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Internal
HSDPA Principles and
configuration
BSC6810V200R011
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Main features
RAN5.0 HSDPA
Phase 1
RAN5.1 HSDPA
Phase 2
RAN6 HSDPA Phase 3 RAN10
Max rate
1.8Mbps/user
Max rate
3.6Mbps/user
Max rate 7.2Mbps/user Max rate
14.4Mbps/user
Max user no.
16/cell
Max user no. 64/cell
Basic admission
control
CAC/LDR/Schedule
based on GBRHSDPA over Iur
RNC controlled
dynamic code
allocation
NodeB-controlled
dynamic code
allocation
SRB over HSPA
Multi RAB(1CS +
2PS)
VOIP over HSPA
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Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
Relevant principles of HSDPA
Features of HSDPA
Relevant data configuration of HSDPA
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Chapter 1 HSDPA Principle
Chapter 2 HSDPA signaling procedure
Chapter 3 HSDPA radio resource
management
Chapter 4 HSDPA data configuratioin
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Introduction
Higher downlink peak transmission rate: up to 14.4 Mbit/s
More efficient downlink codes and power utilization: for macro
cell coverage, the capacity is 50% higher; for micro cell
coverage, the capacity is 200% –300% or higher
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Realization of the HSDPA
UTRAN side:
MAC-hs and HSDPA physical layer processing
HS-DSCH FP between the SRNC, CRNC, and NodeB for user plane
data transmission
CN side:
PS domain needs to support higher rate of service assignment and
user plane transmission and switching
PHY
MAC-hs
MAC-d
PHY TNL
MAC-hsHS-DSCH
FP
TNL
HS-DSCH FP
MAC-d
DTCH DCCH DTCH DCCH
UE NodeB CRNC/SRNCUu Iub
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MAC_hs
MAC-hs
MAC – Control
HS-DSCH
TFRC selection
Priority Queuedistribution
Associated Downlink Associated UplinkSignalling
MAC-d flows
HARQ entity
Priority Queuedistribution
PriorityQueue
PriorityQueue
PriorityQueue
PriorityQueue
Scheduling/Priority handling
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MAC_hs
Flow Control:
This function is intended to limit layer 2 signalling latency and reduce discardedand retransmitted data as a result of HS-DSCH congestion. Flow control is
provided independently by MAC-d flow for a given MAC-hs entity.
Scheduling/Priority Handling:
This function manages HS-DSCH resources between HARQ entities and data
flows according to their priority. Based on status reports from associated uplink
signalling either new transmission or retransmission is determined. Further itdetermines the Queue ID and TSN for each new MAC-hs PDU being serviced. A
new transmission can be initiated instead of a pending retransmission at any time
to support the priority handling.
HARQ:
One HARQ entity handles the hybrid ARQ functionality for one user. One HARQ
entity is capable of supporting multiple instances (HARQ process) of stop andwait HARQ protocols. There shall be one HARQ process per HS-DSCH per TTI.
TFRC selection:
Selection of an appropriate transport format and resource for the data to be
transmitted on HS-DSCH
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HSDPA Physical Channel
HS-PDSCH: High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
The HS-PDSCH is used to carry downlink service data.
The spreading factor of the HS-PDSCH can be 16 only. Each cell can
provide at most 15 HS-PDSCHs whose codes must be continuous.
When a cell provides 15 HS-PDSCHs, the maximum rate reaches 14.4
Mbit/s.
The HS-PDSCH adopts the QPSK or 16QAM modulation mode
In RAN11 supporting HSPA+, 64QAM/MIMO is supported
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HSDPA Physical Channel
HS-SCCH: High Speed Shared Control Channel
The HS-SCCH carries downlink control information. It is used to notify
the UE of the information about the HS-PDSCH, including modulation
mode, size of a transmission block, version redundant information, UE ID
and HS-PDSCH channel code.
HS-SCCH is aligned with the PCCPCH in timing and keeps fixed time
offset with the HS-PDSCH. Its spreading factor is fixed as 128 and
QPSK is the only modulation mode.
The number of HS-SCCHs (128 at most) and the channel codes in the
cell are decided by RNC, which notifies NodeB through the NBAP
signaling message. The UE can detect one to four HS-SCCHs specified
by the NodeB at one time
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HSDPA Physical Channel
HS-DPCCH: High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
The HS-DPCCH is used to carry the uplink feedback information related
to the downlink HS-PDSCH, including ACK/NACK and CQI. The
spreading factor of the HS-DPCCH is fixed as 256.
Subframe #0 Subframe #i Subframe #4
HARQ-ACK CQI
One radio frame Tf = 10 ms
One HS-DPCCH subframe (2 ms)
2
Tslot = 5120 chipsTslot = 2560 chips
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SRB over HSPA F-DPCH
(Tx OFF)
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
Tslot = 2560 chips
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
TPC
TPC bits(Tx OFF)
512 chips
Figure 12B: Frame structure for F-DPCH
The F-DPCH carries control information generated at layer 1 (TPC
commands). It is a special case of the downlink DPCCH. The following
figure shows the frame structure of the F-DPCH.
Each frame of length 10 ms is split into 15 slots, each of length timeslot
= 2560 chips, corresponding to one power-control period.
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SRB over HSPA F-DPCH
Through time division multiplexing of one SF256 F-DPCH channel
code by multiple UEs, the channel code resources and power resources
of a cell can be saved, and the system capacity can be improved.
Each UE occupies only one symbol in each slot to carry the TPC
command. The Pilot domain and TFCI are removed.
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
TPC
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE5
UE6
UE7
UE8
UE9
UE10
P-CCPCH frame
offset(256chip)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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HSDPA Channel Mapping
HS-DSCH: High Speed Downlink Shared Channel
Traffic classes supported by the HS-DSCH
SET CORRMALGOSWITCH:
HspaSwitch=PS_STREAMING_ON_E_DCH_SWITCH-
1&PS_STREAMING_ON_HSDPA_SWITCH-1;
SET FRC: UlStrThsOnHsupa=D32, UlBeTraffThsOnHsupa=D64;
Traffic classes Description
Streaming
The switch [PS_STREAMING_ON_HSDPA_SWITCH] decides the
streaming service on the HS-DSCH.
When the switch is on, the streaming service is mapped to the HS-DSCH.
When the switch is off, the streaming service is mapped to the DPCH.
Interactive The generic term for these two services is BE service.
The BE services are mapped to the HS-DSCH whenever possible.Background
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HS-DSCH Mapping to HSDPA channel
F-DPCH
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HSPDA Physical Channel Timing Relationship
HS-SCCH
HS-PDSCH
3 slots = 2 ms
DPCH
DPCH
Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2) = 0P-CCPCH
2 slots
3 slots = 2 ms
Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot
15 slots = 10 ms
Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4
Radio frame with (SFN modulo 2)=1
10 ms
Subframe #0 Subframe #1 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4
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HSDPA Key Technology
2 ms TTI
Link adaptation through HARQ
AMC in the physical layer
Mac-hs scheduling
HSDPA flow control
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HSDPA Key Technology
2 ms TTI
Faster data scheduling
Faster data transmission
Shorter delay
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HSDPA Key Technology
HARQ Technology:
the HARQ is combination of the Forward Error Correction (FEC) and ARQ
Every HSDPA user has an HARQ entity on both the UE and NodeB sides, each
having up to six HARQ processes.
Coding combination Description Comparison
Chase CombiningRetransmit the
same bit set
The second mode is better in that the
combination of the retransmitted bit
set and the former bit set raises the
redundant data and the possibility of
recovery from errors at the airinterface.
Increment Redundancy Retransmitdifferent bit sets
HARQ process 1
HARQ process 2
12ms or more
HS-SC
HS-PDS
HS-SC
HS-PDS
HS-SC
HS-PDS
HS-SC
HS-PDS
12ms or more
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HSDPA Key Technology
AMC Technology:
The UE reports the CQI to the NodeB through the HS-DPCCH and the
NodeB selects coding rate and modulation mode according to the radio
environment indicated by the CQI
The condition of the radioenvironment
Modulation and rate Result
Good
( The UE is near the NodeB)
High order modulation (for
example, 16QAM/64QAM)
High coding rate
High peak rate
Poor(The UE is at the boarder of the cell
or there is a sever attenuation)
Low order modulation (for
example, QPSK)
Low coding rate
Highcommunication
quality
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HSDPA Key Technology
HSDPA Scheduling Algorithm :
Algorithm Description
Max C/I Allocates resources to the UE with the best channel conditions at each TTI,
maximizing the cell throughput.
Round Robin Allocates resources to the UE with the longest waiting time, Users’ time fairness is
guaranteed but the cell throughput is low.
Proportional
Fair (PF)
Allocates resources to the UE according to the radio condition and the achieved
data rate. The higher the CQI is, the more the opportunity of the user being
scheduled. The lower the achieved data rate is, the more the user can be
scheduled. The PF scheduling algorithm is a trade-off between the fairness and
the cell throughput.
EPF
Guarantees the GBR requirement of the streaming service and the BE service.
The GBR of BE service is configured by RNC LMT and NodeB LMT, which means
that if the BE service achieve the GBR, the BE user is satisfied.
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HSDPA Key Technology
HSDPA Scheduling Algorithm :
MML Commands:
NodeB Side
SET MACHSPARA: SM=EPF;;
SET MACHSSPIPARA:;
RNC side
SET USERPRIORITY
SET SCHEDULEPRIOMAP:;SET USERGBR:;
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HSDPA Flow Control
HS-DSCH Capacity Request
The HS-DSCH Capacity Request procedure provides means for the
CRNC to request HS-DSCH capacity by indicating the user buffer size
in the CRNC for a given priority level
Node B SRNC
CAPACITY REQUEST
1
User Buffer Size
User Buffer Size ( cont)
CmCH -PI Spare bits 7-4
Spare Extension
Payload
1
0-32
1
Number of Octets bit7 bit 0
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HSDPA Flow Control
HS-DSCH Capacity Allocation procedure
It may be generated either in response to a HS-DSCH Capacity Request
or at any other time
Node B SRNC
CAPACITY ALLOCATION
HS-DSCH Interval
HS-DSCH Credits (cont)
Maximum MAC-d PDU Length
Maximum MAC-d PDU
Length (cont)HS-DSCH Credits
HS-DSCH Repetition Period
CmCH-PISpare bits 7-4
07
Spare Extension
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HSDPA Flow Control in RAN10
Flow control is implemented in both RNC and NodeBOn the NodeB, use adaptive flow control and traffic shaping to avoid
congestion on the Iub interface.
On the RNC, use VP shaping and backpressure to avoid congestion
on the Iub interface.
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HSDPA Flow Control in RAN10
Flow control in NodeBBandwidth allocation for UE queues
− A NodeB allocates the bandwidth on the Iub interface for each
MAC-hs queue according to the buffering status of the queue
and the rate on the Uu interface.− If the queue lacks data, the bandwidth allocated by the NodeB is
higher than the rate on the Uu interface.
− If the queue contains sufficient data, the bandwidth allocated by
the NodeB is close to the rate on the Uu interface.
− If the queue contains excessive data, the bandwidth allocated by
the NodeB is lower than the rate on the Uu interface.
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HSDPA Flow Control in RAN10
Flow control in NodeBTraffic shaping on Iub interface
− During bandwidth allocation, guaranteed bit rate (GBR) UEs are
preferred. Then, the remaining bandwidth is allocated according
to the UE priority, that is, SPI weight proportionally− When there is a severe lack of bandwidth, and the bandwidth
cannot meet requirements of all the GBR UEs, the GBR UEs
with high priority are preferred
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HSDPA Flow Control in RAN10
Flow control in NodeBMML Commands:
− SET HSDPAFLOWCTRLPARA:
SWITCH=BW_SHAPING_ONOFF_TOGGLE
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HSDPA Flow Control in RAN10
Flow control in RNCVP shaping and backpressure
− Flow control and backpressure based on RLC retransmission
rate
− VP backpressure on virtual port in RNC of V210 and V110
− MML commands:
▪ SET PORTFLOWCTRLSWITCH
▪ ADD VP
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Chapter 1 HSDPA Principle
Chapter 2 HSDPA signaling procedure
Chapter 3 HSDPA radio resource
management
Chapter 4 HSDPA data configuratioin
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HSDPA resource allocationCRNC ode B
PHYSICAL SHARED CHANNEL
RECONFIGURATION REQUEST
PHYSICAL SHARED CHANNEL
RECONFIGURATION RESPONSE
IE/Group Name Presence RangeIE Type andReference Semantics Description
HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH Total Power
OMaximumTransmissionPower9.2.1.40
Maximum transmission power.tobe allowed for HS-PDSCH andHS-SCCH codes
HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH Scrambling Code
ODL ScramblingCode
9.2.2.13
Scrambling code on which HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH istransmitted.
0= Primary scrambling code of
the cell 1…15 = Secondaryscrambling code
HS-PDSCH FDD CodeInformation
0..1 9.2.2.18F
HS-SCCH FDD CodeInformation
0..1 9.2.2.18G
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User HSDPA channel setup
HSDPA channel setup procedure is the same as DCH setup,only the
signaling contains IE for HSDPA channel。
CRNC Node B
RADIO LINK RECONFIGURATION PREPARE
RADIO LINK RECONFIGURATION READY
UE UTRAN
RADIO BEARER SETUP
RADIO BEARER SETUP COMPLETE
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HSDPA channel setup signaling examples (over Iur)UE Node B Serving
RNC DriftRNC
RNSAP
RNSAP
RNSAP
NBAP
NBAP
RNSAP
NBAP
NBAP
RRCRRC
RRC RRC
4. RL Reconfig Ready
1. RL Reconfig Prepare
2. RL Reconfig Prepare
3. RL Reconfig Ready
ALCAP Iub Trans. Bearer Setup ALCAP Iur Trans. Bearer Setup
7. DCCH: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration
8. DCCH: Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete
HS-DSCH FP HS-DSCH-FPHS-DSCH-FP
HS-DSCH-FPHS-DSCH-FPHS-DSCH-FP
9. HS-DSCH Capacity Request10. HS-DSCH Capacity Request
11. HS-DSCH Capacity Alloc 12. HS-DSCH Capacity Alloc.
13. Data transfer
NBAP NBAP
6. RL Reconfig Commit
MAC-hs MAC-hs
15. Shared control channel
16. Data transfer
RNSAPRNSAP
5. RL Reconfig Commit
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Chapter 1 HSDPA Principle
Chapter 2 HSDPA signaling procedure
Chapter 3 HSDPA radio resource
management
Chapter 4 HSDPA data configuratioin
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HSDPA Power Allocation
In v1.8
The MML command is:ADD CELLHSDPA: HspaPower =430;
The power allocated for HSPA channels cannot exceed the value of
HspaPower , the downlink channel includes the HS-PDSCH, HS-SCCH,
E-AGCH, E-RGCH and E-HICHl.
In V2.10
The MML command is ADD CELLHSDPA: AllocCodeMode=Manual,
HspaPower=0, CodeAdjForHsdpaSwitch=ON;;
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HSDPA Power Allocation
HSDPA Dynamic Power Resources Allocation
Except reserving for the common channels, the rest power resources of
the cell are allocated dynamically between the DPCH and HSPA DL
physical channels. After allocating power to DPCH and E-HICH , E-
AGCH, E-RGCH, the rest power is allocated to HS-SCCH and HS-
PDSCH. The power allocated for HSPA cannot exceed the value of theHS-PDSCH, HS-SCCH, E-AGCH, E-RGCH and E-HICH Total Power.
MML Commands:
− ADD CELLHSDPA: AllocCodeMode=Manual, HspaPower=0;
− SET MACHSPARA: PWRMGN=10; (NodeB)
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HSDPA Codes Allocation
V1.7
Static Allocation
RNC controlled dynamic alloction
V1.8 and V2.10
Static allocation
RNC-controlled dynamic allocation
NodeB-controlled dynamic allocation
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HSDPA Codes Allocation
HSDPA Codes Allocation
Static Allocation
− In static allocation, the RNC reserves some codes for the HS-
PDSCH. The DPCH and other common channels use the rest
Code reserved
for common
channel
Codes
reserved for
HS-PDSCH
SF=16
Codes
available for
DPCH
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HSDPA Codes Allocation
Static Allocation example
suppose RNC is configured with:
2 HS-SCCH
2 HS-PDSCH
SF=256SF=128 ┏━●C 256,0): PCPICH┏ ┫
SF=64 ┃ ┗━●C 256,1): PCCPCH┏ ┫ ┃ ┃ ┏━●C 256,2): AICH┃ ┗ 1 ┫ SF=32 ┃ ┗━●C 256,3): PICH┏ ┫
SF=16 ┃ ┗ ●C 64,1):SCCPCH 1┏ ┫ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┏ ●C 64,2):SCCPCH 2┃ ┃ ┃┃ ┗ 1 ┫ SF=8 ┃ ┃ ┏━●C 128,6):HS-SCCH 1┏ ┫ ┗ 3 ┫ SF=4 ┃ ┗━○1 ┃ ┏ ┫ ┗━●C 128,7):HS-SCCH 2┃ ┗ ○1┃ ┗━○1
┏━○2┃ ┏ ○6 ● CCH┃ ┃ SF=16 ● HSDPA┃ ┃ ┏ ●C 16,14):HS-PDSCH 2 ○ DCH┗━ 3 ┫ ┃ ┗ 7 ┫ ┗ ●C 16,15):HS-PDSCH 1
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HSDPA Codes Allocation
RNC-Controlled Dynamic Allocation
In the RNC-controlled dynamic allocation, the RNC adjusts the reserved
HS-PDSCH codes according to the real-time usage status of the codes
Configure the maximum and minimum numbers of codes available for
HS-PDSCH on the RNC OMC.The codes between the two parameters
are called shared codes
Shared codes
Max number of codes
Min number of codes
SF=16
Codes available for DPCH Codes reserved for HS- PDSCH
Code reservedfor commonchannel
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HSDPA Codes Allocation
RNC-Controlled Dynamic Allocation
Extending the codes reserved for the HS-PDSCH
− If in cell's code tree there is at least one code can be reserved and this code's
SF is equal to or less than the Cell SF reserved threshold, NodeB will try to
increase HS-PDSCH code number.
Shared
codes
RNC extends the codes
reserved for HS-PDSCH
SF=16
Code reserved for
common channel
+HS-SCCH
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HSDPA Codes Allocation
RNC-Controlled Dynamic AllocationReducing the codes reserved for HS-PDSCH
− When allocating the code resources triggered by radio link setup, the RNC will
reallocate one of the shared codes reserved for HS-PDSCH to DPCH if the
minimum SF among free codes is larger than the Cell SF reserved threshold.
Shared
codes
RNC reduces the codes
reserved for HS-PDSCH
SF=16
Code reserved for
common channel
+HS-SCCH
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HSDPA Codes Allocation
RNC-Controlled Dynamic Allocation In v1.7, the Cell SF reserved threshold is configure with command:
− ADD CELLHSDPA: AllocCodeMode=Automatic, RevSFThd=SF16;
In v1.8 and V2.10, the Cell SF reserved threshold is configure with command:
− ADD CELLLDR: CellSfResThd=SF16;
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HSDPA Codes Allocation
NodeB-Controlled Dynamic Allocation
NodeB-controlled dynamic allocation allows the NodeB to use the HS-
PDSCH codes that are statically allocated by the RNC. Besides, the
NodeB can dynamically allocate the idle codes of the current cell to the
HS-PDSCH channel
SET MACHSPARA: DYNCODESW=OPEN;
This codes allocation has better performance then RNC controlled
dynamic code allocation, so it is recommended to open this function and
disable the RNC controlled allocation in RAN10 and later version
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HSDPA Cell Admission Control
HSDPA UE Admission control
The admission decision based on the power resources
The admission decision based on the Iub transmission resources
The admission decision based on the number of UEs
Only all the 3 aspects passed, then the user may be admitted.
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HSDPA Cell Admission Control
HSDPA UE Admission control
ADD CELLALGOSWITCH: NBMCacAlgoSwitch=HSDPA_ADCTRL-
1&HSUPA_ADCTRL-1&HSDPA_GBP_MEAS-
1&HSDPA_PBR_MEAS-1;
ADD CELLCAC: CellId=65533, UlOtherThd=60, DlCellTotalThd=90,
HsdpaStrmPBRThd=70, HsdpaBePBRThd=30,MaxHSDSCHUserNum=64;
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HSDPA Channel Switch
Channel type transition after introducing the HSDPA
Channel Switching between HS-DSCH and FACH
UE will be switched from the HS-DSCH to the FACH to reduce occupation
of the DPCH when the following conditions are met.
− The HS-DSCH carries the BE service or the PS streaming service for the UE.
− There is no data flow of any of the services for a certain length of time, which is
set to BE HS-DSCH to FACH transition timer for BE service or Realtime Traff
DCH to FACH transition timer for realtime service
When the data flow gets more active, the UE is switched from the FACH to the HS-
DSCH.
UE state transition Channel switchingCELL_DCH (with HS-DSCH) CELL_DCH HS-DSCH DCH
CELL_DCH (with HS-DSCH) CELL_FACH HS-DSCH FACH
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HSDPA Channel Switch
Channel Switching between HS-DSCH and DCH
The switching from DCH to HS-DSCH can be triggered by mobility management, thetraffic volume or the timer. While the switching from HS-DSCH to DCH can only be
triggered by mobility management
− Triggered by mobility management
− Triggered by traffic volume
When the service is suitable to be carried on HSDPA and the UE supports
HSDPA but the service is actually mapped onto the DCH (for some reasons such
as the UE is rejected to access a HSDPA cell by CAC Algorithm). If the activity of
the H UE that performs data services increases and the RNC receives the report
of the 4a event, the H UE will try to switch from DCH to HS-DSCH
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HSDPA Channel Switch
Channel Switching between HS-DSCH and DCH
− Triggered by timer
When the service is suitable to be carried on HSDPA and the UE supports
HSDPA but the service is actually mapped onto the DCH (for some reasons such
as the UE is rejected to access a HSDPA cell by CAC Algorithm), a timer is used
to periodical attempt to map the service onto the HS-DSCH. Firstly, attempt to
map onto HS-DSCH of the current cell, if failed, then attempt to map onto HS-
DSCH of the inter-frequency blind handover cell with the same coverage. This
timer length is set to H Retry timer length.
− SET COIFTIMER: HRetryTimerLen=10;
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HSDPA Mobility Management
A UE may have two connections with the network after introducing the HSDPA
Connection Handover
HSDPA
connection
A UE can keep only one HSDPA connection with the network at a time. The
HSDPA handover includes:
Intra frequency handover
Inter frequency handover
Inter-rat handover
DPCH
connection
Similar to the R99 system handover, the DPCH handover includes soft handover,
hard handover and inter-RAT handover.
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HSDPA Mobility Management
Intra frequency handover
For HSDPA connections, HS-DSCH does not support softhandover,
usually the handover is a process of serving HSDPA cell change which is
triggered by 1D event report.
Inter frequency handover
Generally, the hard handover and the serving HSDPA cell change takeplace at the same time
Inter system handover
The procedure is very similar to R99 service inter-rat handover.
If the compressed mode is disabled by command: SET CMCF:HsdpaCMPermissionInd=FALSE;, then the UE should fall back to DCH
and then make a 3G to 2G hard handover.
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Chapter 1 HSDPA Principle
Chapter 2 HSDPA signaling procedure
Chapter 3 HSDPA radio resource
management
Chapter 4 HSDPA data configuratioin
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Setup HSDPA Cell
DSP LICENSE:; to check the HSDPA service is enabled.
Confirm that R99 cell has been configured by LST CELL:;
On the basis of R99 cell data, setup HSDPA cell:
Execute MML command: “ADD CELLHSDPA:
AllocCodeMode=Automatic, CodeAdjForHsdpaSwitch=ON;
ACT CELLHSDPA:; to activate the HSDPA function
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Increase AAL2Path for HSDPA Service
In RAN10 and earlier version:
ADD AAL2PATH: PAT=HSPA_NRT;
ADD IPPATH: TFT=HSPA_NRT;
In RAN11
ADD IPPATH: ITFT=IUB, TRANST=IP, PATHT=AFxx/BE/EF
ADD AAL2PATH: AAL2PATHT=HSPA/R99/SHARE
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