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Internal
WCDMA Principle
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the development of 3G
Outline the advantage of CDMA principle
Characterize code sequence
Outline the fundamentals of RAN
Describe feature of wireless propagation
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Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
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Different Service, Different Technology
AMPS
TACS
NMT
Others
1G 1980sAnalog
GSM
CDMA
IS-95
TDMAIS-136
PDC
2G 1990sDigital
Technologies
drive
3GIMT-2000
UMTS
WCDMA
cdma2000
Demands
drive
TD-
SCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers
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3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile
communication system
The third generation mobile communication was first
proposed in 1985and was renamed as IMT-2000 in theyear of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000
Work band : around 2000MHz
The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
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3G Spectrum Allocation
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Bands WCDMA Used
Main bands1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different
1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA)
1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan)
890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
. . .
Frequency channel numbercentral frequency5, for main band:
UL frequency channel number 96129888
DL frequency channel number : 1056210838
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3G Application Service
Time Delay
ErrorRatio
background
conversational
streaming
interactive
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The Core technology of 3G: CDMA
CDMA
WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: WCDMA
TD-SCDMACN: based on MAP and GPRS
RTT: TD-SCDMA
cdma2000CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP
RTT: cdma2000
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Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Code division multiple access (CDMA)
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Multiple Access Technology
Power
FDMA
Power
TDMA
Power
CDMA
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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Time division duplex (TDD)
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Duplex Technology
Time
Frequency
Power
TDD
USER 2
USER 1
DL
UL
DL
DL
UL
FDD
Time
Frequency
Power
UL DL
USER 2
USER 1
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Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
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WCDMA Network Architecture
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Core Network
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Iu-CS Iu-PS
Iur
Iub IubIub Iub
CN
UTRAN
UEUu
CS PS
Iu-CSIu-PS
CSPS
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WCDMA Network Version Evolution
3GPP Rel993GPP Rel4
3GPP Rel5
2000 2001 2002
GSM/GPRS CN
WCDMA RTT
IMS
HSDPA 3GPP Rel6
MBMS
HSUPA
2005
CS domain change toNGN
WCDMA RTT
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WCDMA Network Version Evolution
Features of R6
MBMS is introduced
HSUPA is introduced to achieve the service rate up to 5.76Mbps
Features of R7
HSPA+ is introduced, which adopts higher order modulation and MIMO
Max DL rate: 28Mbps, Max UL rate:11Mbps
Features of R8
WCDMA LTE (Long term evolution) is introduced
OFDMA is adopted instead of CDMA
Max DL rate: 50Mbps, Max UL rate: 100Mbps (with 20MHz bandwidth)
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Uu Interface protocol structure
L3
con
trol
c
ontrol
c
ontrol
con
trol
C-plane signaling U-plane information
PHY
L2/MAC
L1
RLC
DCNtGC
L2/RLC
MAC
RLCRLC
RLC
Duplication avoidance
UuS boundary
L2/BMC
control
PDCPPDCP L2/PDCP
DCNtGC
RRC
RLCRLC
RLC
RLC
BMC
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General Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial
Interface
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes arelogically independent of each other.
Application
Protocol
Data
Stream(s)
ALCAP(s)
Transport
Network
Layer
Physical Layer
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Control Plane User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
Radio
Network
Layer
Signaling
Bearer(s)
Data
Bearer(s)
Transport Network
User Plane
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Iu-CS Interface
ALCAP
Control Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
User planeRadioNetwork
Layer
Transport Network
User PlaneTransport
Network
LayerA B
RANAP
AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
SAAL NNI
SCCP
MTP3-B
Iu UP
SAAL NNI
MTP3-B
Transport Network
User Plane
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Iu-PS Interface
Control Plane User planeRadio
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User PlaneTransportNetwork
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
C
RANAP
ATM
SAAL NNI
SCCP
MTP3-B
Iu UP
AAL Type 5
IP
UDP
GTP-U
Physical Layer
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Iub Interface
ALCAP
Control Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
User planeRadio
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
User Plane
NBAP
AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
SAAL UNI
Iub FP
SAAL UNI
NCP CCP
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Iur Interface
ALCAP
Control Plane
Transport Network
Control Plane
User planeRadioNetwork
Layer
Transport
Network
LayerA B
RANAP
AAL2 PATH
ATM
Physical Layer
SAAL NNI
SCCP
MTP3-B
Iur Data
Stream
SAAL NNI
MTP3-B
Transport Network
User PlaneTransport Network
User Plane
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Contents
3G Overview CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Source
Coding
Channel Coding& Interleaving
Spreading Modulation
Source
DecodingChannel Decoding
& DeinterleavingDespreading Demodulation
Transmission
Reception
chipmodulated
signalbit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Receiver
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WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) SpeechA integrated speech codec with 8 source
rates
The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the
RAN depending on the system load and
quality of the speech connections
Video Phone Service
H.324is used for VP Service in CS domain
Includes: video codec, speech codec, data
protocols, multiplexing and etc.
CODEC Bit Rate (kbps)
AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
AMR_10.20 10.2
AMR_7.95 7.95
AMR_7.40 7.4 (TDMA EFR)
AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR)
AMR_5.90 5.9
AMR_5.15 5.15
AMR_4.75 4.75
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Transmitter
Source
Coding
Channel Coding& Interleaving
Spreading Modulation
Source
DecodingChannel Decoding
& DeinterleavingDespreading Demodulation
Transmission
Reception
chipmodulated
signalbit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Receiver
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WCDMA Block Coding - CRC
Block coding is used to detect if there are any uncorrectederrors left after error correction.
The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a common method of
block coding.
Adding the CRC bits is done before the channel encoding and
they are checked after the channel decoding.
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WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when
interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types No Coding
Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3)
Turbo Coding (1/3)
Code Block
of N Bits
No Coding
1/2 ConvolutionalCoding
1/3 Convolutional
Coding
1/3 Turbo Coding
Uncoded N bits
Coded 2N+16 bits
Coded 3N+24 bits
Coded 3N+12 bits
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WCDMA Interleaving
Effect Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error
Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
1110
1..... ... .
.. ... ... ... .
.. .000
0100
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 . . . 1 0 1 1 1
1110
1..... ... .
.. ... ... ... .
.. .000
00100 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
Inter-columnpermutation
Output bits
Input bits
Interleaving periods:
20, 40, or 80 ms
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Source
Coding
Channel Coding& Interleaving
Spreading Modulation
Source
DecodingChannel Decoding
& DeinterleavingDespreading Demodulation
Transmission
Reception
chipmodulated
signalbit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Receiver
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Correlation
Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals. Identical and Orthogonal signals:
Correlation = 0
Orthogonal signals
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
+1
-1
Correlation = 1Identical signals
-1 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
-1 1 -1 1
C1
C2+1
+1
C1
C2
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Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding
UE1: 1 1
UE2: 1 1
C1 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C2 : 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE2c2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1
UE2c2
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
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Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding
UE1C1 UE2C2: 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
UE1 Dispreading by c1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading resul t : 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
Integral judgm ent: 4 (means
1) 4 (means
1)
UE2 Dispreading by c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Dispreading result: 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
Integral judgment: 4 (means
1) 4 (means
1)
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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Spreading code
Spreading code
Signal
Combination
Narrowband signal
f
P(f)
Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Noise & Other Signal
P(f)
f
Noise+Broadband signal
P(f)
f
Recovered signal
P(f)
f
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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading
Max allowed interference
Eb/NoRequiremen
t
Power
Max interference caused
by UE and others
Processing Gain
Ebit
Interference from
other UE Echip
Eb / No = Ec / No PG
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Process Gain
Process Gain
Process gain differs for each service.
If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller,
UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of
this service will be smaller, vice versa.
)ratebit
ratechiplog(10GainocessPr
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Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps: Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into
chips
Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
scramblingchannelization
Data
symbol
Chips after
spreading
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WCDMA Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used aschannelization code
SF = 8SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,2,1 = (1, -1)
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1)
Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1)
Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1)
Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1)
Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
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WCDMA Channelization Code
SF = chip rate / symbol rateHigh data rates low SF code
Low data rates high SF code
Radio bearer SF Radio bearer SF
Speech 12.2 UL 64 Speech 12.2 DL 128
Data 64 kbps UL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 32
Data 128 kbps UL 8 Data 128 kbps DL 16
Data 144 kbps UL 8 Data 144 kbps DL 16
Data 384 kbps UL 4 Data 384 kbps DL 8
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Purpose of Channelization Code
Channelization code is used to distinguish different physicalchannels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to
separate different physical channels of one UE
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Purpose of Scrambling Code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmittersFor downlink, scrambling code is used to separate different
cells in one carrier
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different
UEs in one carrier
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Scrambling Code
Scrambling code: GOLD sequence. There are 224long uplink scrambling codes which are used for
scrambling of the uplink signals. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned
by RNC.
For downlink, 512 primary scrambling codes are used.
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Primary Scrambling Code Group
Primary
scrambling
codes for
downlink
physical
channels
Group 0
Primary
scrambling code 0
Primaryscrambling code
8*63
Primaryscrambling code
8*63 +7512 primary
scrambling
codes
Group 1
Group 63
Primaryscrambling code 1
Primaryscrambling code 8
64 primary
scrambling code
groups
Each group consists of 8
primary scrambling codes
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Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level
Scrambling code
Channelization code 1
Channelization code 2
Channelization code 3
User 1 signal
User 2 signal
User 3 signal
NodeB
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Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level
NodeB
Scrambling code 3
User 3 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 2
User 2 signal
Channelization code
Scrambling code 1
User 1 signal
Channelization code
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Source
Coding
Channel Coding& Interleaving
Spreading Modulation
Source
DecodingChannel Decoding
& DeinterleavingDespreading Demodulation
Transmission
Reception
chip modulatedsignalbit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Receiver
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Modulation Overview
1 00 1
time
Basic steady radio
wave:
carrier = A.cos(2pFt+)
Amplitude Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2p
Ft+
)
Frequency Shift
Keying:
A.cos(2p
Ft+
)
Phase Shift Keying:
A.cos(2p
Ft+
)
Data to be transmitted:Digital Input
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Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - BPSK
1
t
1 10
1
t-1
NRZ coding
fo
BPSK
Modulated
BPSKsignal
Carrier
Informationsignal
=0 =p =0
1 102 3 4 9875 6
1 102 3 4 9875 6
Digital Input
High Frequency
Carrier
BPSK Waveform
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Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - QPSK
-1 -1
1 102 3 4 9875 6
1 102 3 4 9875 6
NRZ Input
I di-Bit Stream
Q di-Bit Stream
I
Component
Q
Component
QPSK Waveform
1
1
-1
1
-1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
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Modulation Overview
NRZcoding
90o
NRZcoding
QPSK
Q(t)
I(t)
fo
A
A Acos(ot)
Acos(ot + p/2)
1 1p
/4
1 -1 7p
/4
-1 1 3p
/4
-1 -1 5p
/4
)cos(2: f oAQPSK
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Demodulation
QPSK Constellation Diagram
1 102 3 4 9875 6
QPSK Waveform
1,1
-1,-1
-1,1
1,-1
1 -11 -1 1 -1-11-1 1
-1,1
NRZ Output
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WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to differenttransmitting abilities in air interface
HSDPA: QPSK or 16QAMR99/R4: QPSK
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System
Source
Coding
ChannelCoding
Spreading Modulation
Source
Decoding
Channel
DecodingDespreading Demodulation
Transmission
Reception
chip modulatedsignalbit symbol
Service
Signal
Radio
Channel
Service
Signal
Transmitter
Receiver
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Wireless Propagation
Received
Signal
TransmittedSignal
Transmission Loss:
Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Time
Amplitude
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Propagation of Radio Signal
Signal at Transmitter
Signal at Receiver
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
dB
0
0dBm
-20-15
-10
-5
5
10
15
20
Fading
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Fading Categories
Fading Categories
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
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Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals forcombining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path
Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication
Increase the coverage and capacity
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Diversity
Time diversityChannel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth
frequency spectrum
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
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Principle of RAKE Receiver
Receive set
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
CombinerThe
combined
signal
tt
s(t) s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
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Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
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UTRAN Network Structure
RNS
RNC
RNS
RNC
Core Network
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
Iu-CS Iu-PS
Iur
Iub IubIub Iub
CN
UTRAN
UEUu
CS PS
Iu-CSIu-PS
CSPS
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RAB, RB and RL
RAB
RB
RLNodeB
RNCCNUE
UTRAN
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Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
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WCDMA Radio Interface Channel Definition
Logical Channel = information container
Defined by is transferred
Transport Channel = characteristics of transmission
Described by and with data is
transmitted over the radio interface
Physical Channel = specification of the information global content
providing the real transmission resource, maybe a frequency , a
specific set of codes and phase
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Logical Channel
Control channel
Traffic channel
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)
Common traffic channel (CTCH)
Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH)
Common control channel (CCCH)
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Transport Channel
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Broadcast channel (BCH)
Forward access channel
(FACH)
Paging channel (PCH)
Random access channel (RACH)
High-speed downlink shared channel
(HS-DSCH)
Common transport
channel
Dedicated transport
channel
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Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code
(scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase.
In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading
code) can distinguish the channels.
Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio
frame consists of 15 time slots.
Two types of physical channel: UL and DL
Physical Channel
Frequency, Code, Phase
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Downlink Physical Channel
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DL DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)
High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
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Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH)
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HS-DPCCH)
Uplink Common Physical Channel
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Function of Physical Channel
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Function of Physical Channel
NodeB UE
P-CCPCH-Primary Common Control Physical Channel
P-CPICH--Primary Common Pilot Channel
SCH--Synchronisation Channel
Cell Search Channels
DPDCH--Dedicated Physical Data Channel
DPCCH--Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Dedicated Channels
Paging Channels
PICH--Paging Indicator Channel
SCCPCH--Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
PRACH--Physical Random Access Channel
AICH--Acquisition Indicator Channel
Random Access Channels
HS-DPCCH--High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HS-SCCH--High Speed Share Control Channel
HS-PDSCH--High Speed Physical Downlink Share Channel
High Speed Downl ink Share Channels
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Synchronization Channels (P-SCH & S-SCH)
Used for cell search
Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH
SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips of
every time slot
Primary synchronization code is transmitted
repeatedly in each time slot
Secondary synchronization code specifies the
scrambling code groups of the cell
Primary
SCH
Secondary
SCH
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
acsi,0
pac pac pac
acsi,1 acs
i,14
256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
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Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)
slot numberScramblingCode Group #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Group 0 1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
Group 1 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
Group 2 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
Group 3 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
Group 4 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
Group 61 9 10 13 10 11 15 15 9 16 12 14 13 16 14 11
Group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
Group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10
..acp
Slot # ?
P-SCH acp
Slot #?
16 6S-SCH
acp
Slot #?
11Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9256 chips
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Primary Common Pilot Channel (PCPICH)
Primary PCPICH
Carrying pre-defined sequence
Fixed channel code: Cch, 256, 0, Fixed rate 30Kbps
Scrambled by the primary scrambling code
Broadcast over the entire cellA phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH and
downlink DPCH, Only one PCPICH per cell
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14
Tslot= 2560 chips , 20 bits
1 radio frame: Tr= 10 ms
Primary Common Control Physical Channel
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Primary Common Control Physical Channel
(PCCPCH)
Carrying BCH transport channel
Fixed rate, fixed OVSF code (30kbpsCch, 256, 1)
The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time
slot
PCCPCH Data
18 bits
Slot #0
1 radio frame: Tf
= 10 ms
Slot #1 Slot #i
256 chips
Slot #14
Tslot
= 2560 chips,20 bits
SCH
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Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Carrying Paging Indicators (PI)
Fixed rate (30kbps), SF = 256
N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72,
or 144
One radio frame (10 ms)
b1b0
288 bits for paging indication 12 bits (undefined)
b287 b288 b299
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
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Secondary Common Control Physical Channel
(SCCPCH)
Carrying FACH and PCH, SF = 256 - 4
Pilot: used for demodulation
TFCI: Transport Format Control Indication, used for describe data
format
Data
N bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
T slot = 2560 chips,
Data
Pilot
N bitsPilotN bitsTFCI
TFCI
20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
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Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Carrying uplink signaling and data, consist of two parts:
One or several preambles: 16 kinds of available preambles
10 or 20ms message part
Message partPreamble
4096 chips10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble Preamble
Message partPreamble
4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)
Preamble Preamble
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PRACH Message Structure
Pilot
N bits
Slot # 0 Slot # 1 Slot # i Slot # 14
Message part radio frame T = 10
ms
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2
Pilot
TFCI
N bitsTFCI
Data
Ndata
bitsData
Control
kbits (k=0..3)
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PRACH Access Timeslot Structure
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
5120 chips
radio frame: 10 ms radio frame: 10 ms
Access slot #0
Random Access Transmission
Access slot #1
Access slot #7
Access slot #14
Random Access Transmission
Random Access Transmission
Random Access TransmissionAccess slot #8
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Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Carrying the Acquisition Indicators (AI), SF = 256
There are 16 kinds of Signature to generate AI
AS #14 AS #0 AS #1 AS #i AS #14 AS #0
a1 a2a0 a31 a32a30 a33 a38 a39
AI part Unused part
20 ms
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
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Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH&DPCCH)
Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code division multiplexed
(CDM) within each radio frame
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer, the
OVSF code is Cch,SF,SF/4, where SF is from 256 to 4
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1, the
OVSF code is Cch,256,0
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
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Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH&DPCCH)
Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
Pilot
Npilotbits
TPC
NTPCbits
DataNdatabits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
Tslot= 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..6)
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
DPDCH
DPCCH
FBI
NFBIbits
TFCI
NTFCIbits
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
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Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH+DPCCH)
Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH is time division multiplexing
(TDM).
DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer
DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1
SF of downlink DPCH is from 512 to 4
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
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Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(DPDCH+DPCCH)
Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH (DPDCH+DPCCH)
One radio frame, Tf= 10 ms
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
Tslot= 2560 chips, 20*2kbits (k=-1..6)
Data2
Ndata2bits
DPDCH
TFCI
NTFCIbits
Pilot
Npilotbits
Data1
Ndata1 bits
DPDCH DPCCH DPCCH
TPC
NTPCbits
High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
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High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(HS-PDSCH)
Bearing service data and layer 2 overhead bits mapped from the
transport channel
SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
Tslot= 2560 chips, M*10*2kbits (k=4)
DataNdata1bits
1 subframe: Tf= 2 ms
High-Speed Shared Control Channel
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g p
(HS-SCCH)
Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation scheme
(1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport block size (6bit),HARQprocess number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data indicator (1bit),
UE identity (16bit)
HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel
used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
Slot #0 Slot#1 Slot #2
Tslot= 2560 chips, 40 bits
DataNdata1bits
1 subframe: Tf= 2 ms
High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
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g p y
(HS-DPCCH )
Carrying information to acknowledge downlink transport blocks and
feedback information to the system for scheduling and link adaptation
of transport block
CQI and ACK/NACK
Physical Channel, Uplink, SF=256
Subframe #0 Subframe #i Subframe #n
One HS-DPCCH subframe ( 2ms )
ACK/NACK
1 radio frame: Tf= 10 ms
CQI
Tslot= 2560 chips 2
Tslot= 5120 chips
M i B t Ch l
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Mapping Between Channels
Logical channels Transport channels Physical channels
BCCH BCH P-CCPCH
FACH S-CCPCH
PCCH PCH S-CCPCH
CCCH RACH PRACH
FACH S-CCPCH
CTCH FACH S-CCPCH
DCCH, DTCH DCH DPDCH
HS-DSCH HS-PDSCH
RACH, FACH PRACH, S-CCPCH
Contents
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Contents
3G Overview
CDMA Principle
WCDMA Network Architecture and protocol structure
WCDMA Wireless Fundamental
Physical Layer Overview
Physical Channels
Physical Layer Procedure
Synchronization Procedure Cell Search
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Synchronization Procedure - Cell Search
Frame synchronization &
Code Group Identification
Scrambling Code
Identification
UE uses SSC to find framesynchronization and identify the code
group of the cell found in the first step
UE determines the primary scrambling
code through correlation over thePCPICH with all codes within the
identified group, and then detects the P-
CCPCH and reads BCH information
Slot
Synchronization
UE uses PSC to acquire slot
synchronization to a cell
Random Access ProcedureSTART
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Choose a RACH sub channel from
available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble_Initial_Power
Send a preamble
Check the corresponding AI
Increase message part power by
p-m based on preamble power
Set physical status to be RACH
message transmittedSet physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
Choose a access slot again
Counter> 0 & Preamble power
< maximum allowed power
Choose a signature andincrease preamble transmit power
Set physical status to be Nack
on AICH received
Get negative AI
No AI
Report the physical status to MAC
END
Get positive AI
The counter of preamble retransmit
Subtract 1, Commanded preamble power
increased by Power Ramp Step
N
Y
Send the corresponding message part
Transmit Diversity Mode
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Transmit Diversity Mode
Application of Tx diversity modes on downlink physical channel
Physical channel type Open loop mode Closed loop mode
TSTD STTD Mode 1 Mode 2
P-CCPCH applied
SCH applied
S-CCPCH applied
DPCH applied applied applied
PICH applied
HS-PDSCH applied applied
HS-SCCH applied
AICH applied
Transmit Diversity STTD
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Transmit Diversity - STTD
Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity
(STTD)
4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b0 b1 b2 b3 Antenna 1
Antenna 2Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits
for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
b0 b1 b2 b3
-b2 b3 b0 -b1
Transmit Diversity TSTD
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Transmit Diversity - TSTD
Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on SCH
channel
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
i,0
i,1
acsi,14
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14
i,2
acp
Slot #2
(Tx
OFF)(Tx
OFF)
(Tx
OFF)
(TxOFF)
(Tx
OFF)
(Tx
OFF)
(Tx
OFF)
acp acp
acsacs
acp
acs(Tx
OFF)
Closed Loop Mode
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Closed Loop Mode
Used in DPCH and HS-PDSCH
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