963.5810811.76217717Transit Authority Police0.04801720.06666670.20129870130.16666666670.09529702970.03278688521.38839207620.82795698920.34404939320.04861.1495289233
v119pin0310.04801720.07240660.00014340.3108808v119412554.24415599.640100000v1131543.1948051.78621417License Department Brevets, etc.0.0752220.05906740.22466960350.30769230770.1404702970.07103825140.78524101991.36953242840.50571724320.07404711.0754130408
v127pin0510.0752220.10083050.00053330.5641749v127591431.226771.044050000v1212274.074891.80428117Public Registry0.04965370.03384610.18840579710.28235294120.51237623760.46448087430.68164305981.49864253390.90652305910.0475461.0215392824
v135pin01560.04965370.08134040.00020280.6666667v1351791755.8838009.353050000v1298283.5507251.75351417Public Educational Institution0.10762080.02993610.09105180530.13186813190.39418316830.49726775960.27816277151.44827586211.26151444180.09430340.4028564277
v143pin0580.10762080.16166620.00103630.6666667v14368101.4118139.84820500v1376374.551021.58887217Phone Company0.0944010.18311270.08736559140.180.46039603960.27322404371.939732632.06030769230.59345437450.10519033.9964460585
v151pin0650.0944010.134720.00020280.6666667v15183135241.366402000v1457443.8991941.76760117Post Office0.04875070.00310880.0329670330.16666666670.11262376240.06557377050.06376934075.05555555560.58223743470.03734020.3223894449
v159pin060.04875070.0329590.0155440.1036269v159848.12563.128980200v1531824.5329671.64081617Power Company0.10664840.15690070.08156028370.15966386550.6980198020.6502732241.47119600481.95761782970.93159710110.11525012.8800395301
v167pin0920.10664840.18835640.00020280.8v16710492.53846143.72920600v16111284.2118791.75175417Public Hospitals0.07852620.04660210.1240.32258064520.30940594060.33879781420.59345925312.60145681581.09499453550.07073981.5438586189
v175pin0620.07852620.09909260.00103630.48v17570349.44292383.894020000v1695004.0481.64167217Social Security0.10052550.06666670.0553935860.04347826090.21225247520.12568306010.66318197870.78489702520.59213943190.09883260.5205295622
v183pin0190.10052550.18554580.00225670.7772021v183242044.6679367.301046000v1773433.3119531.83661717Trash Collection Service0.05536930.00719860.04403669720.16666666670.33725247520.1311475410.13001067383.78472222220.38887050680.04848780.4920542862
v191pin0240.05536930.13495720.00133330.6666667v1913038.592.056860500v1855454.5981651.63991917
-> poor=1-> poor=1-> poor=1Data chartsRich bribe/income ratiosPoor bribe/income ratiosRich Access RatioPoor Access ratioPoor/Rich Freq.*Cost of CorruptionPoor/Rich Access Ratio
VariableObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMaxVariableObsMeanStd. Dev. MinMaxVariableObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMaxPoor/Rich Freq.*Cost of CorruptionPoor/Rich Access RatioCustoms Offices0.02347260.0176580.0575495050.0382513661Post Office0.320.58
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Customs Offices1.15322256030.6646688995Tax Collection Offices0.05764590.04464280.27289603960.1967213115Public Educational Institution0.401.26
v79pin030.0176580.00790790.0101420.0259067v79383.3333357.7350350150v7373.7142862.69037117Tax Collection Offices1.94047889390.7208653953Construction Permit Offices0.04707390.05684120.08415841580.087431694Trash Collection Service0.490.39
v87pin090.04464280.06027460.00101420.16v87948.8888945.468245120v81363.5555561.7145517Construction Permit Offices1.62057687351.0388942462Water Works0.04610190.05521980.69987623760.5245901639Social Security0.520.59
v95pin030.05684120.06664640.01128350.1333333v95383.3333328.8675150100v89163.68751.40089315Water Works1.94638778450.7495470424National Police0.06864210.05875710.18316831680.174863388National Police0.990.95
v103pin0160.05521980.0502630.0040.1333333v103236163.26113016.39350000v97963.656251.93487717National Police0.98974094430.9546595776Transit Authority Police0.04801720.06666670.09529702970.0327868852Public Registry1.020.91
v111pin0110.05875710.11533130.00266670.4v111124681.414760300v105323.656251.80696517Transit Authority Police1.14952892330.3440493932License Department Brevets, etc.0.0752220.05906740.1404702970.0710382514License Department Brevets, etc.1.080.51
v119pin010.0666667.0.06666670.0666667v1192125106.06650200v11363.3333332.58198917License Department Brevets, etc.1.07541304080.5057172432Public Registry0.04965370.03384610.51237623760.4644808743Transit Authority Police1.150.34
v127pin040.05906740.05490890.01036270.1333333v12745533.1662520100v121133.1538461.5730116Public Registry1.02153928240.9065230591Public Educational Institution0.10762080.02993610.39418316830.4972677596Customs Offices1.150.66
v135pin0240.03384610.02211650.00243410.0666667v135328774.06323919.580100000v129854.0117651.78948117Public Educational Institution0.40285642771.2615144418Phone Company0.0944010.18311270.46039603960.2732240437Public Hospitals1.541.09
v143pin0120.02993610.02970830.0040.1066667v1431323.9230821.91446080v137914.5494511.56534517Phone Company3.99644605850.5934543745Post Office0.04875070.00310880.11262376240.0655737705Construction Permit Offices1.621.04
v151pin090.18311270.18560510.02590670.5333334v15111131.8182145.65840400v145503.621.55037817Post Office0.32238944490.5822374347Power Company0.10664840.15690070.6980198020.650273224Tax Collection Offices1.940.72
v159pin020.00310880.0029310.00103630.0051813v159265.656854210v1531251.27920437Power Company2.88003953010.9315971011Public Hospitals0.07852620.04660210.30940594060.3387978142Water Works1.950.75
v167pin0190.15690070.19556960.01036270.5333334v16722108.7273138.53350400v1611194.1512611.67047517Public Hospitals1.54385861891.0949945355Social Security0.10052550.06666670.21225247520.1256830601Power Company2.880.93
v175pin0200.04660210.04727030.00259070.2v175226403.13621489.83590000v169624.0645161.62834517Social Security0.52052956220.5921394319Trash Collection Service0.05536930.00719860.33725247520.131147541Phone Company4.000.59
v183pin010.0666667.0.06666670.0666667v183150.5050v177233.4347832.21207617Trash Collection Service0.49205428620.3888705068
v191pin040.00719860.00697410.00133330.015544v191413.513.91642130v185243.52.02162217
sum v7in0- v191pin0
VariableObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMax
-------------------------------------------------------------
v79pin0290.02287110.02603450.00053330.1071932
v87pin0530.05543780.06590610.00020280.3333333
v95pin0220.04840580.06301850.00405680.2590674
v103pin01320.04720710.0573370.00020280.2666667
v111pin0990.06754380.08810040.00040.4
v119pin0320.04860.07130550.00014340.3108808
v127pin0550.07404710.09797510.00053330.5641749
v135pin01800.0475460.07629590.00020280.6666667
v143pin0700.09430340.1503360.00103630.6666667
v151pin0740.10519030.14331560.00020280.6666667
v159pin080.03734020.03497930.00103630.1036269
v167pin01110.11525010.18965830.00020280.8
v175pin0820.07073980.09005120.00103630.48
v183pin0200.09883260.18075570.00225670.7772021
v191pin0280.04848780.12575860.00133330.6666667
Chart3
3.7142863.258065
3.5555563.793651
3.68753.992647
3.656253.966401
3.656253.581081
3.3333333.194805
3.1538464.07489
4.0117653.550725
4.5494514.55102
3.623.899194
54.532967
4.1512614.211879
4.0645164.048
3.4347833.311953
3.54.598165
Poor Quality Rating
Non-Poor Quality Rating
Gap Between Poor and Non-Poor Household Access to Public Services
Quality Service Ratings
Poor and Marginalized
Sheet1
. tab poor
poorFreq.PercentCum.
-----------------------------------------------
0161689.8389.83
118310.17100
-----------------------------------------------
Total1799100
. sort poor
. by poor: sum v73 v81 v89 v97 v105 v113 v121 v129 v137 v145 v153 v161 v169 v1
> 77 v185 v74 v82 v90 v98 v106 v114 v122 v130 v138 v146 v154 v162 v170 v178 v18
> 6
-> poor=0
VariableObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMaxperc non poor with accesss
-------------------------------------------------------------
v73933.2580651.805205175.75%Non poor accessNon-Poor Quality RatingPoor accessPoor Quality RatingAccess Gapquality gapPoor Quality Rating% Usuarios que CoimeoCoima Promedio Por Visita (US$)**Calidad del serviciofrequenciaAccess GapQuality gapNon-Poor Quality RatingPoor Quality RatingNon-Poor Quality RatingPoor Quality RatingAccess Gap
v814413.7936511.7137291727.29%Customs Offices5.75%3.263.83%3.71-1.93%0.463.7194143.336.73016Trash Collection Service-20.61%-1.098165Transit Authority Police3.1948053.3333333.264069License Department Brevets, etc.4.074893.153846-0.0694320457
v891363.9926471.811471178.42%Tax Collection Offices27.29%3.7919.67%3.56-7.62%-0.243.5610083.819.3822License Department Brevets, etc.-6.94%-0.921044Social Security3.3119533.4347833.373368Transit Authority Police3.1948053.333333-0.0625101445
v9711313.9664011.7806041769.99%Construction Permit Offices8.42%3.998.74%3.690.33%-0.313.6996104.015.77273Water Works-17.53%-0.310151Customs Offices3.2580653.7142863.4861755Social Security3.3119533.434783-0.0865694151
v1052963.5810811.7621771718.32%Water Works69.99%3.9752.46%3.66-17.53%-0.313.66100143.914.57971Construction Permit Offices0.33%-0.305147License Department Brevets, etc.4.074893.1538463.614368Trash Collection Service4.5981653.5-0.2061049343
v1131543.1948051.786214179.53%National Police18.32%3.5817.49%3.66-0.83%0.083.6696123.637.46739Phone Company-18.72%-0.279194National Police3.5810813.656253.6186655Tax Collection Offices3.7936513.555556-0.0761747281
v1212274.074891.8042811714.05%Transit Authority Police9.53%3.193.28%3.33-6.25%0.143.3398123.232.82143Tax Collection Offices-7.62%-0.238095Tax Collection Offices3.7936513.5555563.6746035Phone Company3.8991943.62-0.1871719959
v1298283.5507251.7535141751.24%License Department Brevets, etc.14.05%4.077.10%3.15-6.94%-0.923.1598274.031.64706Power Company-4.77%-0.060618Phone Company3.8991943.623.759597National Police3.5810813.65625-0.0083049289
v1376374.551021.5888721739.42%Public Registry51.24%3.5546.45%4.01-4.79%0.464.019863.623.26531Public Educational Institution10.31%-0.001569Public Registry3.5507254.0117653.781245Water Works3.9664013.65625-0.1752860737
v1457443.8991941.7676011746.04%Public Educational Institution39.42%4.5549.73%4.5510.31%-0.004.5590124.610.27881Public Hospitals2.94%0.016516Water Works3.9664013.656253.8113255Construction Permit Offices3.9926473.68750.0032732781
v1531824.5329671.6408161711.26%Phone Company46.04%3.9027.32%3.62-18.72%-0.283.6290183.99.626198National Police-0.83%0.075169Construction Permit Offices3.9926473.68753.8400735Customs Offices3.2580653.714286-0.0192981388
v16111284.2118791.7517541769.80%Post Office11.26%4.536.56%5.00-4.70%0.475.009054.64.770492Social Security-8.66%0.12283Trash Collection Service4.5981653.54.0490825Public Registry3.5507254.011765-0.0478953633
v1695004.0481.6416721730.94%Power Company69.80%4.2165.03%4.15-4.77%-0.064.1594124.210.10549Transit Authority Police-6.25%0.138528Public Hospitals4.0484.0645164.056258Public Hospitals4.0484.0645160.0293918736
v1773433.3119531.8366171721.23%Public Hospitals30.94%4.0533.88%4.062.94%0.024.069574.016.80252Customs Offices-1.93%0.456221Power Company4.2118794.1512614.18157Power Company4.2118794.151261-0.0477465779
v1855454.5981651.6399191733.73%Social Security21.23%3.3112.57%3.43-8.66%0.123.4392173.37.72Public Registry-4.79%0.46104Public Educational Institution4.551024.5494514.5502355Public Educational Institution4.551024.5494510.1030845912
v74933.6236561.870329175.75%Trash Collection Service33.73%4.6013.11%3.50-20.61%-1.103.508254.65.939833Post Office-4.70%0.467033Post Office4.53296754.7664835Post Office4.5329675-0.0470499919
v824423.9004521.6980851727.35%
v901354.0444441.856279178.35%Non poor accessNon poorqualityPoor accessPoor Quality Ratingaccess gapquality gapPoor quality% Usuarios que CoimeoCoima Promedio Por Visita (US$)**Calidad del servicioFrequency of Bribes' RequestsAccess GapNon poor accessFrequency of Bribes' RequestsAccess Gap%who bribedbribe gapAccess Gap
v9811304.0008851.7724891769.93%Customs Offices0.057553.258070.038253.71429-0.019300.456223.7142994.2857113.852523.2900036.73016-0.019300.05755Trash Collection Service0.05939833-0.20610493430.2061049343Customs Offices0.350.1490015361-0.0192981388
v1062963.604731.8800951718.32%Tax Collection Offices0.272903.793650.196723.55556-0.07617-0.238103.55556100.000008.420673.7756819.38220-0.076170.27290Phone Company0.09626198-0.18717199590.1871719959Tax Collection Offices0.11320754720.1502267574-0.0761747281
v1141543.4285711.857179179.53%Construction Permit Offices0.084163.992650.087433.687500.00327-0.305153.6875096.0000010.359773.9605315.772730.003270.08416Water Works0.1457971-0.17528607370.1752860737Construction Permit Offices0.16447368420.04779411760.0032732781
v1222274.1982381.8650011714.05%Water Works0.699883.966400.524593.65625-0.17529-0.310153.65625100.0000013.829573.9413714.57971-0.175290.69988Social Security0.0772-0.08656941510.0865694151Water Works0.13202933990.0641025641-0.1752860737
v1308303.7638551.8099431751.36%National Police0.183173.581080.174863.65625-0.008300.075173.6562596.2616811.575843.5884237.46739-0.008300.18317Tax Collection Offices0.193822-0.07617472810.0761747281National Police0.32621951220.0464527027-0.0083049289
v1386374.6216641.6530041739.42%Transit Authority Police0.095303.194810.032793.33333-0.062510.138533.3333397.6744211.896903.2000032.82143-0.062510.09530License Department Brevets, etc.0.3164706-0.06943204570.0694320457Transit Authority Police0.26875-0.0346320346-0.0625101445
v1467444.0752691.8254171746.04%License Department Brevets, etc.0.140474.074890.071043.15385-0.06943-0.921043.1538598.4127027.449224.0250031.64706-0.069430.14047Transit Authority Police0.3282143-0.06251014450.0625101445License Department Brevets, etc.0.26250.0830227042-0.0694320457
v1541824.4835161.6477851711.26%Public Registry0.512383.550730.464484.01177-0.047900.461044.0117798.104276.144623.5930023.26531-0.047900.51238Public Registry0.2326531-0.04789536330.0478953633Public Registry0.23110624320.0939471441-0.0478953633
v16211294.2524361.7526721769.86%Public Educational Institution0.394184.551020.497274.549450.10308-0.001574.5494590.1234611.679664.5508210.278810.103080.39418Power Company0.1010549-0.04774657790.0477465779Public Educational Institution0.11126373630.04081632650.1030845912
v1705003.8961.7932141730.94%Phone Company0.460403.899190.273223.62000-0.18717-0.279193.6200090.4255318.294873.879259.62620-0.187170.46040Post Office0.04770492-0.04704999190.0470499919Phone Company0.11838790930.0926344086-0.1871719959
v1783423.2836261.8376071721.16%Post Office0.112624.532970.065575.00000-0.047050.467035.0000090.000005.341764.561864.77049-0.047050.11262Customs Offices0.3673016-0.01929813880.0192981388Post Office0.05154639180.1336996337-0.0470499919
v1865454.6697251.6597251733.73%Power Company0.698024.211880.650274.15126-0.04775-0.060624.1512694.4444412.196584.2035310.10549-0.047750.69802National Police0.3746739-0.00830492890.0083049289Power Company0.1010425020.0781035819-0.0477465779
Public Hospitals0.309414.048000.338804.064520.029390.016524.0645294.565227.424954.0498216.802520.029390.30941Construction Permit Offices0.15772730.0032732781-0.0032732781Public Hospitals0.16370106760.19858064520.0293918736
-> poor=1Social Security0.212253.311950.125683.43478-0.086570.122833.4347892.0000016.726023.319677.72000-0.086570.21225Public Hospitals0.16802520.0293918736-0.0293918736Social Security0.0683060109-0.0119153251-0.0865694151
VariableObsMeanStd. Dev.MinMaxTrash Collection Service0.337254.598170.131153.50000-0.20610-1.098173.5000082.352944.960204.551855.93983-0.206100.33725Public Educational Institution0.10278810.1030845912-0.1030845912Trash Collection Service0.05975395430.1226299694-0.2061049343
-------------------------------------------------------------
v7373.7142862.690371170.04
v81363.5555561.71455170.20
v89163.68751.400893150.09
v97963.656251.934877170.52
v105323.656251.806965170.17
v11363.3333332.581989170.03
v121133.1538461.57301160.07
v129854.0117651.789481170.46
v137914.5494511.565345170.50
v145503.621.550378170.27
v1531251.279204370.07
v1611194.1512611.670475170.65
v169624.0645161.628345170.34
v177233.4347832.212076170.13
v185243.52.021622170.13
v7473.7142862.429972170.04
v82363.1944441.564233160.20
v90163.6251.746425160.09
v98963.6979171.947305170.52
v106324.031251.942469170.17
v11453.62.19089170.03
v122133.8461541.818706160.07
v130853.9411761.947849170.46
v138914.6593411.784002170.50
v146503.621.652333170.27
v154124.4166672.193309170.07
v1621184.1016951.860015170.64
v170623.9516131.778076170.34
v178233.3913042.016728170.13
v186243.252.090351170.13
Public Officials evaluation of effectiveness and access to the Poor by their public sector agencies [Preliminary results on Governance-Poverty nexus, Bolivia]Public officials themselves report that only one-half of public services they provide are accessible to the poorPerformance of re-distributive public agencies: Mixed Results; they do not perform better than others in terms of providing access to the poorLimited public service accessibility to the poor at local level is associated with high bribery in local administrationBribery in provision of public services reduces accessibility to the poorBribery does not increase public service qualityBribery increases cost of public services
Pro-Poor Public Officials: Who are they?[Illustrative results from one country diagnostic]Determinants of pro-poverty reduction reporting by public officials (Initial results from multivariate econometric analysis, Bolivia data): Municipality/Locality plays key role: significant differences across localities College-educated officials report higher pro-poverty alleviation impact Public officials in pro-poor institutions do not report higher poverty alleviation impact Public officials in better run, transparent, less corrupt agencies do report enhanced pro-poor impact
* Average bribe to public officialsLower Public Sector Salaries do not Increase Bribery in Ecuador7.7%15.5%8.4%Bribe*=3MSBribe*=0.2MSBribe*= 0.5MS0%3%6%9%12%15%Monthly SalaryLess than 3MSBetween 3 & 13 MSMore than 13 MSMonthly SalaryMonthly Salary
Indonesia (preliminary): Public Sector Corruption in Indonesia Is Not Caused by Low Government Pay (Indonesian Public Official Survey Very Preliminary Draft) Based on 36 public agencies covered in the Indonesia Public Officials Survey.
Chart9
64.364.43.024
73.866.1
67.469.3-3.584
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Average Wage
Bribery
Sheet1
Politicization vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorEnforcement vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorValues vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorVoice vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorWage vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorPoliticization vs TransparencySimple Average AssociationControlled Linkerror
Low67.264.781.665Low69.667.5Low69.0768.1-2.08Low71.9671.43.84Low64.364.43.024Low75.775.9
Medium6866.61.12Medium69.466.9Medium67.4567.55Medium67.866.9Medium73.866.1Medium76.776.7
High7168.82.4High6666.3High67.7766.951.92High64.664.22.4High67.469.3-3.584High77.577.9
68.733333333366.726666666768.333333333366.968.096666666767.533333333368.1267.568.566.676.633333333376.8333333333
Voice vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorResource Envelope vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkEducation vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorResource vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorExtraJob vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorEducation vs TransparencySimple Average AssociationControlled Linkerror
Low70.469.4Low67.165.2Low67.367.9-2.08Low58.857.75.024Low69.565.5Low75.275.6
Medium67.966.7Medium69.469High68.5366.91.408Medium71.5569.4Medium65.167.8Medium76.176.5
High66.865.4High67.666.667.91567.4High67.468.994.384High74.169High77.977.9
68.366666666767.166666666768.033333333366.933333333365.916666666765.363333333369.566666666767.433333333376.476.6666666667
Sheet1
67.264.781.6651.665
6866.61.121.12
7168.82.42.4
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Degree of Politicization
Corruption
Sheet2
3734.8-2.49
3333.5
3231.8
30312.656
Simple Average Association
Controlled Causal Link
Personal Values
Bribery
Sheet3
69.667.5
69.466.9
6666.3
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Rule Enforcement
Corruption
Sheet4
00-2.08
00
001.92
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Personal Values
Corruption
Sheet5
00
00
00
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Citizen Voice
Corruption
Sheet6
67.165.2
69.469
67.666.6
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Resource Envelope
Corruption
00-2.08
001.408
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Education
Corruption
003.843.84
00
002.42.4
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Citizen Voice
Bribery
005.0245.024
00
004.3844.384
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Resource Envelope
Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Politicization
Transparency
00
00
00
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Education
Transparency
00
00
00
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Citizen Voice
Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Resource Envelope
Bribery
003.024
00
00-3.584
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Average Wage
Bribery
00
00
00
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Wage Shortfall
Bribery
500
502
503
504
505
506
800
810
850
851
852
853
854
890
904
905
906
1000
1001
1100
1101
1102
1109
1110
1200500502503504505506800810850851852853854890904905906100010011100110111021109111012001201120312041205150120012060220025012503260038013802410042014202420342044205430043104320432143224323
1201
1203
1204
1205
1501
2001
2060
2200
2501
2503
2600
3801
3802
4100
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4300
4310
4320
4321
4322
4323
Indonesia (preliminary): Agencies Providing for Citizen Voice Exhibit Less Bribery (Indonesian Public Official Survey Very Preliminary Draft)Based on 36 public agencies covered in the Indonesia Public Officials Survey.
Chart5
71.9671.43.843.84
67.866.9
64.664.22.42.4
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Citizen Voice
Bribery
Sheet1
Politicization vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorEnforcement vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorValues vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorVoice vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorWage vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkPoliticization vs TransparencySimple Average AssociationControlled Linkerror
Low67.264.781.665Low69.667.5Low69.0768.1-2.08Low71.9671.43.84Low64.364.4Low75.775.9
Medium6866.61.12Medium69.466.9Medium67.4567.55Medium67.866.9Medium73.866.1Medium76.776.7
High7168.82.4High6666.3High67.7766.951.92High64.664.22.4High67.469.3High77.577.9
68.733333333366.726666666768.333333333366.968.096666666767.533333333368.1267.568.566.676.633333333376.8333333333
Voice vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorResource Envelope vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkEducation vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorResource vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorExtraJob vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorEducation vs TransparencySimple Average AssociationControlled Linkerror
Low70.469.4Low67.165.2Low67.367.9-2.08Low58.856.8Low69.565.5Low75.275.6
Medium67.966.7Medium69.469High68.5366.91.408Medium71.5569.2Medium65.167.8Medium76.176.5
High66.865.4High67.666.667.91567.4High67.468.99High74.169High77.977.9
68.366666666767.166666666768.033333333366.933333333365.916666666764.996666666769.566666666767.433333333376.476.6666666667
Sheet1
67.264.781.6651.665
6866.61.121.12
7168.82.42.4
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Degree of Politicization
Corruption
Sheet2
3734.8-2.49
3333.5
3231.8
30312.656
Simple Average Association
Controlled Causal Link
Personal Values
Bribery
Sheet3
69.667.5
69.466.9
6666.3
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Rule Enforcement
Corruption
Sheet4
-2.08
1.92
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Personal Values
Corruption
Sheet5
00
00
00
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Citizen Voice
Corruption
Sheet6
67.165.2
69.469
67.666.6
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Resource Envelope
Corruption
-2.08
1.408
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Education
Corruption
3.843.84
2.42.4
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Citizen Voice
Bribery
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Resource Envelope
Bribery
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Politicization
Transparency
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Education
Transparency
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Citizen Voice
Bribery
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Resource Envelope
Bribery
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Average Wage
Bribery
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Wage Shortfall
Bribery
500
502
503
504
505
506
800
810
850
851
852
853
854
890
904
905
906
1000
1001
1100
1101
1102
1109
1110
1200500502503504505506800810850851852853854890904905906100010011100110111021109111012001201120312041205150120012060220025012503260038013802410042014202420342044205430043104320432143224323
1201
1203
1204
1205
1501
2001
2060
2200
2501
2503
2600
3801
3802
4100
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4300
4310
4320
4321
4322
4323
Indonesia (preliminary): Bribery is More Prevalentin Resource-Rich Public Agencies (Indonesian Public Official Survey Very Preliminary Draft) Based on 36 public agencies covered in the Indonesia Public Officials Survey.
Chart7
58.857.75.0245.024
71.5569.4
67.468.994.3844.384
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Resource Envelope
Bribery
Sheet1
Politicization vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorEnforcement vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorValues vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorVoice vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorWage vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkPoliticization vs TransparencySimple Average AssociationControlled Linkerror
Low67.264.781.665Low69.667.5Low69.0768.1-2.08Low71.9671.43.84Low64.364.4Low75.775.9
Medium6866.61.12Medium69.466.9Medium67.4567.55Medium67.866.9Medium73.866.1Medium76.776.7
High7168.82.4High6666.3High67.7766.951.92High64.664.22.4High67.469.3High77.577.9
68.733333333366.726666666768.333333333366.968.096666666767.533333333368.1267.568.566.676.633333333376.8333333333
Voice vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorResource Envelope vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkEducation vs CorruptionSimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorResource vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorExtraJob vs BriberySimple Average AssociationControlled LinkerrorEducation vs TransparencySimple Average AssociationControlled Linkerror
Low70.469.4Low67.165.2Low67.367.9-2.08Low58.857.75.024Low69.565.5Low75.275.6
Medium67.966.7Medium69.469High68.5366.91.408Medium71.5569.4Medium65.167.8Medium76.176.5
High66.865.4High67.666.667.91567.4High67.468.994.384High74.169High77.977.9
68.366666666767.166666666768.033333333366.933333333365.916666666765.363333333369.566666666767.433333333376.476.6666666667
Sheet1
67.264.781.6651.665
6866.61.121.12
7168.82.42.4
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Degree of Politicization
Corruption
Sheet2
3734.8-2.49
3333.5
3231.8
30312.656
Simple Average Association
Controlled Causal Link
Personal Values
Bribery
Sheet3
69.667.5
69.466.9
6666.3
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Rule Enforcement
Corruption
Sheet4
-2.08
1.92
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Personal Values
Corruption
Sheet5
00
00
00
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Citizen Voice
Corruption
Sheet6
67.165.2
69.469
67.666.6
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Resource Envelope
Corruption
-2.08
1.408
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Education
Corruption
3.843.84
2.42.4
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Citizen Voice
Bribery
5.0245.024
4.3844.384
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Resource Envelope
Bribery
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Politicization
Transparency
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Education
Transparency
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Citizen Voice
Bribery
56.8
69.2
68.99
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Resource Envelope
Bribery
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Average Wage
Bribery
Simple Average Association
Controlled Link
Wage Shortfall
Bribery
500
502
503
504
505
506
800
810
850
851
852
853
854
890
904
905
906
1000
1001
1100
1101
1102
1109
1110
1200500502503504505506800810850851852853854890904905906100010011100110111021109111012001201120312041205150120012060220025012503260038013802410042014202420342044205430043104320432143224323
1201
1203
1204
1205
1501
2001
2060
2200
2501
2503
2600
3801
3802
4100
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4300
4310
4320
4321
4322
4323
Very Corrupt
Not Corrupt
The ratio at the top of each column is the corruption ranking of Parliament among all surveyed institutions. Thus, for instance, in Cambodia, relative to other surveyed public institutions, Parliament rated best among 10, while in Ecuador it rated worst among 35. Research sources: Governance Anti-Corruption Index Country Diagnostic Surveys, Bolivia, Cambodia, Ecuador, Georgia, Latvia, Paraguay, Romania, Slovakia, WBI /WB http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/
Parliaments: Misgoverned or Honest Institutions?Enormous Variation on Corruption Relative Standing
Relative to All other institutions surveyed
Control of Graft and Freedom of the PressHighLowLowHighr = .68 Freedom of the Press (Freedom House)Control of Graft [kkz]
Understanding the Politics is key to Assess Misgovernace, grand corruption, and its incidence on socio-economic variables: State Capture Prevails in many countries 05101520253035404550HungaryEstoniaRussiaAzerbaijanParliamentary legislationDecreesCentral Bank Influence%of Firms affected by state capture%%%%%%%%%% Adverse Impact of Purchases of:
2%4%6%8%10%12%% firms 'purchase' legislativeDomesticInvestorWithFDI% of firms that 'Purchase' Legislation and Decrees in Transition Economies Transnational Corporate Responsibility Matters as Well:Note: For transition economies, average of 20 countries. Source: Hellman, Jones and Kaufmann, 2000 (www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance)
Enormous Social/Economi costs of state capture: Much lower growth in sales and investment in economy
State Capture exists where partial Civil Liberties and slow Economic ReformsDegree of Civil Liberties in Transition EconomiesEconomicReforms
Corruption
Public Oversight and Civil Society:Ombudsman in Albania and Bolivia Private Sector Coalition in Bolivia Diagnostic Surveys and NGO monitoring in Ecuador and others
Governance Improvement in Practice:Differentiated Strategies in Five Countries
Financial Controls: Procurement Reform in Bolivia, Ecuador and Georgia
Institutional and Civil ServiceReform: Transparent Privatization in Ecuador Salary Reform in Bolivia Disclosure of Assets in Bolivia and Georgia
Legal-Judicial: Revamp of Supreme Court in Bolivia Competency test and firing of judges in Georgia, Albania and Latvia Mediation in Albania
Economic Policy: Deregulation and Delicensing in Bolivia Revamping Customs in Ecuador and Latvia Tax Administration in Latvia and Ecuador Tax/Customs Code Reform in Albania
Open Law Making / Public Meetings on Procurement
Public Procurement Unit Cost Comparison Initiative
Anti-Corruption Compact: Firms, Leaders, NGOs
D. Modesty: The Infancy of Serious Anti-Corruption
Prioritization: Strategy will differ (illustrative)A. Little Political Will
Civil Society and Data Power/Diagnostics: Voice/ Accountable LeadershipDonor Public ProcurementADRs in the JudiciaryDelicensing ProcessNGO/participatory drive(to improve public service delivery)
B. With Political Will
Public Procurement and Budgetary Reformspro-poor Judicial reformsCivil Service ReformPolice -- AccountabilityCollective Action with Civil Society & Private
Percentage of RespondentsWho Should take the lead in a National Governance/Anticorruption Program?A-C: Anti-Corruption
National Governance: Challenges in Integrating Anti-Corruption Into Institutional Change
A simple Formula synthesizing Governance/Anticorruption: IG and AC = KI + LE + CA
Improving Governance and Anti-Corruption = = Knowledge/Info.Data + ...+ Leadership (incl. Political) + ...
... + Collective Action (change)
Overall Corruption Over Time(Selected Countries; ICRG index, rescaled 0-10)02468High corruptionLow corruption1992199319941995199619971998IndonesiaIndonesiaFinlandEl Salvador10El SalvadorFinlandRussiaRussiaPolandPoland1988-927
Governance and Poverty: Summing UpGovernance broader concept than corruptionMisgovernance results in poverty through various channels reduced growth being a key oneInterplay between voice, accountability, rule of law and anti-corruption for attacking poverty is keyPower of Data for analysis, reform formulation, and collective action: i) Cross-Country Indicators & analysis; ii) Regional Surveys, and iii) in-depth country diagnostics.Focus on varying quality of institutions within each country enormous variation (e.g. Parliaments)Misgovernance in extremis: Failed StatesResolute collective action can make a difference, and in 5-10 years IG = K.I + LE + CA
Visit: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance
Selected ReferencesDiagnostics: Prem Note No. 7 (early synthesis)Governance Diagnostic Manual & Methodological Vol.Chapter 3 of WDR 00/01 on Poverty Chapter 6 of Quality of Growth bookKKZ Governance Matters Research & Indicators & web-interactivity:http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2001.htm IMF papers on misallocation of pubexp, Y-distn, etc.Governance/A-C Diagnostic Reports (various)Governance/A-C Participatory Core (Course) ProgramGovernance, Parliament and PRSPGeneral website: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance
Data Presented for Analysis and informing Policy Advise, not for Precise RankingsThe data contained in this presentation originates from a large variety of external sources as well as World Bank surveys and research. Governance data is typically subject to a significant margin of error. The purpose is therefore not to present precise comparative rankings across countries, but instead to illustrate characteristics of governmental and corporate performance in order to assist in drawing implications for action. No ranking of countries is intended in presenting these research-oriented empirical results from these external sources.
Further details and data, visit: http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance
Key point: the surveys not only reveal the incidence and extent of corruption, but allow us to examine the direct costs to different groups in society. This research demonstrates the highly unequal impact of so-called "gratuity payments" in Romania. Though they are often seen as a quasi-market pricing mechanism, they have an impact on the poor's access to health services.Firms Senior Management Time Spent with OfficialsDo the bribes paid by firms make life easier for them? Not necessarily; as it turns out, firms that pay more bribes end up spending more (not less) time with bureaucrats. In Russia, various estimates suggest that senior managers/owners of SMEs end up spending between 20-30 percent of their time negotiating with officials. Excessive control by officials over enterprise translates into excessive regulations, inordinate amounts of time spent by the enterprises owner with bureaucrats, and bribery. Our evidence suggests a very close association throughout the world between the extent of bribery and (higher) senior management time wasted with officials on licenses, as well as a close association between bribery and higher cost of investing and cost of capital for firms. Thus, we find no empirical support for the traditional grease argument, which suggested that petty bribery can help oil the squeaky wheels of commerce in developing countries. To the contrary, the business community ends up losing by bribing.