1

Decomposition: Architecture &Trade Studies

Mark E. Sampson

EMIS 8340

Systems Engineering Tool—applying tools to engineering systems

2

Architectural Frameworks…

• …a means of representing, capturing, communicating system architectures from a variety of perspectives…

• 100’s of frameworks out there…• Aimed at different problem domains

Business/IS systems…Zachman, SEMS, EPIC…

Tools help capture & support these frameworks… CaseWise, Synthesis…Usually can’t buy them without consultingBusiness consultants each have their own extensions/tools

[zifa.com]

3

Architectural Frameworks…continued

• IDEF0-9…based on SADT

• IDEF0—functional modeling• IDEF1—information modeling…• IDEF1x—activity modeling• IDEF2—system dynamics• IDEF3—process & states• IDEF4—object modeling• …• IDEF9—user interface• …• IDEF14—network modeling

Tools help capture & support these frameworks… KBSI, Popkin SA, ProSim,…

[idef.com]

4

Architectural Frameworks…continued

• DoDAF…next generation C4ISR

• Operational views• OV1-operational concepts• …• OV5-activities• …• OV9-logical Data

• System views • SV1-interfaces• …• SV12-events

Tools help capture & support these frameworks…Popkin SA, Statemate, P-Tech…

Most used is Powerpoint, Excel,…

B-1

NBCFacillity

B2

F17 A1

U2

CRECRC

AFFORAOC

AWACS

JSTARS

DSPComm

Wx GPS

Missile

IADS

DGS CRC to CRE

AWACS to U2

Comm to AOC

AFFOR to JSTARS

AWACS to JSTARS

AOC to CRC

U2 to B-1

U2 to F17AAWACS to B-1

JSTARS to B2

AWACS to AOC

AWACS to F-16 IN

AWACS to AOC IN

5

Architectural Frameworks…continued

• Translates functions into physical architecture by grouping functions into logical/physical elements

• Elements include: hardware,software, material, data, facilities,people, services, and/or processes

• Alternatives are evaluated againstthe requirements to identifybest approach

• Continue to developarchitecture until youcan verify that requirementshave been met

…produces WBS, spec’s, & CI’s

Hydraulics

Water Sys

EMS

Control

[SE Handbook 10] [DOE 2003]

6

Architecture: Synthesis…

• You “just” have to choose an architecture that:

1. Satisfies the requirements2. Implements the functions3. Within budget, time, knowledge, resources,…4. Built with available technology & availability risk5. Is extensible to accommodate growth & new

technologies6. Allows you to go the next level of detail7. Is robust enough to minimize back-tracking

…you may be starting from scratch or from existing art…in a changing environment

[SE Handbook 10]

7

Architecture: Synthesis

1. Develop alternativesuse the tools previously described—brainstorming, morphing, surveys, literature searches, Pugh, TRIZ,…

2. Develop architectures from those alternativesuse diagrams/models of appropriate types (at appropriate levels)

3. Choose & dive to the next levelapply criteria, decision trees, weighting, utility curves…

Repeat until components are Realizable, verifiable,…

[SE Handbook 10]

Problem Definition

FunctionalAnalysis

Systems Synthesis

Systems Analysis

DecompositionVerificationValidation

ChooseAlternatives

DevelopArchitectures

DevelopAlternativesDevelop

Alternatives

DevelopArchitectures

ChooseAlternatives

8

Modeling Methodology: Schematic Block Diagrams

…capture & communicate potential product architecture, what makes it up, & their interactions

• Shows internal & external interfaces without pushing a particular design• Encourages looking “outside the box”

In our dental hygiene case, shows the preliminary product partitioning)

[Armstrong 1993]

Partitioning

9

Modeling Methodology: Behavior Diagrams

…combine data flow and functional flow

• More thorough analysis of actions & what is being acted on in the same diagram. • Support function to system allocations

…tools like CORE, Cradle-SEE, …use thesetypes of diagrams

[Armstrong 1993]

10

Modeling Methodology: State Diagrams

…analysis of system states or modes

• Identify lock conflicts—on, standby,…• Identify transition problems during design

Presentation/Demo by IBM

In our dental hygiene case, shows the system needs to be made ready before it can be used [Armstrong 1993]

11

Modeling Methodology: Object Oriented Analysis

…identify what the system will have to deal with as objects

• Similar to mission profiles, schematic block diagrams,…

•UML/SysMLPresentation/demonstration

In our dental hygiene case, shows objects of our dental monitoring system

[Armstrong 1993]

12

Methodology: Data Flow

…like functional flow, except emphasis on how information flows among system elements.

Helps identify data input/outputconflicts• Data dictionaries

In our dental hygiene case, shows a decomposition of monitoring brushing after meals

[Armstrong 1993]

13

Modeling Methodology: others…

• Entity-Relationship Diagrams• Math models (Excel, Matlab,…)• Statistical Models—(SAS, MiniTab,…)• Performance models—Queuing, Monte Carlo, etc.

(Crystal Ball, SES Workbench,…)• Environmental Models—• Physical Models—Hydraulics, Electrical,…(Easy5,

CAERose, Matlab/Simulink…)

Product ModelProduct Model(equation, (equation, simulation,simulation,

workbook, data,workbook, data,hardware, etc.)hardware, etc.)

C

E

A

B

D “Non-compliant”

“Non-compliant”

Y

ULLL T

PNCPNC

“Compliant”

Product ModelProduct Model(equation, (equation, simulation,simulation,

workbook, data,workbook, data,hardware, etc.)hardware, etc.)

C

E

A

B

D “Non-compliant”

“Non-compliant”

Y

ULLL T

PNCPNC

“Compliant”

Product Requirement I

Customer Need

Module A Requirement Module B Requirement Module C Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Component 1Requirement

Component 2Requirement

Component 3Requirement

Process 1Requirement

Process 2Requirement

CustomerEnvironment

ProductDevelopment Team

Environment

Product Requirement I

Customer Need

Module A Requirement Module B Requirement Module C Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Component 1Requirement

Component 2Requirement

Component 3Requirement

Process 1Requirement

Process 2Requirement

CustomerEnvironment

ProductDevelopment Team

Environment

LARGEWATER TANK

T1

75 PSI

H

H

H

Orifice

CentrifugalPump

Orifice

WATER TANKT2

50 PSIGWATER TANK

T3

100 PSIG HTank Level

Sensor(TLF) 0100%

Pressure Transducer (PSF)

Suction Tank

Recycle Valve (W-5)(3 Sec Open, 3 Sec Shut)

Diverter Valve (W-3)

Flow Valve (W-1)(4 Sec from Suction to Discharge)

Discharge Tank

Pressure Transducer (PSB)

Backup Valve (W-4)(2 Sec Open 2 Sec Shut)

Pressure Transducer (PSL)

Diverter Valve (W-2)

H

Tank LevelSensor(TLF) 0100%

P-1 3” Suction Header P-2 4” Discharge Header

5” Suction/Discharge P-3

5” Suction/Discharge P-4

P-5 4” SuctionTank Header

P-6 4” DischargeTank Header

P-8 4” Pump Suction fromDischarge Tank

P-7 4” Pump Suction fromSuction Tank

P-9 4” Pump Discharge ToSuction Tank

P-10 4” Pump DischargeTo Discharge Tank

Pump SuctionShutoff (W-6)

Pump DischargeShutoff (W-7)

Pump FlowCheck (W-8)P-11 4” Pump

Suction P-12 4”Pump

Discharge

P-13 3” Recycle Header

PipingClass 1

PipingClass 4

PipingClass 5

PipingClass 2

PipingClass 3

PipingClass 6

NOTE: Logical Product Structure (Excel File)depicts representative data for components ofPiping Class 1 and Piping Class 5.

14

Math/Behavior Modeling…• Math models (Excel, Matlab/Simulink, Mathematica,

MathCad, Maple/Maplesim, Modelica,…)

Modelica

WolframAlphaMatlab/Simulink

MapleSim

15

Performance Modeling…

• Performance models—Queuing, Monte Carlo, etc. (Crystal Ball, SaS, SES Workbench,…)

• DFSS (Design For Six Sigma)

Product ModelProduct Model(equation, (equation, simulation,simulation,

workbook, data,workbook, data,hardware, etc.)hardware, etc.)

C

E

A

B

D “Non-compliant”

“Non-compliant”

Y

ULLL T

PNCPNC

“Compliant”

Product ModelProduct Model(equation, (equation, simulation,simulation,

workbook, data,workbook, data,hardware, etc.)hardware, etc.)

C

E

A

B

D “Non-compliant”

“Non-compliant”

Y

ULLL T

PNCPNC

“Compliant”

Product Requirement I

Customer Need

Module A Requirement Module B Requirement Module C Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Component 1Requirement

Component 2Requirement

Component 3Requirement

Process 1Requirement

Process 2Requirement

CustomerEnvironment

ProductDevelopment Team

Environment

Product Requirement I

Customer Need

Module A Requirement Module B Requirement Module C Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Assembly 1Requirement

Assembly 2Requirement

Component 1Requirement

Component 2Requirement

Component 3Requirement

Process 1Requirement

Process 2Requirement

CustomerEnvironment

ProductDevelopment Team

Environment

CrystalBall

16

Physical Modeling…• Physical Models—Materials, Aerodynamics,

Kinematics, Thermal, Hydraulics, Electrical,…(ANSYS, NASTRAN, CAE ROSE, ADAMS, Easy5,… )

• Human factors (Jack, FactorySim,…)

Aerodynamics

Stress

Jack

Thermodynamics

Hydraulics

17

‘ility’ Modeling…• Environmental—EMI/EMC, Acoustics,

Weather,…• Reliability—Hazards, FMEA, Faults,...

(MADE, ARM, @Risk,…)• Attribute modeling– Cost, Noise, MPG,…