Post on 09-Jul-2020
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1. Assess the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and
philosophy in the period 1550 – 1750.
2. “If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the
shoulders of giants.” How did Isaac Newton synthesize scientific
thought?
3. What is the scientific method? What was the significance of its
development as a standard of truth not only for the sciences, but for
knowledge in general?
4. Analyze the major ways through which Tsar Peter the Great sought
to reform his society and its institutions in order to strengthen
Russia and its position in Europe.
5. Compare and contrast the Enlightened leadership of two of the
following leaders: Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great, Peter
the Great, and Joseph II. Take a stand on which of the two is the
more effective Enlightened leader.
6. Compare and contrast the views of Machiavelli and Rousseau on
human nature and the relationship between government and the
governed.
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Results of
Industrialization =
1. Social Unrest
2. Classical Economics
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PROLETARIANIZATION = People lost control of the production
process. Workers were forced to submit to desires of their
supervisors. They were paid little more than a minimum
sustenance wage.
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Protests
And
Reformers
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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life
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The Luddites: 1811-1816
Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to
live in Sherwood Forest]
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The Luddite Triangle
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Actions taken by Parliament to maintain the power of
the aristocracy:
(1799 – passed the Combination Acts which
outlawed unions.
• 1815 Parliament passed the Corn Law to
maintain high corn prices (tariffs on foreign
corn).
• 1816 Parliament abolished the income tax
paid by the wealthy & replaced it with a sales
tax paid by everyone.
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Peterloo Massacre, 1819 (Manchester,
England)
(St. Peter’s Field)
British
Soldiers
Fire on
British
Workers:
Let us die like
men, and not be
sold like slaves!
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Parliament responded to the Peterloo Massacre by
passing legislation known as The Six Acts (Dec. 1819):
1. Forbade large, unauthorized, public meetings
2. Raised fines for seditious libel
3. Speeded up trials for political agitators
4. Increased newspaper taxes
5. Prohibited training of armed groups
6. Allowed local officials to search homes in certain
counties.
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CHARTISM {England} = the first large scale working class
political movement. Factory workers demanded a “People’s
Charter” between the government and the industrial workers.
The charter was issued in 1838 and included:
1. Vote to all men
2. Annual election of the House of Commons
3. Secret ballot (protect employees from revenge of employers)
4. Equal electoral districts
5. No property qualification for Parliament members
6. Payment of Parliament members
The Charter lasted until 1848. It was not successful due to divided
tactics – violent versus peaceful. Movement was driven by
economic desire. When the economy improved, the Charter
Movement collapsed.
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The Chartists
A female ChartistA physical force—
Chartists arming for
the fight.
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The 1834 Poor Law (Engl.)
Created a series of “workhouses”
where the conditions were
purposely horrible in order to
discourage lazy people. Poor
relief was given only in
workhouses where spouses were
separated, the food was bad, and
the work was distasteful.
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Mealtime in the
workhouse.
An English Workhouse
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Multnomah County Poorhouse Remodeled to become
McMenamin’s Edgefield Manor
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The Corn Laws
Series of tariffs passed between 1815 & 1846 to
shore up the price of British corn by placing
tariffs on foreign imports. Intent was to
maintain the wealth and power of the landed
aristocracy when its power was being
challenged by the new wealth of the factory
owners. Factory owners were against the tariffs
{supported laissez faire} since they caused
other nations to place tariffs on British
manufactured goods. This hampered trade.
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Repeal of the Corn Laws – 1846
1} created cheaper food
2} allowed manufacturers to pay lower wages
(since they were based on minimum subsistence cost)
3} lower corn prices made Britain more
competitive internationally
*** Real reason for repeal was the Irish potato
blight of 1845-47 & fact the British could not
afford to feed the Irish at the higher corn prices.
Repeal of corn laws was beginning of free trade
policies that lasted until the late 1800s.
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Cesare Beccaria
(Italian, 1738-94)
On Crimes and
Punishments {1764}
Sought humane
punishment (no death
penalty or torture).
Punishment should
create greatest good
for greatest number
(rehabilitation).
Speedy trial and sure
punishment to deter
repeat offenders.
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Prison Hulk York in Portsmouth HarborHand and foot shackles
placed on the prisoners.
Before the 1800s, often chained prisoners to benches and made
them row until they died. Later, imprisoned in ships at port cities
and made to work on the docks.
HULK SHIPS
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Early City Police Organizations
Gendarmerie – military police force initially created
(1667) by Louis XIV of France to patrol the city of Paris
and to spy on his own people {secret police} to help him
control them.
1828 Metropolitan Police Act (London) – created largely
with support of Parliament member, Sir Robert Peel.
The policemen were named, “Bobbies,” after him.
Sergeants – 1829, new & more visible blue uniformed
Paris Police who carried light arms. No longer a military
force, but a modern police force.
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British “Bobbies” – 1828
Metropolitan Police Act (London)
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The Rise of
Classical
Economics{associated with laissez-faire economics}
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Old Economic Philosphy = Physiocratic Economics
Physiocrats - - theory that economic production
depends upon sound agriculture. Consolidate
smaller to larger farms. Government’s main role
is to protect private property & allow freedom of
land use.
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New Economic Theory = Laissez-faire Economics
Government should have very minimal
involvement in the economy. The economy
should primarily operate on supply and
demand.
Government should provide some services
such as: schools, military protection, roads,
capital for big ventures (major entrepreneurial
risks).
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Adam Smith – Capitalism
Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of the Wealth of
Nations {1776}.
Gov’t should stay out of the
economic system.
Mercantilism hampers the
ability of the economy to
produce. Gov’t restrictions
attempt to preserve the Wealth
of Nations for the gov’t.
Allow greed to drive the
economy to perform to its peak
potential.
Economic potential of a nation
is infinite!
(1723-1790, Scotland)
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Adam Smith
Created the idea of laissez-faire economics.
Absent-minded man. At night, he often walked the
streets of London, deep in thought. When morning came
he realized he was totally lost.
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Thomas Malthus – Classical
Economist
“Essay on the Principle of
Population” {1798} –
population growth will
eventually outstrip the food
supply.
Must control birthrate to
stop disaster: later
marriages, chastity,
contraception.
Nothing can be done to
improve the working class.
Higher wages cause them to
have more children.
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David Ricardo – Classical Economist
Principles of Political
Economy {1817}
**Iron Law of Wages = a
raise in wages causes
more children which
eventually lowers wages.
Then people have fewer
children and there is
eventually a labor
shortage which drives
wages up. Becomes a
cyclical pattern.
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Utilitarian Economics
The goal of
society is the
greatest good
for the greatest
number.
Government
should make
laws which
provide a social
safety net for
those who can’t
protect
themselves
(poor fact.
workers).
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Jeremy Bentham, Utilitarian Economist
Legal reformer.
Wanted codes of
scientific laws
based on providing
the greatest good
for the greatest
number.
Utilitarian laws
would make up for
the special
interests of the
privileged classes
(rich).
English (1748-1832)
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John Stuart Mill, Utilitarian Economist
Best example of
utilitarian economics.
Principles of Political
Economy (1848) –
supported education
of working class to
improve standard of
living.
Supported
organization of labor
cooperatives (unions).
Supported women’s
rights.
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3 Key Economic Systems of the World1. Capitalism – economic system in which the means of production
is privately owned. Competition between businesses guarantees
efficiency of operations and reasonable prices. Profit motive drives
workers.
2. Socialism – economic system in which most of the means of
production is privately owned. The government controls key
industries which are essential to national security. Examples
include: defense industries, transport, agriculture, etc.
3. Communism – economic system in which all means of production
are owned by the government. Intent is for the government to
manage the nation’s resources and distribute the wealth equally
among all people. All people have jobs and homes. Nobody is
homeless and nobody is filthy rich. Supposedly the need for
government would eventually wither away. This has failed to work
since most humans are primarily motivated by desire for profit .
When you remove the profit incentive, productivity declines
significantly.
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Utopian Socialists
Utopian Socialism – economic systems which use
unique or progressive types of social or economic
organization. Attempt to create ideal
communities centered around the idea that a
factory owner can pay workers well, provide a
safe work environment, and treat the workers
well AND STILL MAKE A GOOD PROFIT! This
philosophy centers around the theory that
workers who are treated well will be more loyal
to the factory and more productive.
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Robert Owen (Engl. 1771 – 1858)
Self made cotton manufacturer. Owned
cotton factory in New Lanark, Scotland.
Thought could create a humane work
environment & still make a profit. His
factory offered: good living quarters,
abundant recreation, factory schools for
children, and churches. Rewarded good
workers. The factory DID make a good
profit!
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Owen Cotton Mill / New Lanark, Scotland
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Owen tried to duplicate his success in New Harmony,
Indiana and failed. ** He did establish the idea of
cooperative production & provided proof that good
working conditions could yield good profits. Owen tried to
form the Grand National Union, a union of all trade unions.
It failed in the 1830s. {American AFL-CIO}
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Proto-Communists
Louis Blanc (French, 1811 – 1882)
His book, The Organization of
Labor {1839} promoted ending
competition, the vote for working
class males, use of the vote to
improve the economic situation.
Said a state ruled by working
class voters would develop
workshops to employ the poor.
Gov’t would use workshops to
organize labor and guarantee
jobs.
Blanc said the gov’t should
become the main employer in
order to improve the plight of
workers.
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George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Hegel said that history advances
through conflict. One phase of history
(thesis), creates its opposite (antithesis).
Example = absolutism led to democracy.
History develops through the constant
clash of thesis versus antithesis,
followed by a new synthesis.
Dialectical Theory
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Karl Marx (German, 1818 – 1883)
He and Friedrich Engels created the
economic system of communism. Marx
was exiled from Germany for publishing
radical ideas in the Rhineland Gazette while
he was editor, 1842-3.
Lived in London after 1849 & based many
of his beliefs on conditions in London at
the peak of industrialization.
Marx saw a class struggle between
capitalists (bourgeois} and the working
class (proletariat) that would lead to a
revolution and a dictatorship of the
proletariat. Eventually a new society would
be created in which the gov’t would wither
away. Marx theorized that competition
among capitalists would make life
miserable for the proletariat, causing them
to rise up and take over the means of
production. Eventually there would be a
classless, propertyless society.
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Friedrich Engels (German, 1820 – 1895)
Middle class German
whose father owned a
textile factory in
Manchester, England.
In 1845, he published The
Conditions of the Working
Class in England, which
explained how horrible
life was for the factory
workers, based on his
father’s factory.
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“The Communist Manifesto”
was a pamphlet written by
Marx & Engels in 1848.
Communism was chosen as
the name since it implied
totally giving up privately
owned property.
This booklet became one of
the most influential political
documents in Modern
European History.
Engels & Marx thought a
proletarian revolution was
inevitable. They suggested
that revolution was the best
path to communism, not
reform.
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Karl Marx’s Dialectical Theory
History is the story of class
struggle. The Middle Ages
produced a dominant
Aristocracy which led to the
Renaissance and rise of the
middle class or bourgeoisie
{antithesis}. This resulted in a
synthesis which was
capitalism.
Capitalism = factory owners &
professional managers
ruthlessly exploit industrial
workers, causing the
proletariat to rise up and take
over the means of production
{antithesis}.
New synthesis is communism
in which the gov’t takes over
factories to better serve the
workers. Eventually the need
for gov’t will wither away.
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The Terminus
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The Liberal Revolts of 1848
There were a series of revolutions across the continent of Europe
due to:
Economic Conditions – food shortages (since 1846 / Irish potato
blight 1845-7). Downturn in the economic cycle causing high
unemployment & overburdened poor relief. Industrialization causing
city slums & suffering of working class.
Liberalism – middle class liberal agitation and alliance with the
working class to get representative gov’t, civil liberty, & laissez-faire
economics.
Nationalism – esp. caused uprisings in Eastern Europe & particularly
in the Austrian Empire.
These Revolutions Failed Because:
Conservatives regained control & liberal middle class would not
grant social reforms to the urban working classes.
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The Revolutions of 1848