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Rocks types

Magmatic rocks(das magmatische Gestein, der Magmatit)

(intrusiv, extrusiv)

Sedimentary rocks(das Sedimentgestein)

Metamorphic rocks(das metamorphe G., das Metamorphit)

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Rock cycle

WeatheringErosion

Deposition

Sedimentaryrocks

Metamorphic rocks

MeltingMantledifferentiation

Igneousrocks

Exhumation

Lithification

Magma formation

Metamorphism

Meta-morphism

Not to any scaleat all!

sea level

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Rocks

Need methods to:

1) determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks.

2) divide rocks into parts that canbe easily described.

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Sedimentary layering

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Sedimentary layering

Photo Erich Draganits

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Bedding

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Steno Principles

1 - Principle of Superposition.(Das Superpositionsprinzip.)

2 - Principle of Horizontality.(Das Horizontalitätsprinzip.)

3 - Principle of Lateral Continuity. (Das Lateralkontinuitätsprinzip.)

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N

3 - Lateralcontinuity

Finland

rwy

No

a

Sw

een

dG

lf of

Bot

hnia

uOccurrences ofAlum Shale in

Sweden(50-200 m thick)

0 500

km

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1 - Superposition

Photo John Ramsay

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2 - Horizontality

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Unconformity(die Discordanz)

An unconformityis present when there is a

between a layer of sedimentary rock

and the underlying rocks.

time gap

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Unconformity types

non-conformity

paraconformity

disconformity

angular unconformity

(no German equivalent).

(die maskierte Discordanz).

(die ungleich Discordanz).

(die Winkeldiscordanz).

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640 Ma

800 Ma

Disconformity

640 Ma

800 Ma

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640 Ma

800 Ma

Disconformity

640 Ma

800 Ma

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Unconformity - 1

200 Ma

320 Ma

200 Ma

320 Ma

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Unconformity - 2

Indian molasse - both < 30 Ma oldphoto Bernhard Grasemann

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Sea-level changes

TRANSGRESSIONSea-level

RISEoastliC

ne

REGRESSIONSea-level

FALLoastliC

ne

Land

Sea

Land

Sea

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20,000yearsago

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Sea-level - Late Cretaceous94 Ma

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sea-level changesRELATIVE

Affect the area of the continents.

Eustatic - world wide.

Isostatic - local.

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Isostatic sea-level change

Isobases (m)for 6,000 BP

500 km

100

75

50

25 0

100

Shows uplift from sea-level since 6,000 BP.

Note that the points then atsea level were not the land

surface, since the ice depressed the land to

below sea-level).

.Uplift continues at up to-19 mm yr

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Stratigraphy

Lithostratigraphy - the actual rocks.

Chronostratigraphy - the age.

Biostratigraphy - the fossil content.

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SupergroupGroup Subgroup

Member

Bed (sediments) / Flow (volcanic)

FORMATION

Lithostratigraphic division

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VE

ST

ER

TA

NA

BR

EIV

IKS

TA

PP

OG

IED

DE

Mann-drapselva

Innerelva

Lillevatnet

MORTENSNES

NY

BO

RG

SMALFJORD

GRP. FM. Mbr.

(do NOT learn)

5km

N

30

0 m

Lithostratigraphy

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Distance (10s to 100s of km)

Tim

e (

Ma

)Formation B

Formation A

Diachroneity

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Time divisions(chronostratigraphy)

EON (die Äon) - Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic;

ERA (die Ära) - Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic occur in the Phanerozoic;

PERIOD (die Periode) - E. Palaeozoic - Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian; L. Palaeozoic - Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian; Mesozoic - Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous; Cenozoic - Palaeogene, Neogene, Quaternary.

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Dynamische Bild der Erde (LA) Hugh Rice

Biostratigraphy - fossil data

Good biostratigraphic fossils are:

- easily found, everywhere;

- constrains time well;

- sharp boundaries.

Common

Short time range

Fast evolution/extinction

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Invertebrates - macrofossils(e.g. ammonites)

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Jurassicbiostrat.

74 ammonitezones in55 Ma

= ca. 0.75 Maper zone.

(do not learn)

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Microfossils - better

Apectodinium augustum, a dinoflagellate at the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary in the N. Atlantic. Photo Omar Mohamed, Graz Uni.

planktonic (widely dispersed),abundant, rapid evolution

PPL 20µ REM 20µ

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Terrestrial biostratigraphy

Nypa, shrub salt-water palm, from SE Asia, Eocene.Photo Christa Hofmann, Uni. Wien

20µ 5µ

Fossil plants (pollen) are OKMicromammal teeth are better

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Trace fossils (Ichnofossils)

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Fossil diachroneity - 1

Evolution and spreading rate

Environmental constraints

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Fossil diachroneity - 2

TimePlane

t tLithos ra .

Bo n au d ryBi t .os rat

Boundary

TimePlane

Volcanicevent

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Eocene (54 Ma) ash-fall (mm)

Goban Spur

Fur

Iceland

Anthering

Untersberg

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(do NOT learn this figure- it is way out of date)Unified stratigraphy

STEPHANIAN

WESTPHALIAND

WESTPHALIANC

WESTPHALIANB

WESTPHALIANA

NAMURIAN

UPPERCOAL

MEASURES

MIDDLECOAL

MEASURES

LOWERCOAL

MEASURES

RADSTOCKIAN

STAFFORDIAN

YORKIAN

LANARKIAN

I

H

G

F

E

D

C

B

A

Anthracoceras

Gastrioceras

Prolifera

Tenuis

Phillipsi

Up. Similis-pulchra

Low. Similis-pulchra

Modiolaris

Communis

Lenisulcata

Chrono-strat.

Litho-strat.

PlantDivisions

FloralZones

GoniatiteStages

Non-marineBivalvezones

Biostratigraphy