War Debt British & French borrowed heavily from the U.S.

 Reparations Treaty of Versailles

Both Britain & France relied on reparations from Germany to pay off their war debts.

Germany felt disrespected by the treaty. Dawes Plan

Was an attempt to alleviate Germany’s burden, but ultimately failed due to the collapse of the American economy.

 Isolationism American turned their attention to national needs Despite the push from President Wilson, America refused to

join the League of Nations.

1920s Diplomacy The U.S. collaborated on disarmament.

Alarmed at the growing Japanese Navy, treaties were signed: The Five Point Naval Treaty – restricted the size of American, Japanese,

British, French & Italian navies.

Roosevelt’s Foreign Policy Supported the League of Nations Wanted to cancel European war debts. Promoted international cooperation through trade

The Good Neighbor Policy (1933) America would not intervene in Latin America

Formally recognized the Soviet Regime in Russia in 1933

Neutrality Johnson Debt Act of 1934 – prohibited private loan to

all governments that defaulted on their war debts. Neutrality Act of 1935 – prohibited the sale of arms

& munitions to nations at war. Neutrality Act of 1937 – required nations at war to buy

American goods with cash & use their own transport

Rise of Militarism & Fascism The Japanese sought to assert military power in East

Asia. 1932 -Bombed Shanghai 1933 -Withdrew from League of Nations 1934 – Renounces Five-Power Naval Treaty 1937 invaded China’s provinces

Fascism in Italy Led by Benito Mussolini 1935 – Invaded Ethiopia 1937 - Withdrew from League of Nations 1939 - Conquered the Kingdom of Albania

Nazism in Germany 1933 – Adolf Hitler

becomes Chancellor of Germany

Begins to rearm Germany

1936 – invades the Rhineland (French Territory)

1938 – Annexation of Germany & Austria

The Munich Accords Hitler demanded control of the Sudetenland

(Czechoslovakia) Agreed to meet with Britain & France first Appeasement – allowed the annexation of Sudetenland in

exchange for Hitler’s guarantee to stop expanding. 1939 – Germany Invades Poland Hitler signs a nonaggression treaty with Joseph Stalin.

WAR ERUPTS Spring 1940 – The Blitzkrieg or lightning war, gave

Germany control over much of Western Europe. April –Denmark & Norway May – Belgium & the Netherlands June – France

Summer 1940 -Battle of Britain Germans regularly bombed the British Isles in

preparation for an invasion. Speeches by Winston Churchill deepened Britain’s

resolve. The British Royal Air Force took to the skies to counter

attack, and help win the Battle of Britain. Summer 1941 – Germans Invade Russia

Proved to be a huge blunder Opened a 2nd front Russia form alliance with Britain & later the U.S.

AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT Lend-Lease

Permitted loaning weapons to any nation considered vital to American defense

Shipping in the Atlantic Roosevelt claimed western Atlantic neutral. German U-Boat sinks American Destroyer

The Atlantic Charter Roosevelt & Churchill meet and sign the “common principles”

which called for the “final destruction of Nazi tyranny.”

TENSION BETWEEN JAPAN & U.S. Japan working to secure foothold in South East Asia. 1940 - Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany & Italy

forming the Axis alliance. Signs nonaggression with Russia to ensure safety on its

northern front in China America Responds

Grants loans to China Refused export of arms to Japan Froze Japanese assets in U.S. Stop exporting oil to Japan (80% from U.S.)

Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 Japanese planes take off from aircraft carriers and attack

American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Within 2 hours, the Japanese had sunk 19 ships and killed 2,400.

December 8, 1941 the United States declares war on Japan. December 11, 1941 Germany declares war on the United

States.

WAR IN PACIFIC Japanese offensive

Quickly conquered: Guam, Wake Island, the Gilbert Islands, Hong Kong & Singapore. The Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) & Burma

U.S. success Halt Japanese advance at the Battle of the Coral Sea. Battle of Midway

Against four carriers, two light carriers, 11 battleships, 16 cruisers and 46 destroyers likely to be in the area of the main battle the Americans could field only three carriers, eight cruisers, and 15 destroyers.

U.S. uncovers a secret Japanese plan to invade Hawaii U.S. intercepts the Japanese The Japanese lost all 4 of the aircraft carriers they brought to Midway.

The U.S. lost one. The Japanese never won another significant battle for the rest of the

war.

Isoroku Yamamoto Commander-in-chief of the Japanese Navy during WWII Did not believe a Japanese victory was probable

“If ordered to fight, ‘I shall run wild considerably for the first six months or a year, but I have utterly no confidence for the second and third years.’”

The idea behind the Pearl Harbor attack; “seek a decision with the Americans by first reducing their

forces with a preventive strike, and following it with a ‘Decisive Battle’ fought offensively, rather than defensively.”

A Japanese message was decoded as to a tour of bases Yamamoto was taking.

President Roosevelt ordered “get Yamamoto.” (Operation Vengance) His plane was intercepted and shot down in a dogfight. Captain Thomas George Lanphier, Jr. radioed:

"That son of a bitch will not be dictating any peace terms in the White House.”

In 2003, First Lieutenant, Rex T. Barber was given sole credit for the downing of Yamamoto’s plane, after being given half credit as Lanphier’s Wingman.

The crash site: Yamamoto had been thrown clear of the plane's wreckage,

his white-gloved hand grasping the hilt of his katana, still upright in his seat under a tree.

Yamamoto was instantly recognizable, head dipped down as if deep in thought.

A post-mortem of the body disclosed that Yamamoto received two wounds, one to the back of his left shoulder and one to his left lower jaw that exited above his right eye.

The War Economy Government spending increased paid through

Taxes & War Bonds

Price controls were put in place by the Office of Price Administration (OPA) to prevent scarcity of goods.

Rationing – items like sugar, gasoline, and meat came in short supply so the government implemented a rationing program.

Labor Unions made a “no-strike” pledge

Society during the war Woman labor increased during the war. The war

produced new opportunities in the workplace. Famous image of this time is “Rosie the Riveter.”

African Americans – joined the war effort, and many moved to the north & west to fill the void in labor.

Native Americans – 25,000 served during the war. The most famous were the code talkers.

Internment of Japanese. All Americans of Japanese

descent were sent to “relocation centers” in early 1942. Many lost their homes &

businesses.

Korematsu vs United States (1944) The Supreme Court upheld

the order under the based on the “clear & present danger” rule from the WWI era Schenck decision (1919)

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 9066

The President

EXECUTIVE ORDERAUTHORIZING THE SECRETARY OF WAR TO PRESCRIBE

MILITARY AREAS

WHEREAS the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible

protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense

material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities as

defined in Section 4, Act of April 20, 1918, 40 Stat. 533, as amended by

the Act of November 30, 1940, 54 Stat. 1220, and the Act of August 21,

1941, 55 Stat. 655 (U.S.C., Title 50, Sec. 104);

FDR died on April 12th 1945 Harry Truman becomes President Hitler commits suicide April 30th 1945 Truman focused on the Pacific

Iwo Jima (operation detachment) Battle to take the island from Japan Feb-Mar 1945

18,000 allied casualties

The survivors, Ira Hayes, Rene Gagnon, John Bradley (Navy) were sent to home to tour the country on a War Bond drive Ira Hayes a Prima Native American died a alcohol related death

in January 1955 John Bradley suffered from severe Post Traumatic Stress for most

of his life. Died of stroke on 1994. Flags of Our Fathers:

“I have tried so hard to block this out. To forget it. We could choose a buddy to go in with. My buddy was a guy from Milwaukee. We were pinned down in one area. Someone elsewhere fell injured and I ran to help out, and when I came back my buddy was gone. I couldn’t figure out where he was. I could see all around, but he wasn’t there. And nobody knew where he was. A few days later someone yelled that they’d found him. They called me over because I was a corpsman. The Japanese had pulled him underground and tortured him. His fingernails... his tongue... It was terrible. I’ve tried hard to forget all this."

—John Bradley

Rene Gagnon died October 1979 a bitter man for the lack of jobs promised by the government. "When someone who doesn't know me is introduced to me,

they say 'That was you in The Photograph?' What the hell are you doing working here? If I were you, I'd have a good job and lots of money.'"

It was felt that Japanese would not accept unconditional surrender, but would fight till the end.

Truman orders use of the Atomic bomb August 6, 1945 the 1st Atomic bomb is dropped on

Hiroshima On the 9th another bomb is dropped on Nagasaki Next day Japan offers surrender if the Emperor was

allowed to keep his throne. Japanese surrender was accepted on August 14th