Post on 11-Dec-2016
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Translation is the solution in understanding the books or other materials or
even the conferences as the supporting sources for the development of technology
and science which are very important for all the people in the world. Many books
and materials about technology and science are published; therefore it should be
learned and understood by the people. Also, many meetings or conferences held in
order to share the development of technology and science among the countries in
the world. However, many of those books and materials are published in foreign
language, also, many meetings or conference are using foreign language which
cannot be understood by the people who do not use that language as the means of
communication in their daily life. Therefore, it is the role of translation to
translate those books or materials and the conferences into the language which can
be understood by the readers or participants, in this case is the Indonesian people
with Bahasa Indonesia as the national language.
Translation is a target text written as a result of the translator’s
comprehension of source text. However, as Nida states that since no two
languages are identical, either in the meanings given to corresponding symbols or
in the ways in which such symbols are arranged in phrases and sentences, it stands
to reason that there can be no absolute correspondence between languages (in
Venuti, 2000). Besides, Barnwell (1983) also states that a good translation should
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be accurate, clear and natural so it does not sound foreign. Therefore, to get a
good translation, translator should master in both source and target language.
There are competencies should be possessed by translator, they are language
competence, textual competence, subject competence, cultural competence, and
transfer competence.
There are also some factors should be considered by the translator in order
to produce a good translation product. As Nababan (1999) states that there are two
important factors in translation, they are linguistics factor that cover words,
phrases, clauses and sentences; and non-linguistics factor that cover the cultural
knowledge on both source and target language culture.
Every language in the world has its own characteristics. Therefore, when
the source language and the target language are widely different in structure and
cultural background, there cannot be an exact equivalent transfer of the source
language into the target language. To overcome the differences in characteristics
of these languages, translators are required to understand the structure of both the
source and target languages. It can be said that translation is a complicated
process encompassing both linguistic and non-linguistic problems. One aspect of
the linguistic problems to be mastered by a translator is the structure, meaning the
sequence of linguistic units that have relationship to each other. A translator who
translates English text into Indonesian has to be competent in mastering both
English and Indonesian language structure. It will make them capable in grasping
the meaning embedded in the text accurately, and will allow them to transfer the
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same meaning correctly and appropriately using the suitable structure in the target
language.
Both English and Indonesian are different from each other both in their
phonological and grammatical aspects. As Nida (1974) states that each language
possesses certain distinctive characteristics which give it a special character, e.g.
words, building capacities, unique patterns of phrase orders, techniques for
linking clauses into sentences, discourse markers and special discourse types such
as poetry, proverbs and expressions.
This study tries to find out the shifts in form and meaning in the
Indonesian translation of English noun phrases. This is because the core of
equivalence and shifts are in the form and meaning. In equivalence and shift, the
meaning is more important than the form. Besides, equivalence focuses to cases
where languages describe the same situation by different structure. As Vinay and
Dalbernet (cited in Munday, 2001) states that equivalence refers to cases where
languages describe the same situation by the different stylistic or structural means.
Whereas, when the form in source language has a new form or different form
from the target language, it is called shifts. As Catford (1965) states that ‘shifts’ is
departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the
TL. The reason why this topic is interesting to be discussed because as we know
that noun phrases exist in every sentence of language, especially in English as the
source language of this research. However, many of us are still confused in
differentiating the word order in head words of the English and Indonesian noun
phrases. It is because the English and Indonesian head words are not the same. In
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Indonesian noun phrases, the head word is head – initial position, while in English
the head word is head – final position. Therefore, the core of the phrase is head
word, which is used to determine the meaning and the word class.
1.2 Problems of Study
From the background above, there are some problems of interest to be
discussed in this study. The problems under concern are as follows:
1. What types of shifts in translation of NP can be found in the novel The
Twilight-New Moon into Indonesian?
2. Why do the shifts in translation of NP occur in the novel The Twilight-New
Moon into Indonesian?
3. Why do the loss and gain of information occur in the translation of English
noun phrase into Indonesian in the novel The Twilight: New Moon?
1. 3 Aims of the study
The aims of the study are divided into general and specific aims.
1.3.1 General Aims
Generally, this study has an aim to improve our knowledge in translation,
to apply the theories and concepts of translation by conducting a research. This
study discusses about the shift in translation which occurs when the English Noun
phrases are translated into Indonesian in which it can also involve loss and gain of
information in the translation. Noun Phrase comes from two of words, noun, and
phrase. A noun phrase is either a pronoun or any group of words that can be
replaced by a pronoun.
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1.3.2 Specific Aims
With regards to the problems of study, specifically, this study is aimed at:
1. To find out the types of shifts occur in the translation of English
Noun Phrases into Indonesian by referring to the x-bar theory.
2. To analyze and describe about the reason why shifts occur in the
translation of English Noun Phrases into Indonesian.
3. To analyze why the loss and gain of information occur in
translation of the English noun phrase into Indonesian.
1. 4 Significance of the Study
Theoretically, the significance of this study is to give contribution to the
development of linguistic studies, especially for the translation study about some
insights of the possible translation of English noun phrase into Indonesian and at
once to see the occurrence of shift and also loss and gain of information in the
translation. Therefore the clearest translation can be done by the translator.
Then, in practical significance, hopefully, the result of this research can
be used as a reference in the process of translating the English noun phrase into
Indonesian. Also, it is hoped that this research can be used as framework for
translating English text into Indonesian, especially the noun phrase.
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1.5 Scope of the study
With regards to the problems and aims of the study, the scope of study can
be specified as follows:
1. Noun phrase is an important component in the text, however the
translation, especially from English into Indonesian sometimes confuse the
readers or translators. Therefore, this study discusses the form varieties of
the English noun phrase when it is translated into Indonesian.
2. The x-bar theory proposed by Radford (1988) is used in analyzing the
English noun phrase and also the Indonesian translation in order to show
the clear diagram about the construction of the English noun phrase and its
translation.
3. This study is concerned with the shift that may occur in the process of
translation. Therefore, the theory of Catford (1965) about shift in
translation is used.
4. The theory of loss and gain of information and skewing proposed by Nida
(1975) is also used to address the process of translation.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS, THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL
2.1 Literature Review
There are some research related to this topic of study which also discussed
about noun phrase and shift which occur in the translation studies. Therefore we
need to do the literature review in order to know how the other researchers
analyze the topic, so that we can avoid the possibility of duplication. There are
some theses and journal related to this topic are reviewed.
Dianasari in her thesis (2008) ’Translation Variation of English Noun
Phrase in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Novel The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
and its translation Petualangan Sherlock Holmes’ classifies the translation
variation of English noun phrase, finding the most frequently translation variation
meaning of English noun phrase, describing the appropriateness of translation
English Indonesian noun phrase, and the pattern of English noun phrase. The
result shows that there are 8 types of translation variation meaning of English
noun phrase, namely: English noun phrase is translated into noun, noun phrase,
noun clause, adjective, adjective phrase, verb, verb phrase, and adverb phrase.
Andini (2007) in her research entitled “Translation Shift Found in the
Novel No Greater Love by Danielle Steel” discusses about the types of shift and
equivalence occurs from the data collected from the source. She concludes that
there are structural and class shift occur in the translation. However, the shifts do
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not change the meaning. They can be understood by the reader. Andini’s research
is the same with this study in which both discuss about the shifts in the translation.
However, the difference is this study is just focused on the shifts of noun phrase in
the translation.
Kristanto (2007) in his thesis entitled “Frasa Nomina Dalam Bahasa
Inggris dan Bahasa Indonesia” aims at explaining the uniqueness of English noun
phrase. From his analysis, it is known that the phrase is mainly composed of
premodifier, headword, and post modifier. The uniqueness in word order of the
English NP is due to the change in the word order. The thesis is about the form of
English and Indonesian nominal group construction. It is not talking about the
translation of nominal group construction between English into Indonesian or vice
versa, therefore Kristanto’s research is different from this study.
Sukarini (2005) in her thesis entitled “The Structural Shift of Noun Phrase
in the Process of English-Indonesian Translation in the Novel A Perfect Stranger”
concerns about translation field, which especially discusses about the structural
shift of noun phrase and also the principle of loss and gain of information which is
common in transferring meaning from one language to another. This study
concludes that structure shift occurs mostly in the process of transferring the
meaning of noun phrase (NP) from a Source Language (SL) text into a Target
Language (TL) text. It also concludes that the occurrence of the additional
information and loss of information in translation caused by the differences of the
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structure as well as the culture of both source language and target language. Loss
and gain of information are done in order to make the translation natural.
Al-Zoubi and Al-Hassanawi (2001) in the translation journal entitled
“Constructing a Model for Shift Analysis in Translation” explain about the
various types of shifts in translation at various levels of linguistic and
paralinguistic description. They conclude that the phenomenon of shift should be
redefined positively as the consequence of the translator’s effort to establish
translation equivalence (TE) between two different language-systems: that of the
SL and that of the TL. Psychologically, the occurrence of these shifts reflects the
translator's awareness of the linguistic and non-linguistic discrepancies between
the SL and TL. In this sense, shifts can be defined as problem-solving strategies
adopted consciously to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a
text from one language into another. Translation proper is concerned with the
transfer of meaning; the analysis of shifts in translation should take into account
the non-linguistic factors—in addition to the linguistic ones—so as to achieve a
comprehensive analysis of these shifts. They also states that the distinction
between various types of shifts at various levels necessitates the distinction
between various types of equivalence in translation and the distinction between
micro-level and macro-level shifts is compatible with the distinction between
various types of translation. The same distinction is also compatible with the
distinction between various units of translation.
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2.2 Concepts
In conducting this research, there are some concepts that have to be
considered such as premodifications and other notions related to the problem
discussed in this thesis. The concepts are based on several ideas from some
experts in the field of translation and linguistics.
2.2.1 The x-bar theory
There are nominal constituents larger than the Noun but smaller than a full
Noun Phrase, verbal constituents larger than the Verb, but smaller than a full Verb
Phrase, adjectival constituents larger than the Adjective but smaller than a full
Adjectival phrase…and so on (Radford, 1988). With regards to the noun phrase, it
can be recognized that there are only two types of nominal constituent, namely N
and NP; it has no label for a constituent ‘intermediate’ between the two.
Therefore, it is stated that there is an intermediate type of nominal constituent
(namely N-bar) which is larger than N but smaller than NP. Thus, it is posited that
there are three types of nominal constituent in English, namely N, N-bar, and N-
double bar (NP) (Radford, 1988). Or, it can be also recognized the three
categorical levels of nominal constituent: the word level category, Noun as the N;
the phrase level category, NP as the N-double bar ( N” ); and the constituent
between the two as N-bar ( N’ ).
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2.2.2 Translation Shifts
When the form in source language has a new form or different form from
target language, it is called shift. According to Catford (1965),‘Shifts’ departures
from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL.
2.2.3 Noun phrase
A phrase is a projection of its head. Radford (1988) defines Noun Phrase
as meaning phrase containing a head Noun. A noun phrase is either a pronoun or
any group of words that can be replaced by a pronoun.
2.2.4 Loss and Gain of Information
There is no exact equivalent in language. Therefore translator can adopt
many ways in order to translate the text in source language text into the target
language text in a very natural way. However, the phenomena of loss and gain of
information in the process of translating is something that very common. As Nida
(1975) states: “Formal equivalent focuses attention on the message itself, in both
form and content. In such a translation, one is concerned with the message in the
receptor language that it should match as closely possible with different elements
in the source language. This means that the message in the receptor culture is
constantly compared with the messages in the source culture to determine the
standard of accuracy and correctness”. Therefore, in the process of translation, the
translator may add some information with the hope that it does not contradict the
message of the sentence.
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2.3 Theoritical Framework
2.3.1 Translation
Hatim and Munday (2004) said that “translation is a phenomenon that has
a huge effect on everyday life.” The first of these two senses relates to translation
as a process, the second to the product. The first sense focuses on the role of the
translator in taking the original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in
another language (the target text, TT). The second sense centers on the concrete
translation the product produced by the translator. Machali (2000) noted that
“translation as an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a
text in one language for a text in another”. Larson (1998) stated that “translation is
basically a change of form. In translation, the form of the source language is
replaced by the form of receptor (target) language”. It can be concluded that
translation is a process of transferring the meaning of the source language into the
target language.
2.3.2 Types of Translation
Larson (1998) divided translation into two types, they are:
1. Literal translation is a form-based translation attempting to follow the
form of the source language. For example:
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Source Language Text Target Language Text
Look, little guy, you-all shouldn’t
be doing that.
Lihat, anak kecil, kamu semua
seharusnya tidak berbuat seperti
itu.
2. Idiomatic translation is a meaning-based translation that makes every
effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the
natural form of the receptor language. For example:
Source Language Text Target language Text
Tell me, I am not in a cage now. Ayo, berilah aku semangat bahwa
aku orang bebas.
2.3.3 Equivalence
Vinay and Darbelnet (as cited in Munday, 2001) stated that “equivalence
refers to cases where languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or
structural means”. Catford (as cited in Hatim and Munday) wrote texts in different
languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent), in
respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of
semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc), and at different ranks (word-for-word,
phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence).Baker (1998) used the notion of
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equivalence for the sake of convenience because most translators use it rather than
because it has any theoretical statements. Thus equivalence is variously regarded
as a necessary condition for translations, an obstacle to a progress in translation
studies, or a useful category for describing translation. She also added that
proponent of equivalence as the relationship between a source text (ST) and a
target text (TT). That’s allowed the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST
in the first place.
2.3.4 Types of Equivalence
Catford’s model of equivalence (1965) said:
1. Formal correspondence is any TL category (unit, class, element of
structure, etc) which can be said to occupy as nearly as possible the
“same” place in the “economy of the TL as the given SL category
occupies in the SL. For example: translating a noun by a noun.
Source Language Text Target language Text
Old man Laki – laki tua
2. Textual Equivalence is any TL text or portion of text which is
observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given SL
text or portion of text. For example: translating nominal by a verb.
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Source Language Text Target Language Text
We had a very long talk . Kami berbicara lama sekali
.
2.3.5 Shift in translation
Catford (1965) defines ‘shifts’ as departures from formal correspondence
in the process of going from the Source Language to the Target Language
There are two kinds of translation shifts:
2.3.5.1 Level shift
This is a shift of level. By level shift, it is meant that a source language
item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a
different level. As pointed by Catford, it may occur because the translation
between these levels of phonology and graphology – or between these levels and
the levels of phonology and graphology – or between these levels and the levels of
grammar and lexis – is impossible. Translation between these levels is absolutely
ruled out by the theory, which posits ‘relationship to the same substance’ as the
necessary condition of translation equivalence. Then, with shifts from grammar to
lexis or vice versa as the only possible level shifts in translation; and such shifts
are, of course, quite common. For example:
Source language Target language
She is eating Dia sedang makan
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In this translation, there is a shift from grammar to lexis in which the patterns to
be +v-ing (grammar) in the source language text is translated into lexicon sedang
in the target language text.
2.3.5.2 Category shift
Catford refers it to the unbounded and rank-bound translation. The first
being approximately ‘normal’ or ‘free’ translation in which SL-TL equivalences
are set up at whatever rank is appropriate. Usually, but not always, there is
sentence – sentence equivalent, but in the course of a text, equivalences may shift
up and down the rank scale, often being established at rank lower than the
sentence. Rank – bound translation is used only to refer to those special cases
where equivalence is deliberately limited to ranks below the sentence, thus
leading to ‘bad translation’ that is translation in which the TL text is either not a
normal TL form at all, or is not relatable to the same situational substance as the
SL text. However, it is clearly meaningless to talk about category shift unless we
assume some degree of formal correspondence between SL and TL.
i. Structure shift
This is amongst the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in translation: they
occur in phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation.
For example:
Source language Text Target language Text
Old man Laki – laki tua
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Old man in the source language text is constructed of modifier (old) + head (man),
meanwhile in the target language it becomes laki – laki tua which is constructed
of head (laki – laki) + modifier (tua).
ii. Class Shift
For this term, Catford is following Halliday’s definition on class. Class is defined
as that grouping of in the structure of the unit next above. Class shift occurs when
the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the
original item. Because of the logical dependence of class on structure, it is clear
that structure shifts usually entails class shifts, though this may be demonstratable
only at a secondary degree of delicacy. For example:
Source Language Text Target Language Text
Medical student Mahasiswa kedokteran
In this example, medical in the source language text is an adjective, meanwhile
kedokteran in the target language text is a noun.
iii. Unit Shift
This kind of shift involves change in rank. It departs from formal correspondence
in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is the unit at a
different rank in the TL. For example: a phrase into a clause.
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Source language Text Target language Text
The girl buying ice cream Gadis yang membeli es krim
iv. Intra system shift
The terms intra-system shift is used for those case where the shift occurs
internally, within a system; that is, for those cases where SL and TL posses
systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but
when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system.
For example:
Source language text Target language text
Trousers Celana
Trousers in the source language text is a plural form. It is translated into celana in
the target language text in a singular form.
2.3.6 Noun Phrase
Part of speech in English grammar consists of noun, adjective, verb, and
adverb. The noun phrase is a quintessential part of every sentence, it is potentially
infinite in length, and it can include any number of other phrases (e.g. noun,
adjective, and adverb) within its structure. Noun Phrase comes from two of words,
noun, and phrase. Some of experts give the similar definition of noun. Sanford
(1997) stated that noun is a word or group of words used to name someone or
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something. According to Gleason (1965), a noun is a name of a person, place, or
thing. Some recently proposed definitions have been in terms of inflection: a noun
is a word, which forms a plural by adding –s or the equivalent. Whereas a phrase
is a group of related words used as a single part of speech. In different definition
phrase is an expression forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence but not
containing a finite verb (WordReference.com). Nominal group and noun phrase
are synonymous term found in different Grammars: systematic grammars favoring
the former, for instance and traditionally native grammar the latter. They refer to a
structure, which has a noun (nominal), or pronoun as a head, with or without
modifier. According to Cook and Sutter (1980: 35), a noun is a grammatical class
consisting of a noun or pronoun and any immediate modifiers (the term modifiers
refer to any grammatical element, which limits the meaning of some others,
elements).
Noun phrases are any group of words, which consist of head and modifier.
Head here consists of noun itself, pronoun, and sometime adjective. Whereas
modifiers consist of two modifiers, they are premodifier and post-modifier. Pre-
modifier includes noun, adjective, adjective phrase, participle –ed and –ing. Post-
modifier includes prepositional phrase, relative clause non-finite clause (-ing
clause, -ed clause and infinitive clause) and complementation. Noun phrases are
traditionally thought of as consisting minimally of a head noun, together with any
number of noun phrases modifier, they are determiners, quantifiers and quantifiers
phrases, adjective and adjectives phrases, noun and noun phrases, ad position and
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ad position phrases and clause (Brown & Miller, 1999). There are not only pre-
modifier and post-modifier but also there is determiner in forming noun phrase.
According to Howard Jackson in Grammar and Meaning (1990), Nouns
can be defined as participants which are explained as the person, other animate
beings and the things (both concrete and abstract) that are involved in the state,
event or action. There are two broad types of specification that participants may
have:
1. Identification which provides a means of identifying which and what
general type of participant is being referred to and of keeping track of
a participant through text.
2. Classification and description which provide means of making specific
the type of participant being talked and of giving information about a
participant’s characteristics or features.
The identification of participants in terms of reference, possession and
quantity is realized grammatically by a set of items, called determinatives, which
accompany nouns. The class of determinatives is quite restricted, and is made up
of 4 subclasses. They are: articles (a, an, the), demonstratives (this, these, that,
those), possessives (my, our, your, etc.), and quantifiers (one, first, all, any, no,
etc.). Meanwhile, the class of items which realize meaning associated with the
classification and description of participants are called modifiers. Modifier relates
to nouns. There are some types of modifier: adjectives (long, warmer, extremely,
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quite, etc.), participles (as in retreating legs), noun modifiers (as in metal box),
and relative clauses.
This study will be focus on the classification by Howard Jackson above
and will also be supported by the theory of Radford (1988) in Transformational
Grammar. Radford (1988) states that there are two levels of categories in natural
language, namely:
1. Word-level categories
(N=noun, V=Verb, A=adjective, P=preposition, ADV=adverb, M=modal,
D=determiner, etc.)
2. Phrase-level categories
(NP=noun phrase, VP=verb phrase, AP= Adjectival phrase,
PP=prepositional phrase, ADVP=adverbial phrase, etc.)
Based on the levels stated above, it can be recognized that there are only
two types of nominal constituent, namely N and NP; it has no label for a
constituent ‘intermediate’ between the two. However, there are some systems
label successively larger phrasal expansions of a given head constituent. One of
them is called the bar notation (X-bar theory) which has been introduced in
Chomsky’s (1970) ‘Remarks on Nominalisation’ paper (Radford, 1988). By the
system, it can be understood that there is an intermediate type of nominal
constituent (namely N-bar) which is larger than N but smaller than NP. Thus, it is
posited that there are three types of nominal constituent in English, namely N, N-
bar, and N-double bar (NP) (Radford, 1988). Or, it can be also recognized the
three categorical levels of nominal constituent: the word level category, Noun as
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the N; the phrase level category, NP as the N-double bar ( N” ); and the
constituent between the two as N-bar ( N’ ). As the example: the student of
university. In this example, the notation would have the structure:
N”
D N’
N PP
The students of university
From the example, we can see that the noun students is an N, the nominal phrase
students of university is a single phrasal expansion of students, therefore is an N’
(N-bar) and the full NP (the students of university) is a double phrasal expansion
of the head noun students, therefore it is an N” (N-double bar).
2.3.7 Loss and Gain of Information
The concept of loss and gain is proposed by Nida (1975) who states that a
translator should have good knowledge of the languages and of the cultures of
both languages. The linguistic knowledge that should be mastered includes
morphology, lexis, syntax and semantics, while cultural knowledge should be
sufficiently possessed as the background of the user of these languages. As a
matter of fact, it is very difficult to find the lexical equivalent between TL culture
and SL culture since they are very different from one another. The lexical
meaning of the two languages will not exactly be the same. There tends to be loss,
gain and skewing of information.
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1. Loss of information
The translation of items in the SL does not explain the whole information
in the TL or is not translated or transferred into the TL. For example:
Source language Text Target language Taxt
He is six foot four and weights over
200 pounds Dia bertubuh jangkung dan tegap
2. Gain or addition of information
The translation of items in the source language into target language is with
addition of extra information. For example:
Source Language Text Target language Text
I am utterly crushed, like an ant
Aku dipermalukan dan dilumatkan
hingga hancur lebur tak berbentuk,
seperti semut yang gepeng terinjak
– injak
3. Skewing of information
The translation of items from the source language is not the exact
equivalence in the target language.
Source language Text Target language Text
Take a bath Mandi
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2.3.8 Research Model
The research model will give the model of research in chart shape to show
the relation of topic, problems, theoretical framework and also the result of the
analysis.
The x-bar theory used in analyzing the translation shift of the English noun phrases into Indonesian with reference to The Twilight: New moon
Close Reading Note Taking Comparing
Indonesian translation
X-bar diagram (Radford, 1988)
Analysis
Noun Phrase Non-Noun Phrase
Shift Loss & Gain of Information (Catford, 1965) (Nida, 1975)
Result
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This study is a library research, therefore the process of this study begins from
finding out the English Noun phrase in the novel The Twilight Saga: New Moon
written by Stephanie Meyer by the method of close reading . After the noun
phrases founded there, the process will be moved into the note taking method in
order to make the lists of English noun phrase founded. And then, the Indonesian
translation of those English noun phrases are listed and the process continue to the
specification of the components of the English noun phrases compared to the
Indonesian translation by using the x-bar diagram proposed by Andrew Radford
(1988). After that, the analysis begins from dividing the data if the translation
becomes noun phrase or non-noun phrase in the target language text. Next step is
by finding the occurrence of shifts in those translations of English noun phrase
regarding to the x-bar diagram. Then the types of shifts occur can be explained by
using the theory proposed by Catford (1965). Also, the loss and gain of
information can be shown and analyzed. The analysis of loss and gain of
information uses the theory proposed by Nida (1975). And finally, from those all
analysis, the result of the study can be founded and formulated.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
Research method signifies the method which is applied by the researcher
in implementing the research (Sudaryanto, 1993). The research method in this
study will be focused on some aspects, namely: research approach, data source,
method and technique of collecting data, method and technique of analyzing data,
and method and technique of presenting the analysis.
3.1 Research Approach
This study applies the qualitative approach in which the data was analyzed
by explaining descriptively. The analysis firstly shows the x-bar diagram in order
to specify the phrase constitution and then explain if there was any shift in
translation occurred or even the loss and gain of information occurred in the
translation of the data. Bodgan and Biklen (1992) states that this kind of research
belongs to qualitative research which is characterized by observation and
description in forms of words or sentences.
3.2 Data Source
The data of this study were collected from the sentences or clauses which
contain the noun phrases in the novel The Twilight Saga: New Moon by Stephanie
Meyer and its translation into Indonesian which entitled Dua Cinta by Monica
Dwi Chresnayani. The reason why this novel is chosen to be analyzed was that
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this novel are a new best seller book and has just made as a movie and it was a
successful movie in many countries. In this translation, can be found how the
theory of translations such as shift in translation, loss and gain of information
influence the transfer of meaning from the English noun phrase into Indonesian as
the target language.
3.3 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
The data was collected through some steps:
a. close reading, because this study is a library research. This was done in
order to find out the occurrence of the English noun phrase occur in the
novel The Twilight Saga:New Moon by Stephanie Meyer.
b. note taking the occurrence of Noun Phrases in the source language text.
c. finding out the translation of the English noun phrase in the Dua Cinta by
Monica Dwi Chresnayani as the Indonesian translation which was used as
the target language.
d. comparing the source language and the target language.
3.4 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
The data was focused on the noun phrase in the novel. The sentences or
clauses which contain the noun phrases were underlined such a way to identify it.
After that, the noun phrases found in the source text will be compared with the
translation in the target text and analyzed if the shifts occur. If it was so, then it
was described why the shifts in translation occurred. The analysis about shifts in
28
this study used Catford’s theory in his book entitled A Linguistic Theory of
Translation (1965). In order to make the description of noun phrase and the shift
occur in the translation were clear enough; this study used the tree diagram of
syntactic structure proposed by Andrew Radford (1988) which provided a visual
representation of the categorical constituent structure of the phrase structure of
sentence. The analysis was analyzed more clearly by the theory of X-bar in
Radford’s book Transformational Grammar (1988).
3.5 Method of Presenting the Analysis
This study belongs to the qualitative research, therefore it was presented in
the form of description in both English as the source language and Indonesian as
the target language. The data of noun phrases in English was presented by using
the tree diagram of syntactic structure proposed by Andrew Radford in his book
entitled Transformational Grammar (1988), in order to analyze the noun phrase
occur in the source text. Then, it was also compared with syntactic structure of
noun phrases in Indonesian as their translation. From the syntactic structure, it
was known whether the shifts in translation occur or not. The analysis was
presented in descriptive form.
29
CHAPTER IV
THE X-BAR THEORY USED IN ANALYSING THE TRANSLATION SHIFT OF THE ENGLISH NOUN PHRASES INTO INDONESIAN WITH
REFERENCE TO THE TWILIGHT: NEW MOON
As has been stated in the previous chapter that ‘shifts’ is departures from
formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL (Catford,
1965). Shifts occur when the source language text is translated into different
grammatical or phonological form in the target language text. Catford (1965)
states that there are two major types of ‘shift’: level shifts and category shifts.
Category shift itself consists of structure shift, class shift, unit shift and intra-
system shift. This study is concerned with the translation shift analysis of the
English noun phrase into Indonesian. And also analyze the concept of loss and
gain proposed by Nida (1975) who states that a translator should have a good
knowledge of the languages and of the cultures of both languages, the source
language and the target language.
The data are presented both in source language text and the target
language text. To make the clear analysis, this study uses the x-bar theory
proposed by Radford (1988) about x-bar diagram. Then the data is analyzed
based on the theory of Catford (1965) about shift and also Nida (1975) about the
loss and gain of information.
30
4.1 NP translated into NP
Data 1
SLT: Get some fresh air(page 32)
TLT: Pergilah dan hirup udara segar (page 46)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ N A
A N
Some fresh air udara segar
From the x-bar diagram above, we know that the noun phrase in the source
language text some fresh air has the constitution of determiner (some) + noun
phrase/N’ (fresh air). The noun phrase/N’ is then constituted out of adjective
(fresh) + noun/N (air). In the target language text, it is also in the form of noun
phrase which has the constitution of noun (udara) + adjective (segar). Therefore
we know that loss of information occurs in this translation in which the
determiner some in the source language text is not translated. The loss of
information here is happened because though some in the source language can
have the meaning of beberapa or sedikit in the target language, in this translation
31
it does not needed to be translated. Udara in the target language is an uncountable
noun which does not need to be completed by any determiner to make it clear and
understood by the reader. And, though the noun phrase in the source language text
is also translated into noun phrase, the shift in translation also occurs in this data.
This is shown by the translation of fresh air into udara segar. The phrase is
shifted from modifier (adjective, fresh) + head (noun, air) in source language text
into head (noun, udara) + modifier (adjective, segar). According to the theory of
Catford, this type of translation shift is called a structure shift. It occurs due to the
linguistic differences between Indonesian and English. The structure of noun
phrase in English is usually constructed in the form of modifier + head,
meanwhile in Indonesian, it is constructed in the form of head + modifier.
Data 2
SLT: Carlisle put all the dirty gauze into an empty crystal bowl (page 36)
TLT: Charlie meletakkan semua kasa kotor ke dalam mangkuk kristal kosong
(page 50)
This data has two noun phrases which can be analyzed. They are:
a. all the dirty gauze translated into semua kasa kotor
b. an empty crystal bowl translated into mangkuk kristal kosong
32
a. All the dirty gauze translated into semua kasa kotor
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ D N’
D N’ N A
A N
All the dirty gauze Semua kasa kotor
According to the x-bar diagram above, the noun phrase all the dirty gauze in the
source language text has the constitution of determiner (all) + noun phrase/N’ (the
dirty gauze) which then constituted out of determiner (the) and noun phrase (dirty
gauze). The noun phrase dirty gauze is then constituted out of adjective (dirty) +
noun (gauze). This noun phrase in the source language text is then also translated
into noun phrase in the target language text which has the constitution of
determiner (semua) + noun phrase/N’ (kasa kotor). The noun phrase/N’ then is
constituted out of the noun (kasa) + adjective (kotor). Therefore we can conclude
that a loss of information occurs in this translation in which the determiner (the) is
not translated in the target language. This is happened because though the in the
33
source language can be translated into itu or ini in the target language, in this data,
the determiner the does not needed to be added. It is already understood enough
by the reader. Also, from the x-bar diagram above, it can be seen that the shift in
translation namely the structure shift occurs in this data. Although the noun phrase
in the source language text is also translated into noun phrase, shift in translation
can be shown by the translation of dirty gauze into kasa kotor. The phrase is
shifted from modifier (adjective, dirty) + head (noun, gauze) into head (noun,
kasa) + modifier (adjective, kotor). This structure shift occurs due to the different
linguistic system between English and Indonesian, in which English uses the form
of modifier + head, meanwhile Indonesian uses the form of head + modifier.
b. An empty crystal bowl translated into mangkuk kristal kosong
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ N’ A
A N’ N A
A N
An empty crystal bowl mangkuk kristal kosong
34
As can be seen in the x-bar diagram above, the noun phrase an empty crystal bowl
in the source language text has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun
phrase/N’ (empty crystal bowl) in which the N’ is then constituted out of the
adjective (empty) + noun phrase/N’ (crystal bowl). And finally, the N’ crystal
bowl is constituted out of the adjective (crystal) + noun (bowl). Meanwhile in the
target language text which is also a noun phrase, it has the constitution of noun
phrase/N’ (mangkuk kristal) + adjective (kosong). Then, the noun phrase/N’ is
constituted out of the noun/N (mangkuk) + adjective (kristal). The determiner an
in the source language text is not translated in the target language text. Therefore,
we can conclude that the loss of information occurs in this data. Although the
determiner an has the meaning of satu or sebuah or etc (depends on the noun
follows it), the translator chose not to translate it, because the translation is
already clear and understood enough by the reader without any translation of the
determiner an. Also, the shift in translation occurs in this data. It can be seen from
the translation of crystal bowl which is constructed by modifier (adjective,
crystal) + head (noun, bowl) into head (noun, mangkuk) + modifier (adjective,
crystal). According to the theory of Catford, this type of shift is called the
structure shift which occurs due to the different linguistic system between English
and Indonesian, in which the English noun phrase is usually constructed by
modifier + head, meanwhile the Indonesian noun phrase is constructed by head +
modifier.
35
Data 3
SLT: The long white bandage on my arm didn’t look nearly as serious when I
was no longer spattered in gore (page 42)
TLT: Perban putih panjang di lenganku tidak tampak terlalu serius setelah aku
tidak lagi memakai baju yang belepotan bercak darah (page 57)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ N’ A
A N’ N A
A N
The long white bandage Perban putih panjang
From the x-bar diagram above, we know that the NP in the source language text is
translated into NP in the target language text. NP the long white bandage has the
constitution of determiner (the) + noun phrase/N’ (long white bandage). The
NP/N’ is then constituted out of the adjective (long) + NP/N’ (white bandage).
And finally, the NP/N’ white bandage is constituted out of the adjective (white) +
N (bandage). Meanwhile in the target language text, the NP perban putih panjang
36
has the constitution of NP/N’ (perban putih) + adjective (panjang). And the
NP/N’ is then constituted out of the N (perban) + adjective (putih). Therefore, we
know that a loss of information occurs in this data. The determiner the in the
source language text is not translated. It is actually can be translated into ini / itu
in the target language. However, the translator prefers not to translate it maybe
because the translation is already clear enough. The translation shift also occurs
here, in which the phrase is shifted from modifier (long, white) + head (bandage)
into head (perban) + modifier (putih, panjang). According to the theory of
Catford, this belongs to the type of structure shift in translation. Again, this shift
in translation occurs because of the linguistic differences between English and
Indonesia. English noun phrase is usually constructed of modifier + head,
meanwhile in Indonesian it is constructed of head +modifier.
Data 4
SLT: It was a silly premonition—what could be worse than today? (page 52)
TLT: Firasat konyol—kejadian apa yang lebih buruk daripada hari ini tadi?
(page 67)
37
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ N A
A N
A silly premonition firasat konyol
As can be seen from the x-bar diagram above, the noun phrase/N” a silly
premonition in the source language text has the constitution of determiner (a) +
noun phrase/N’ (silly premonition). The noun phrase/N’ is then constituted out of
the adjective (silly) + noun (premonition). Meanwhile in the target language text,
the noun phrase has the constitution of noun (firasat) + adjective (konyol).
Therefore we know that a loss of information is happened in this translation in
which the determiner (a) in the source language text is not translated. The
determiner a can have the meaning of satu/ sebuah/ seorang, etc in the target
language. However, the translator does not translate this determiner because
without it, the translation has already clear. The translation shift also occurs in the
process of translating in which the phrase silly premonition into firasat konyol is
shifted from modifier (adjective, silly) + head (noun, premonition) into head
(noun, firasat) + modifier (adjective, konyol). Referring to the theory of Catford,
38
this type of shift is called structure shift. This is happened because the linguistic
system of the source language and the target language is different.
Data 5
SLT: I touched the scrapbook again, flipping the front cover over. (page 59)
TLT: Aku menyentuh album itu lagi, membalikkan sampul depannya. (page 75)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N N D
The scrapbook album itu
The x-bar diagram above shows that the noun phrase in the source language text is
translated into noun phrase in the target language text. However, in source
language text, the noun phrase has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun
(scrapbook). Meanwhile the noun phrase in the target language text has the
constitution of noun (album) + determiner (itu). Therefore, it can be concluded
that no loss or gain of information occurs in the translation of noun phrase the
scrapbook into album itu, because all the elements of the source language text is
translated into the target language text. However, referring to the theory of
Catford, there is the occurrence of shift in the process of translating the source
39
language text into the target language text which is called the structure shift. It can
be seen from the translation of the scrapbook into album itu which is shifted from
modifier (determiner, the) + head (noun, scrapbook) into head (noun, album) +
modifier (determiner, itu). This type of shift occurs due to the different linguistic
system between English as the source language text and Indonesia as the target
language text. English noun phrases use the system of modifier + head,
meanwhile Indonesian noun phrases use the system of head + modifier.
Data 6
SLT: The tall dark man named Sam was holding the door for Charlie, one arm
extended toward us, as he was preparing to catch me when Charlie’s arms
failed (page 77)
TLT: Lelaki gelap jangkung bernama Sam memegangi pintu untuk Charlie,
sebelah tangan terulur kea arah kami, seolah – olah bersiap –siap
menangkapku bila lengan Charlie tak kuat lagi membopongku. (page 94)
40
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ N’ A
A N’ N A
A N
The tall dark man Lelaki gelap jangkung
It can be seen above that the noun phrase in the souce language text is also
translated into noun phrase in the target language text. The noun phrase of the
source language text has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun phrase/N’
(tall dark man). Then, the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the adjective (tall)
+ noun phrase /N’ (dark man). The noun phrase/N’ is then constituted out of the
adjective (dark) + noun (man). Meanwhile in the target language text, the noun
phrase has the constitution of noun phrase/N’ (lelaki gelap) + adjective
(jangkung) in which the noun phrase/N’ is then constituted of the noun (lelaki) +
(gelap). Therefore we know that loss of information occurs in this translation in
which the determiner the that actually can be translated into itu/ini in the target
language, is not translated. This loss of information occurs because in Indonesian
as the target language, the translation of this determiner does not needed
Translation shift also occurs in this translation in which the phrase is shifted from
41
modifier (adjective, tall dark) + head (noun, man) into head (noun, lelaki) +
modifier (adjective, gelap jangkung). According to the theory proposed by
Catford, this type of translation is called structure shift which occurs because of
the different linguistic system of noun phrase construction between Indonesian
and English.
Data 7
SLT: I felt the smooth wooden floor beneath my knees (page 84)
TLT: Aku merasakan lantai kayu halus di bawah lututku (page 101)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ N’ A
A N’ N N
A N
The smooth wooden floor Lantai kayu halus
The x-bar diagram above shows that the noun phrase in the source language text
has the constitution of determiner (the)+ noun phrase (smooth wooden floor) in
42
which the noun phrase then is constituted out of the adjective (smooth) + other
noun phrase (wooden floor). The noun phrase wooden floor is constituted out of
the adjective (wooden) + noun (floor). Also, it can be seen that the noun phrase in
the source language text is translated into noun phrase in the target language text.
In the target language text, the noun phrase/N” has the constitution of noun
phrase/N’ (lantai kayu) + adjective (halus). And the noun phrase/N’ is constituted
out of the noun (lantai) + noun (kayu). Therefore, we know that there is loss of
information in the translation from the source language text into the target
language text in which the determiner the is not translated. There is also an
occurrence of shift which can be seen from the translation of smooth wooden floor
into lantai kayu halus. The phrase is shifted from modifier (adjective, smooth) +
head (noun, wooden floor) into head (noun, lantai kayu) + modifier (adjective,
halus). According to the theory proposed by Catford, this type of shift namely
structure shift. This shift in translation occurs due to the different linguistic
system between English and Indonesian.
Data 8
SLT: I trudged off to Calculus with a grim expression (page 99)
TLT: Aku tersaruk –saruk menuju kelas Kalkulus dengan ekspresi muram (page
113)
43
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ N A
A N
A grim expression Ekspresi muram
As can be seen in the x-bar diagram above, the English noun phrase a grim
expression has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun phrase/N’ (grim
expression). Then the noun phrase/N’ grim expression is constituted out of the
adjective (grim) + noun (expression). Meanwhile the Indonesian translation
becomes the noun phrase ekspresi muram which has the constitution of noun
(ekspresi) + adjective (muram). This shows that there is loss of information occurs
in this translation in which the determiner A of the English noun phrase is not
translated into the target language. Also, there is shift in translation occurs. The
phrase is shifted from modifier (adjective, grim) + head (noun, expression) into
head (noun, ekspresi) + modifier (adjective, muram). According to the theory
proposed by catford, this type of shift is called structure shift.
44
Data 9
SLT: At the moment there were only two patrons in the store (pg 120)
TLT: Saat itu hanya ada dua pengunjung (page 134)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N D N
Two patrons dua pengunjung
From the x-bar diagram above, we know that the NP in the source language text
has the constitution of determiner (two) + noun (patrons). The NP is also
translated into NP in the target language which is constituted out of the determiner
(dua) + noun (pengunjung). This translation shows that there is the occurrence of
translation shift in this data in which patrons in the source language text which is
in plural form is translated into pengunjung in the target language text which is in
singular form. Such kind of shift is namely intra – systems shift according to the
theory of Catford (1965). This shift in translation occurs because in Indonesian as
the target language, we cannot put the translation into dua pengunjung –
pengunjung since the linguistic system of Indonesian noun phrases does not use
the same system as in English. There is no loss or gain of information in this data,
45
because all the part of the English noun phrase is translated into Indonesian and
has already made the translation result is understood clearly.
Data 10
SLT: “Hey,uh, Mike right?” the bearded man called, looking toward us (page
121)
TLT: “Hei, eh, namamu Mike kan?” seru cowok berjenggot itu, menoleh pada
kami (page 135)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ N’ D
Adv N N V
The bearded man cowok berjenggot itu
As can be seen from the x-bar diagram above, we know that the English noun
phrase the bearded man has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun phrase/N’
(bearded man). And then the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the adjective
(bearded) + noun/N (man). Meanwhile in the target language text, it is translated
into a noun phrase which has the constitution of noun phrase/N’ (cowok
46
berjenggot) + Determiner (itu). Then, the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the
noun/N (cowok) + verb/V (berjenggot). This diagram shows that there is o loss or
gain or skewing of information occurs in this data. However, the shift in
translation occurs in this data in which the English noun phrase which constructed
of modifier (adverb, bearded) + head (noun, man) is translated into head (noun,
cowok) + modifier (verb, berjenggot) in the target language. This shift in
translation is called structure shift according to the theory proposed by Catford. It
occurs since the linguistic system between English and Indonesian are different in
which English noun phrase is usually constructed by modifier + head, meanwhile
Indonesian noun phrases is usually constructed by head + modifier.
Data 11
SLT: The Black’s house was vaguely familiar, a small wooden place with narrow
windows. (page 130)
TLT: Rumah keluarga Black samar – samar masih familier, rumah kayu kecil
dengan jendela – jendela sempit (page 145)
47
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ N’ A
A N’ N N
A N
A small wooden place Rumah kayu kecil
We can see that the English noun phrase a small wooden place in the source
language text has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun phrase/N’ (small
wooden place). Then the N’ (small wooden place) has the constitution of adjective
(small) + NP/N’ (wooden place). And finally the N’ (wooden place) is constituted
out of the adjective (wooden) + noun/N (place). This English noun phrase is
translated into noun phrase (rumah kayu kecil) which has the constitution of noun
phrase/N’ (rumah kayu) + adjective (kecil). Then the noun phrase/N’ (rumah
kayu) is constituted out of the noun (rumah) + noun (kayu). From this x-bar
diagram, we know that there is no translation shift occurs. However, according to
the theory proposed by Nida (1975), there is loss of information happened in this
data in which the determiner (A) in the English noun phrase is not translated into
the target language text..
48
Data 12
SLT: Under this shelter, raised on cinder blocks, what was looked to me like a
completed automobile (pg 133)
TLT: Di dalamnya, di atas blok sinder, bertengger sesuatu yang dalam
pandanganku menyerupai mobil utuh (page 148)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N’ N A
A N
A completed automobile mobil utuh
The noun phrase a completed automobile in the source language text has the
constitution of determiner (a) + noun phrase/N’ (completed automobile). Then the
noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of adjective (completed) + noun (automobile).
This English noun phrase is translated into mobil utuh in the target language text
which has the constitution of noun (mobil) + adjective (utuh). Therefore , we
know that loss of information occurs in this translation in which the determiner a
is not translated into the target language. Meanwhile, according to the theory of
49
Catford, structure shift occurs in this translation. It can be seen from the phrase
which is shifted from modifier (completed) + head (automobile) into head (mobil)
+ modifier (utuh).
Data 13
SLT: I’d wished that I could turn gray, fade into the wet concrete of the sidewalk
like an oversized chameleon (pg 152)
TLT: Betapa aku sangat berharap bisa berubah warna menjadi abu – abu dan
menghilang di balik beton trotoar yang basah seperti bunglon raksasa
(page 168)
The x-bar diagram:
SL: N” TL: N”
D N’ N A
A N
An oversized chameleon Bunglon raksasa
As showed by the x-bar diagram above, the English noun phrase an oversized
chameleon has the constitution of determiner (an) + noun phrase/N’ (oversized
chameleon). Then the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the adjective
50
(oversized) + noun/N (chameleon). This data is also translated into noun phrase
bunglon raksasa in the target language text which has the constitution of noun
(bunglon) + adjective (raksasa). From this x-bar diagram, it can be concluded that
the loss of information occurs in this translation in which the determiner (A) in the
source language text is not translated. Also, according to the theory proposed by
Catford, this translation shows that there is the occurrence of structure shift in
which the English noun phrase is shifted from the modifier (oversized) + head
(chameleon) into head (bunglon) + modifier (raksasa).
Data 14
SLT: I could feel the warm air blowing from the floor vents, but I was still too
cold (page 153)
TLT: Aku bisa merasakan udara hangat berembus dari kisi – kisi di lantai, tapi
tetap saja aku kedinginan (page 168)
The x-bar diagram:
SL: N” TL: N”
D N’ N A
A N
The warm air Udara panas
51
It can be seen from the x-bar diagram above that the NP in the source language
text has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun phrase/N’ (warm air) in which
it is then constituted out of adjective (warm) + noun (air). This noun phrase in the
source language text is also translated into noun phrase in the target language text.
The noun phrase in the target language text has the constitution of noun (udara) +
adjective (panas). Therefore, we know that there is loss of information in the
translation from the source language text into the target language text in which the
determiner the is not translated. There is also an occurrence of shift which can be
seen from the translation of warm air into udara panas in which according to the
theory proposed by Catford this type of shift is called structure shift. It can be
shown by the phrase which is shifted from modifier (adjective, warm) + head
(noun, air) into head (noun, udara) + modifier (adjective, panas).
Data 15
SLT: Two tourists have gone missing off a trail outside a crescent lake (page 257)
TLT: Dua turis hilang dari jalan setapak di luar danau sabit (pg 275)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: N”
D N D N
Two tourists Dua turis
52
From the x-bar diagram above, we know that the noun phrase in the source
language text has the constitution of determiner (two) + noun (tourists).
Meanwhile in the target language, it is translated into noun phrase which has the
constitution of determiner (dua) + noun (turis). Therefore, it is known that there is
no loss and gain of information occurs in the translation of English noun phrase
into Indonesian. However, the shift occurs in this translation, in which the noun
tourists which is plural form in the source language text is translated into turis
which is singular. This type of shift is called intra-system shift according to the
theory proposed by Catford.
4.2 NP translated into non NP
Data 16
SLT: Instead of looking horrible, she was staring at me sheepishly, as if waiting
for a scolding.(page 5)
TLT: Alih – alih tampak ngeri, ia malah menatapku takut –takut, seperti
menunggu disemprot. (page 17)
The x- bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: V”
D N V
A scolding disemprot
53
From the x-bar diagram above, we know that the noun phrase in the source
language text has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun (scolding).
Meanwhile, in the target language text, it is translated into a verb (disemprot).
Therefore we know that the translation shift occurs here in which the noun phrase
in the source language text is translated into a verb in the target language text.
According to the theory proposed by Catford, it is called class shift. However, the
unit shift also occurs here in which the rank is changed here. The phrase in the
source language text is translated into a word in the target language text.
Data 17
SLT: His voice was stern, but not as serious as before. I breathed a silent sigh of
relief (page 46)
TLT: Nadanya kaku, tapi tidak seserius sebelumnya. Diam – diam aku bernafas
lega (page 60)
54
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: V”
D N’ V Adv
A N’
N P”
A silent sigh of relief bernafas lega
The x-bar diagram above shows that the noun phrase a silent sigh of relief in the
source language text has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun phrase/N’
(silent sigh of relief) which is then constituted out of adjective (silent) + noun
phrase (sigh of relief). The noun phrase/N’ sigh of relief is constituted out of noun
(sigh) + prepositional phrase (of relief). Meanwhile the target language which is a
verb phrase has the constitution of verb (bernafas) + adverb (lega).. Therefore, it
can be said that there is an occurrence of translation shift in this data in which the
noun phrase in the source language text is translated into verb phrase in the target
language text. This type of shift is namely class shift according to the theory
proposed by Catford.
55
Data 18
SLT: I felt a chill tingle along my spine (page 51)
TLT: Aku merasakan sekujur tubuhku bergidik (page 65)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: V”
D N’ V
A N
A chill tingle bergidik
As can be seen from the x-bar diagram above, the noun phrase in the source
language text has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun phrase/N’ (chill
tingle). The noun phrase/N’ chill tingle is then constituted out of adjective (chill)
+ noun (tingle). Meanwhile the verb phrase in the target langusge text has the
constitution of only verb (bergidik). Therefore, a shift of translation occurs in this
data which can be seen that the noun phrase in the source language text is
translated into a verb phrase in the target language text. Referring to the theory
proposed by Catford, this type of shift is called class shift.
56
Data 19
SLT: Finally, Edward looked over at me with a polite smile (page 58)
TLT: Akhirnya Edward menoleh sambil tersenyum sopan (page 73)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: V”
D N’ V Adv
A N
A polite smile tersenyum sopan
From the x-bar diagram, we can see that the noun phrase in the source language
text has the constitution of determiner (a) + noun phrase/N’ (polite smile), and the
noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the adjective (polite) + noun (smile). The
noun phrase of the source language text is translated into verb phrase tersenyum
sopan in the target language text which has the constitution of verb (tersenyum) +
adverbial (sopan). Therefore, we can conclude that there is an occurrence of
translation shift in this translation in which the noun phrase in the source language
text is translated into the verb phrase in the target language text. Referring to the
theory of Catford, this type of shift namely class shift. Actually if the translator
wants to avoid shift in the translation, he can translate the noun phrase a polite
57
smile into sebuah/seulas senyum sopan. There will be no translation shift and even
loss of information. However, both translation are understood enough by the
readers. It just depends to the translator preference..
Data 20
SLT: There was a faint light outside my window (page 63)
TLT: Matahari membiaskan cahaya pertamanya di luar jendela kamarku (page
78)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: Sentence
D N’ N” V”
A N N V N”
N’
A faint light matahari membiaskan cahaya pertamanya
In this data, the noun phrase in the source language text is translated into a
sentence in the target language text. It can be seen from the x-bar diagram above
that the NP/N” a faint light in the source language text has the constitution of
determiner (a) + NP/N’(faint light). And then the NP/N’ is constituted out of
58
adjective (faint) + noun (light). Meanwhile in the target language text, it becomes
a sentence which has the constitution of NP/N” (matahari) + V” (membiaskan
cahaya pertamanya). Then the VP/V” is constituted out of the verb (membiaskan)
+ noun phrase (cahaya pertamanya). According to the theory of Catford, the unit
shift occurs in this translation because the phrase in the source language text is
translated into a sentence in the target language text.
Data 21
SLT: He took a deep breath (page 97)
TLT: Ia menghela nafas dalam – dalam (page 110)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: V”
D N’ V’ Adv
A N V N
A deep breath menghela nafas dalam-dalam
We can see in the x-bar diagram above that in Source language text, the Noun
phrase ‘a deep breath’ has the constitution of determiner (a) and noun phrase
(deep breath). Then the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of adjectival (deep) and
noun (breath). The noun phrase in the source language text is translated into verb
59
phrase in the target language text (menghela nafas dalam – dalam) which has the
constitution of verb phrase (menghela nafas) and adverbial (dalam-dalam). Then
the verb phrase/V’ is constituted out of verb (menghela) and noun (nafas).
Therefore it can be identified that there is the occurrence of shift in translation in
this data in which the source language text has the different structure with the
target language text. The shift occurs from noun phrase in the source language
text into verb phrase in the target language text. Referring to the theory of
Catford, this type of shift is called class shift. Besides a loss of information
happened in this translation as we know that a in the source language text is not
translated. It is because in the target language, the noun nafas is an uncountable
noun. Actually, if we translate the noun phrase of the source language text in the
sentence He took a deep breath, the translation can be Dia mengambil sebuah
nafas dalam. However, though this translation can be understood by the readers,
the translator chooses to translate it into Ia menghela nafas dalam-dalam, because
it sounds more natural than if he translate it literally.
Data 22
SLT: I would be able to get away with a few mumbled responses. (page 102)
TLT: Aku hanya perlu bergumam pelan sebagai balasan (page 115)
60
The x-bar diagram
SLT: N” TLT: Clause
D N’ V” Adv
A N V A
A few mumbled responses bergumam pelan sebagai balasan
According to the theory of Catford, unit shift occurs in the translation of a few
mumbled responses into bergumam pelan sebagai balasan. This is because, as can
be seen above that the Noun phrase/N” in the source language text is translated
into a clause in the target language text. The noun phrase/N” in the source
language text as the constitution of determiner (a few) + noun phrase/N’
(mumbled responses). Then the noun phrase/N’ is constituted out of the adjective
(mumbled) + Noun (responses). Meanwhile, the clause in the target language text
has the constitution of Verb Phrase/V” (bergumam pelan) + adverb (sebagai
balasan). The Verb Phrase/V” then is constituted out of the verb (bergumam) +
adjective (pelan).
61
Data 23
SLT: If I were an oath breaker too (page 125)
TLT: Seandainya saja aku juga bisa melanggar sumpahku (page 140)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: V”
D N’ V N
N N
An oath breaker melanggar sumpahku
The noun phrase an oath breaker in the source language text has the constitution
of determiner (an) + noun phrase (oath breaker). The noun phrase oath breaker is
then constituted out of noun (oath) + noun (breaker). Meanwhile in the target
language text, it becomes a verb phrase melanggar sumpahku which has the
constitution of verb melanggar + noun (sumpahku). It can be conclude that the
shift in translation occurs here in which the noun phrase in the source language
text is translated into a verb phrase in the target language text. There is a change
of class here. Therefore, referring to the theory of Catford, the translation which
change the class of word is namely a class shift. The translator can avoid the
occurrence of this shift actually, if he just translates the noun phrase an oath
62
breaker in the source language text into a noun phrase seorang pelanggar sumpah
which exactly equivalent. However, this is about the preference of the translator.
It does not matter as long as the translation is understood enough by the readers.
Data 24
SLT: They were planning a second honeymoon trip to Disney World (page 151)
TLT: Mereka berencana berbulan madu kedua ke Disney World (page 166)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: V”
Adv N’ V Adv
N N
Second honeymoon trip berbulan madu kedua
As can be seen in the x-bar diagram that the noun phrase in the source language
text is translated into verb phrase in the target language text. Therefore the shift
occurs in this translation And according to the theory of Ctaford, this type of shift
is called the class shift. The English noun phrase second honeymoon trip has the
constitution of adverb (second) + noun phrase/N’ (honeymoon trip). Then the
noun phrase/ N’ is constituted out of the noun (honeymoon) + noun (trip).
63
Meanwhile in the target language, it becomes a verb phrase/V” which has the
constitution of verb (berbulan madu) + adverb (kedua). According to Nida (1975),
the loss of information occurs in this translation, in which the noun (trip) is not
translated into the target language. It is because trip which actually has the
meaning of perjalanan in the target language is clear enough. The translator uses
the word berbulan madu which already understood that berbulan madu in the
target language means to go somewhere and having holiday after the marriage.
Data 25
SLT: The boys burst into loud hoots of amusement (page 337)
TLT: Cowok – cowok terpekik karena geli (page 359)
The x-bar diagram:
SLT: N” TLT: Clause
A N’ V” Adv
N P” V
P N
Loud hoots of amusement terpekik karena geli
64
It can be seen above that the English noun phrase is translated into a clause
in the target language. The noun phrase loud hoots of amusement has the
constitution of adjective (loud) + noun phrase/N’ (hoots of amusement). And the
noun phrase/N’ is then constituted out of the noun (hoots) + prepositional
phrase/P” (of amusement). Meanwhile in the target language text, it becomes a
clause which has the constitution of verb (terpekik) + adverb (karena geli).
Therefore we know that the translation shift occurs in this data, because the noun
phrase in the source language text is translated into a clause in the target language
text. And based on the theory proposed by Larson, this type of shift is called a unit
shift. There is no loss or gain of information in this translation.
65
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusion
After analyzing the data related to the translation of English noun phrase
into Indonesian as found in the novel The Twilight: New Moon as the source
language into Dua Cinta as the target language, there are some conclusions can be
formulated and presented as follows:
The English noun phrase can be translated into Indonesian in two forms,
they are: translated into NP and translated into non-NP. By using the the x-bar
diagram proposed by Radford, it can be seen clearly that shifts occur in the
translation of English Noun Phrase into Indonesian. There are some shift in
translation occurs in the English noun phrases which are also translated into noun
phrases in Indonesian as the target language. They are: structure shift and intra-
system shift. Meanwhile there are also shift occur in the translation of English
noun phrase which are translated into non NP in the target language. According to
the theory proposed by Catford about shift in translation, the shifts occur here are
called class shift and unit shift.
The shift in the translation of English noun phrase into Indonesian as the
target language is happened because of some factors, such as: the different
structure system of English as the source language text and Indonesian as the
target language text. For example, the modifier-head system in English always be
head-modifier in the Indonesian, because Indonesian always uses the head –
66
modifier system in its language. The other factor is based on the translator
preference. Though without changing the structure of the English noun phrase in
the target language is already understood enough by the readers, if the translator
feels by doing the shift in translation, he will make a better translation, it s also
can be done and caused the shift in translation is happened.
Loss and gain of information occurs in the translation of English Noun
Phrases into Indonesian. Most of them occur based on the preference of the
translator who wants to make the translation clearer and sounds natural.
5.2 Suggestions
A translator should be aware of the complexity and faithfulness in
translating and perpetuating the meaning of the message in the source language
which is translated into the target language. In another word, a translator needs to
master both the SL culture and the TL culture. In this case, it is also advised for
the translator to understand the meaning of the noun phrase in the source language
and able to translate it into the target language in the proper translation.
A translator also needs to widen the knowledge about every term in the source
language and target language.
67
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Al-Zoubi, & Al-Hassnawi. 2001. Constructing a Model for Shift Analysis in Translation. Translation journal. Jordan: Irbid National University.
Andini, T. M. 2007. ‘Translation Shift Found in the Novel No Greater Love by Danielle Steel. Thesis. Malang: Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
Baker, M. 1997. In other words: a Coursebook on Translation. London:
Routledge Bassnett, S. 1998. Translation Studies: revisited edition. London: Routledge Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and Translating : Theory and Practice. New York:
Longman Bogdan, R & Biklen SK. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education: An
Introduction to Theory and Methods. Allyn and Bacon: Boston Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. London: Oxford
University Press. Chresnayani, M. D. 2008. Dua cinta. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Cook, S. and R.W Sutter. 1980. The Scope of Grammar: a Study of Modern
English. New York: Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company. Dianasari, D. 2008. ‘Translation Variation of English Noun Phrase in Sir Arthur
Conan Doyle’s Novel The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and its translation Petualangan Sherlock Holmes’. Thesis. Surakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah. < http://etd.eprints.ums.ac.id/3868/
Gleason. H.A.Jr.1965. Linguistic and English Grammar. United State of America:
Rinehert and Winston. Hatim, B and Munday, J. 2004. Translation: An advance resource book. London
and New York: Routledge Hornby. AS. 1987. Oxford Advaced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.
London: Oxford University Press. Jackson, H. 1990. Grammar and Meaning: A Semantic Approach to English
Grammar. United States of America: Longman
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Kristanto, TMA. ’Frasa Nomina Dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Indonesia’.
Thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gajah Mada. Meyer, S. 2006. The Twilight Saga: New Moon. New York: Hachette Book Group Mildred, L.1984. MeaningBased Translation. Boston: University Press of
America Munday, J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application.
London and New York: Routledge Nababan, M.R. 1999. Teori Menerjemahkan Bahasa Inggris. Jogyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar Newmark, P. 1991. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Ltd Nida, E. A.1975. Language Structure and Translation. California. Standford
University Press Radford, A. 1988. Transformational Grammar. Great Britain: Cambridge
University Press Sanford. A. 1997. Using English Grammar and Writing Skill. New York:
Harcourt Brace Java Novich. Sukarini, N. M: 2005. The Structural Shift of Noun Phrase in the Process of
English-Indonesian Translation in the Novel “A Prefect Stranger”. Thesis. Denpasar: Universitas Udayana.
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Routledge Vinay, J.P. and J. Darbelnet (1995) Comparative Stylistics of French and English:
a Methodology for Translation. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
70
No Source Language Text Target Language Text
1. “You don’t need to be a hero,” I
said. “Carlisle can fix me up
without your help. Get some
fresh air.” (Meyer, 2006:32)
“Kau tidak perlu sok jadi
pahlawan,” tukasku. “Carlisle bisa
mengobatiku tanpa bantuanmu.
Pergilah dan hirup udara segar.”
(Chresnayani, 2008:46)
2. Carlisle put all the dirty gauze
into an empty crystal bowl.
(Meyer, 2006:36)
Carlisle meletakkan semua kasa
kotor dan serpihan kaca ke
dalam mangkuk kristal kosong.
(Chresnayani, 2008: 50)
3. Charlie wouldn’t notice, I was
sure. The long white bandage on
my arm didn’t look nearly as
serious when I was no longer
spattered in gore. Charlie was
never surprised to see me
bandaged. (Meyer, 2006:42)
Charlie tak bakal memerhatikan,
aku yakin. Perban putih panjang
di lenganku tidah tampak terlalu
serius setelah aku tidak lagi
memakai baju yang belepotan
bercak darah. Charlie toh tidak
pernah terkejut melihatku di
perban. (Chresnayani, 2008: 57)
4. It had been a long day in so many
ways, yet I felt no sense of relief
Ini hari yang panjang dalam
banyak hal, namun aku tidak
71
at its end. Almost as if something
worse was coming tomorrow. It
was a silly premonition-what
could be worse than today? Just
the shock catching up with me,
no doubt. (Meyer, 2006:52)
merasa lega saat hari ini berakhir.
Seakan – akan nada hal lain yang
lebih buruk bakal terjadi besok.
Firasat konyol-kejadian apa yang
lebih buruk daripada hari ini tadi?
(Chresnayani, 2008:67)
5. I touched the scrapbook again,
flipping the front cover over.
(Meyer, 2006:59)
Aku menyentuh album itu lagi,
membalikkan sampul depannya.
(Chresnayani, 2008:75)
6. We were on the porch of our
house and the tall dark man
named Sam was holding the door
for Charlie, one arm extended
toward us, as he preparing to
catch me when Charlie’s arm
failed. (Meyer, 2006:
Kami di teras rumah, dan lelaki
gelap jangkung bernama Sam
memegangi pintu untuk Charlie,
sebelah tangan terulur kea rah
kami, seolah bersiap – siap
menangkapku bila lengan Charlie
tak kuat lagi membopongku.
(Chresnayani, 2008: 94)
7. I felt the smooth wooden floor
beneath my knees and then the
palms of my hands, then it was
Aku merasakan lantai kayu halus
di bawah lututku, lalu di telapak
tanganku, kemudian menempel di
72
pressed against the skin of my
cheek (Meyer, 2006:84)
kulit pipiku. (Chresnayani,
2008:101)
8. I trudged off to Calculus with a
grim expression. This was the
class where I sat next to Jessica.
(Meyer, 2006:99)
Aku tersaruk – saruk menuju kelas
Kalkulus dengan ekspresi
muram. Di kelas ini aku duduk di
sebelah Jessica. (Chresnayani,
2008:113)
9. At the moment, there were only
two patrons in the store,
dedicated back-packers from the
sound of their conversation.
(Meyer, 2006:120)
Saat itu hanya ada dua
pengunjung, backpacker sejati
kalau menilik dari obrolannya.
(Chresnayani, 2008:134)
10. “Hey,uh, Mike right?” the
bearded man called, looking
toward us (Meyer, 2006: 121)
“Hei, eh, namamu Mike kan?”
seru cowok berjenggot itu,
menoleh pada kami (Chresnayani,
2008:135)
11. The Black’s house was vaguely
familiar, a small wooden place
with narrow windows, the dull
Rumah keluarga Black samar –
samar masih familier, rumah
kayu kecil dengan jendela –
73
red paint making it resemble a
tiny barn. (Meyer, 2006: 130)
jendela sempit dan cat merah
kusam yang membuatnya mirip
lumbung kecil. (Chresnayani,
2006:145)
12. The garage was no more than a
couple of big preformed sheds
that had been bolted together with
their interior walls knocked out.
Under this shelter raised on
cinder blocks, what was looked to
me like a completed automobile.
(Meyer, 2006:133)
Garasi itu sebenarnya tak lebih
dari dua pondok besar yang
disatukan. Di dalamnya, diatas
blok sinder, bertengger sesuatu
yang dalam pandanganku
meneyerupai mobil utuh.
(Chresnayani, 2008: 148)
13. I rememberred the first day I’d
come to Forks High School –
how desperately I’d wished that I
could turn gray, fade into the wet
concrete of the sidewalk like an
oversized chameleon. (Meyer,
2006: 152)
Aku ingat hari pertama aku dating
ke Forks High School – betapa
aku sngat berharap bisa berubah
warna menjadi abu – abu dan
menghilang ke balik beton trotoar
yang basah seperti bunglon
raksasa. (Chresnayani, 2008:168)
14. The figure of speech cold Istilah menganggap sepi sangat
74
shoulder seemed to have some
literal truth to it. I could feel the
warm air blowing from the floor
vents, but I was still too cold.
(Meyer, 2006:153)
tepat untuk menggambarkan sikap
Jessica saat itu. Aku bisa
merasakan udara hangat
berhembus dari kisi – kisi di
lantai, tapi tetap saja aku
kedinginan. (Chresnayani,
2008:168)
15. Two tourists have gone missing
off a trail outside crescent lake.
(Meyer, 2006:257)
Dua turis hilang dari jalan
setapak di luar danau sabit.
(Chresnayani. 2008:175)
16. Gran’s expression suprised me.
Istead of looking horrified, she
was starring at me sheepishly, as
if waiting for a scolding. (Meyer,
2006:5)
Ekspresi Gran membuatku
terkejut. Alih – alih tampak ngeri,
ia malah menatapku takut – takut,
seperti menunggu disemprot.
(Chresnayani, 2008:17)
17. His voice was stern, but not as
serious as before. I breathed a
silent sigh of relief. (Meyer,
2006:46)
Nadanya kaku tapi tidak seserius
sebelumnya. Diam – diam aku
bernafas lega. (chresnayani,
2008:60)
75
18. He hesitated for a second before
he told me. “I was thinking about
right and wrong, actually.” I felt
a chill tingle along my spine.
(Meyer, 2006: 51)
Edward ragu – ragu sejenak
sebelum menjawab. “Sebenarnya
aku sedang berpikir tentang apa
yang benar dan yang salah.” Aku
merasakan sekujur tubuhku
bergidik. (Cresnayani, 2008:65)
19. I waited in the doorway. Finally,
Edward looked over at me with a
polite smile. “I’ll be right behind
you,” he promised. (Meyer, 2006:
58)
Aku menunggu di ambang pintu.
Akhirnya, Edward menoleh sambil
tersenyum sopan. “Sebentar lagi
aku menyusul,” janjinya.
(Chresnayani, 2008:73)
20. I got up as soon as there was a
faint light outside my windows. I
dresssed for school mechanically,
waiting for the clouds to brighten.
(Meyer, 2006:63)
Aku bangun segera setelah
matahari membiaskan cahaya
pertamanya di luar jendela
kamarku. Seperti robot, aku
bersiap – siap sekolah, menunggu
langit terang. (Chresnayani, 2008:
78)
21. He took a deep breath. ‘It’s been
months. No calls, no letters, no
Ia menghela nafas dalam –
dalam. “Ini sudah berlalu
76
contact. You can’t keep waiting
for him.” (Meyer, 2006:97)
beberapa bulan. Tidak ada telepon,
tidak ada surat, tidak ada kontak.
Kau tak bisa terus – terusan
menunggunya.” (Chresnayani,
2008:110)
22. I knew from experience that since
I got Jessica talking, I would be
able to get away with a few
mumbled responses. (Meyer,
2006:102)
Dari pengalaman sebelumnya aku
tahu, begitu berhasil membuat
Jessica ngobrol, aku hanya perlu
bergumam pelan sebagai
balasan. (Chresnayani, 2008:115)
23. I might feel better if I weren’t
holding fast, all alone, to a
broken pact. If I were an oath –
breaker too. But how could I
cheat on my side of the deal, here
in this harmless little town?
(Meyer, 2006:125)
Perasaanku bakal lebih enak jika
aku tidak berpegangan erat – erat,
sendirian, pada kesepakatan yang
sudah dilanggar. Seandainya saja
aku juga bisa melanggar
sumpahku sendiri. Tapi
bagaimana aku bisa berbuat
curang , di kota kecil yang aman
tentram ini? (Chresnayani,
2008:140)
24. She wrote that Phil was enjoying Ia juga menulis tentang Phil yang
77
his new coaching job, and that
they were planning a second
honeymoon trip to Disney
World. (Meyer, 2006:151)
yang menikmati pekerjaan
barunya sebagai pelatih, dan
bahwa mereka berencana
berbulan madu kedua ke Disney
World. (Chresnayani, 2008:166)
25. “You’ll be careful, right?” I
asked, an audible lump in my
throat. The boys burst into loud
hoots of amusement. (Meyer,
2006:337)
“Kau akan berhati – hati kan?”
tanyaku, menelan ludah dengan
suara keras. Cowok – cowok
langsung terpekik karena geli.
(Chresnayani, 2008:359)