Post on 19-Dec-2015
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CH110 Chapter 7: SolutionsCH110 Chapter 7: Solutions
Types & Formation of SolutionsTypes & Formation of Solutions
SolubilitySolubility
ElectrolytesElectrolytes
Solution ConcentrationSolution Concentration
DilutionDilution
Colloids & SuspensionsColloids & Suspensions
Osmosis & DialysisOsmosis & Dialysis
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SugarSugar in water
SalineSaline
OxygenOxygen in water
AirAir
Dental fillingsDental fillings
SugarSugar in water
SalineSaline
OxygenOxygen in water
AirAir
Dental fillingsDental fillings
SolutionsSolutions
A solutionA solution = A homogeneous mixture components.
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SolutionsSolutions
Na+
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
SolventSolvent : component in greatergreater amount
(The dissolver)
•Water
•Alcohol
SoluteSolute: component in lesserlesser amount
(The dissolved)
•NaCl
•Sugar
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SolutionsSolutions
•the solute can’t be filtered outcan’t be filtered out
•always stays mixedstays mixed
•particles are particles are always in motionalways in motion
•volumesvolumes not additivenot additive
•solute evenly dispersedevenly dispersed
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SolutionsSolutions
Solid solutionsSolid solutionsdental fillingsdental fillings, , 14K gold 14K gold (58% Au ),(58% Au ),
Brass Brass (Zn in Cu),(Zn in Cu),
Steel Steel (C in Fe),(C in Fe),
Liquid solutionsLiquid solutions
Gaseous solutionsGaseous solutionsAirAir,
Solid in Solid
Liquid in Solid (Hg in Ag)
Soda,Soda,
VodkaVodka,,
SalineSaline, ,
Gas in Liquid
Liquid in Liquid
Solid in Liquid
Gas in Gas
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Hydrogen Bonding of WaterHydrogen Bonding of Water
H
HOO
++
++--
H H
OO
++ ++
--
H
H
OO++
++
--
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen BondsH H
OO
++ ++
--
Polar AttractionPolar Attraction
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Hydrogen Bonding of WaterHydrogen Bonding of Water
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
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Frozen HFrozen H22O:O: Slow moving moleculesSlow moving moleculesH-BondH-Bond in patterns in patterns
Hydrogen Bonding of Water Hydrogen Bonding of Water
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HydrationHydration
““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”
Polar water attracts toPolar water attracts to
NaNa++ and Cl and Cl-- ions ions
Polar water attracts toPolar water attracts to
NaNa++ and Cl and Cl-- ions ions
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H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-
+
+
H HO-
+ +
HydrationHydration
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H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
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H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
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H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
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H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+ H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O- +
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
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H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+H
HO-
+H
HO-
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
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H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
H
O-+H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+ H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+ H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+ H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O- +
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
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H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O- +
HH
O- +H
HO- +H
HO- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +H
HO- +H
HO
-+
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
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H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+ HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
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H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”
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SaturationSaturation
Unsaturated:Unsaturated: Can dissolve more.
SaturatedSaturated Have dissolved all possible
Undissolved Solids in equilibrium
w/ dissolved particles
Undissolved Solids in equilibrium
w/ dissolved particles
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supersaturated solution supersaturated solution
A supersaturated solution is holding more than the maximum amount of solute. In some cases, such as the sodium acetate solution pictured on the next slide, a supersaturated solution may be temporarily stable. Any disturbance however, such as dropping in a small piece of solid sodium acetate (a) will cause the solid to come out of solution (b) and (c).
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Supersaturated Solution of Supersaturated Solution of NaCNaC22HH33OO22
Gets HOT!!
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The water in cave pools is often supersaturated with calcium carbonate. Under these conditions, calcite crystals may initially crystallize around bits of debris in the water and eventually build impressive features such as these "Christmas trees."
(Madonna Cave, New Mexico)
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Making sugar candy
Directions at:http://faculty.chemeketa.edu/lemme/CH%20122/handouts/Making Sugar Candy.doc
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SolubilitySolubility
How muchHow much solutesolute will dissolve will dissolve inin a a solventsolvent
grams solutegrams solute mls solutionmls solutiongrams solutegrams solute mls solutionmls solution
Factors affecting solubilityFactors affecting solubility
•PolarityPolarity
•TemperatureTemperature
•PressurePressure
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PolarityPolarity vs Solubilityvs Solubility
Like Dissolves LikeLike Dissolves Like
NaClNaCl dissolves in HH22OO
But not in CC66HH1414
NaClNaCl dissolves in HH22OO
But not in CC66HH1414
OilOil dissolves in CC66HH1414
But not in HH22OO
OilOil dissolves in CC66HH1414
But not in HH22OO
PolarPolar Attracts Attracts PolarPolar
NonpolarNonpolar Attracts Attracts NonpolarNonpolar
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Gases Gases MoreMore soluble soluble
when when
P increasesP increases
Solids & Liquids Solids & Liquids unaffectedunaffected
SolSolPP
Pressure vs SolubilityPressure vs Solubility
P Sol
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HENRY’S LAWHENRY’S LAWThe solubility of a gassolubility of a gas in a liquid is directly directly related to the pressurepressure on the liquid.
P SolTT
If P goes upIf P goes upIf P goes upIf P goes up Gas solubility goes upGas solubility goes up(more gas will dissolve)(more gas will dissolve)
Gas solubility goes upGas solubility goes up(more gas will dissolve)(more gas will dissolve)
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If P goes downIf P goes downIf P goes downIf P goes down Gas solubility goes downGas solubility goes down(gases escape)(gases escape)
Gas solubility goes downGas solubility goes down(gases escape)(gases escape)
HENRY’S LAWHENRY’S LAW
P SolTT
Soda under high pressure
Soda under low pressure
Example: opening a sodaExample: opening a soda.
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“Nitrogen Narcosis”,
= nitrogen euphoria or raptures of the deep.
(Effect somewhat like that observed
when alcohol levels rise in the blood.)
So, So, HeliumHelium
often often substitutedsubstituted for for
NN22 in divers air. in divers air.
Nitrogen NarcosisNitrogen Narcosis
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Temperature vs SolubilityTemperature vs SolubilityS
olu
bili
ty(g
/100
ml w
ater
)
Temperature (oC)
GasGasGasGas
NaCl
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ElectrolytesElectrolytes
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
IonicIonic CovalentCovalent
Dissolved Ions No Ions
NaCl Na+ + Cl-NaCl Na+ + Cl-
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Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
ElectrolytesElectrolytesIonicIonic
StrongStrong
Lots of Ions
WeakWeak
Only a few Ions
H+
HF
H+F1-
F1-
HF
HF
NaCl Na+ + Cl-NaCl Na+ + Cl- HF H+ + F-HF H+ + F-
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Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Electrolytes in BloodElectrolytes in BloodSerum Electrolytes Eq/mol Serum Electrolytes Eq/mol sodium Na1+ 1potassium K1+ 1calcium Ca2+ 2magnesium Mg2+ 2
chloride Cl1- 1 Sulfate SO4
2- 2Phosphate PO4
3- 3
Equivalent = mols of charge LiterEquivalent = mols of charge Liter
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Colloids & SuspensionsColloids & SuspensionsColloid: Homogeneous mixColloid: Homogeneous mix
But not a solutionnot a solution.Particles larger (1010-7-7 to 10 to 10-5-5 cm) cm)
than in a sln (<1010-7 -7 cm)cm). But still don’t settle out.
Suspension:Suspension: Heterogeneous mixHeterogeneous mix
Large particles may settle out & can be filtered.
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ColloidsColloids
Solid MediumSolid MediumStyrofoamStyrofoamJellyJelly,,OpalsOpals PearlsPearls,,Concrete Concrete
Liquid MediumLiquid Medium
Gaseous MediumGaseous MediumFog,Fog,
SmokeSmoke
Solid in Solid = solid solsolid sol
Liquid in Solid = GelGel
Cool whip,Cool whip,
milkmilk,,
paintpaint,,bloodblood
Gas in Liq = foamfoamLiquid in Liquid = emulsionemulsionSolid in Liquid = solsol
Gas in Solid = foamfoam
Liquid dispersed in Gas = AerosolAerosol
Solid in Gas = AerosolAerosol
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Tyndall Effect in DispersionsTyndall Effect in Dispersions
Light passing through a solution (left) is not scattered, but the larger particles in a dispersion (right) deflect some of the light.
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OsmosisOsmosis
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Cl-
Cl-
Semipermeable membraneSemipermeable membrane
Concentrated Sol’nConcentrated Sol’n Dilute Sol’nDilute Sol’n
Solvent & small particles moveSolvent & small particles move
Solvent Tries to dilute the Concentrated Solvent Tries to dilute the Concentrated solutionsolution
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OsmosisOsmosisApply P
To return To original level
Hydrostatic PHydrostatic POn membrane
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Osmotic pressure (Osmotic pressure ())PP required to stop osmosis.
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Solution TypesSolution TypesIsotonicIsotonic• Concentration is Concentration is same on same on
both sidesboth sides..Red blood cell & plasma
IsotonicIsotonic• Concentration is Concentration is same on same on
both sidesboth sides..Red blood cell & plasma
HypertonicHypertonic• Concentration Concentration greater outsidegreater outside
• crenationcrenation - water leaves cell
HypertonicHypertonic• Concentration Concentration greater outsidegreater outside
• crenationcrenation - water leaves cell
HypotonicHypotonic• Concentration Concentration greater insidegreater inside • hemolysishemolysis - cell swells &
ruptures
HypotonicHypotonic• Concentration Concentration greater insidegreater inside • hemolysishemolysis - cell swells &
ruptures
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IsotonicIsotonicNormal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl Normal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl 5% Glucose Solution5% Glucose SolutionUsed to replace body fluids
IsotonicIsotonicNormal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl Normal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl 5% Glucose Solution5% Glucose SolutionUsed to replace body fluids
HypertonicHypertonicUsed to draw water from tissueTo reduce swelling Gargling with salt Hsalt H22OO, Sitz bathsSitz baths with epsom salts
HypertonicHypertonicUsed to draw water from tissueTo reduce swelling Gargling with salt Hsalt H22OO, Sitz bathsSitz baths with epsom salts
HypotonicHypotonicUsed to rehydraterehydrate tissueHypotonicHypotonicUsed to rehydraterehydrate tissue
Osmosis and IV solutionsOsmosis and IV solutions
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DialysisDialysis
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Cl-
Cl-
Membrane w/ bigger holes than osmosisMembrane w/ bigger holes than osmosisConcentrated Sol’nConcentrated Sol’n Dilute Sol’nDilute Sol’n
Solvent & small particles moveSolvent & small particles move
The process where The process where solventsolvent and and other small other small moleculesmolecules can can pass pass through a membranethrough a membrane..