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How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
[Module 3]Key issues of urban sanitation
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics 2
Key elements of urban sanitation
Options for urban sanitation and key factors determining specific
requirements
Options in detail
Slum connectivity
Collection and discussion of cases from participants
Understand key issues of urban sanitation
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Leach Pit Land Application
decentralized on-site sanitation
User Interface /toilet
Key elements of urban sanitation
Conveyance Sewage Treatment Plant Drying Beds
centralized off-site sanitation
Emptying Transportation
Leaching field
decentralized on-site / off-site sanitation
Septic Tank Soak Pit
3
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Key elements of urban sanitation – a schematic view
source: MoUD, WSP: Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India – A Guide for Decision Making, September 2008, page 17 4
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Options for urban sanitation and key factors determining specific requirements
Size Location
System
• soil• groundwater• topography
• < 1 lakh population• 1-10 lakh population• million plus• mega cities
• on-site / off-site• decentralized / centralized
Key questions:
• Can wastewater be disposed on site?
• When and where is sewerage required and viable?
• Which arrangements are required for the management of wastewater and fecal sludge?
• How does the demand for reuse influence the choice of technology?
Settlement
• density and space• source of water• existing structures
5
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Key factor settlement
Housing and population density
amount of wastewater is function of density
availibilty of space is function of density
Source of water
protection of water from wells or tubewells
6
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Key factor size and treatment optionsTown
categoryConditions Recommended
treatment technologiesUnsewered Class-III, IV and V towns and rural communities
Remote land available with suitable site and soil condition
Land application of septage
Adequate land available but close to neighbours
Land application after stabilization
Inadequate land area with suitable site and soil condition, WWTP available within 30km and adequate capacity
Disposal at WWTP
Partially sewered medium size (Class-II) towns
Adequate land available but close to settlements
Land application after stabilization
Inadequate land, WWTP capacity available Disposal at WWTP
Inadequate land, no WWTP capacity available Disposal at independent treatment facility or CSTF
Class-I and Metro-cities
Available WWTP capacity Disposal
No available WWTP capacity Independent septage treatment facility or CSTF
source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 22, adapted 7
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Key factor locationSoil type
operation of soakaways
rocky ground increases costs
High groundwater level
reduces scope for infiltration of wastewater
sewers to be laid below water table to ensure
self-cleansing
possible intrusion of groundwater into sewer
high pumping requirements / costs
Topography – high altitudes, steep
terrain
rocky ground increases costs for underground
facilities
space limitations
flushing water in latrines may freeze
frozen, impermeable ground during winter
limits soaking capacities
base of leach pits with enough distance from
groundwater
sewer can be gravity driven
8
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Key factor systemon-site
low density housing
off-site
reliable water supply
sufficient fall to avoid pumping in sewers
high maintenance costs in areas with insufficient
MSWM
requires sewer system
high density housing
availability of services to remove and transport
sludges and septage
ground conditions allow absorption of wastewater and
avoid contamination of groundwater
low water consumption
9
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Leach Pit Land Application
decentralized on-site sanitation
User Interface /toilet
Options in detail
Conveyance Sewage Treatment Plant Drying Beds
centralized systemEmptying Transportation
Leaching field
decentralized treatment
system
Septic Tank Soak Pit
Access to toilets
Septage Manageme
nt
10
Treatment & disposal
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Access to toilets
Common weaknesses and threats
Where to locate?What to
consider?
Actions identified in
CSPsTypes of toilets
11
Best practice example
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Access to toilets – where to locate, what to consider?
Location
Household
Group of HH
Community
Public
Institutional
School and pre-school
Consider special needs of women, children and disabled
O & M
All market areas and public places to have toilet and urinal facilities
Proper excreta disposal facility
Provision for
maintaining aesthetic
look
User
charges
12
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Access to toilets
13
Common weaknesses and threats
O & M
Regulation
CoverageConstructi
on(1)availability of land(2)gaps in coverage of
wards(3)lack in commercial
areas
Behaviour
(1)gender issues(2)barriers(3)no water supply(4)discharge to open drains / water
bodies
(1)limited opening times(2)cleaning(3)maintenance(4)monitoring
(1)hygienic unawareness(2)habit of open defecation
and urination widespread
willingness to pay for service
(1)unclear responsibilities(2)no dedicated units(3)family card system not realistic(4)complicated prosecution of violations
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Access to toilets
14
Actions identified by CSPs
O & M
Communities Technology,
planning and construction (1)awareness campaigns
(2)behaviour change(3)community involvement in O&M(4)community involvement in
financing
Regulations
(1)gender sensitivity(2)water supply(3)floating population(4)mobile facilities
(1)24/7 access(2)map of existing public toilets(3)map of toilets in public buildings(4)SOPs(5)inspection and monitoring protocol(6)BOT approaches
(1)target standards for seats / inhabitants
(2)target standards for access within distance
(3)guidance documents
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
User interface (User, behavior
& Toilets)
Operates without water Placed over a pit Can be built anywhere
with locally available material.
Operates without water Separates the solid
(feces) from the liquid (urine)
Separation reduces the smell
Water seal thus reducing the odor
Flushed by stored water Regular water supply is
a must
Modern version of pour flush toilet
Dry toilet
Urine diverting dry toilet
Pour flush toilet
Cistern-flush toilet
The elements of sanitation – types of toilets
to on-site dry system
to on- or off-site water reliant system
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
On-site–dry system
Feces & urine
Simplepit latrine
Ventilatedimprovedpit latrine,
VIP
Compostinglatrine
Composting
Relocation of latrine after the pit is full
or
agriculturaluse of
composted material
Wastewatertype
On-sitesystem
On-site treatment
Disposal / Off-site use
16
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
On-site water reliant systems
Black water
Leach pit
Individual septic tank
Overhung latrine
Composting °radation of
wastewater constituents
Agricultural use ofcomposted material& water leakage into
groundwater
Wastewatertype
On-sitesystem
On-site treatment
Disposal / Off-site use
Anaerobic degradation
Effluent discharge into water body
Sludge disposal atenvironmentally acceptable areas
Agricultural useof effluent
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Good Examples: Tiruchirapalli MC, Tamil Nadu
18source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf
Situationfrequent outbreaks of water
borne diseases
open drains with wastewater, feces and HH waste crossing
quarter
Set-up Process
Needs assessment in communities to identify interventions required renovation of toilets
community toilets were available (under MC) but not
well managed and maintained, no water supply and no
disposal, frequent open defecation
Lead agency: local NGO
WaterAid
Activities renovation and construction of
toilets (community and private) with financial support from Water Aid
land provided by MC including water and electricity supply
identification and capacitation of work force for daily O&M
establishinh sustainable business plan for O&M
before the project the town was one of India‘s least
hygienic cities
community based system for O&M
211 approved and 75 unapproved slums with
approx. 23% of the city‘s population
involvement of women‘s groups: established Women‘snSelf
Help Group formed Sanitation and Hygiene
Education Teams who implemented and monitored the whole programme at community level
Holistic development approach combined provision of toilets with empowerment of communities to improve theri health, environment and living standards
effective partnership between MC, communities and NGOs to manage and maitain toilets
sustainable financial management: pay & use system profits used for awareness
generation and necessary works
rotating responsibilty within SHGs
later men‘s and children‘s grouops were established to partticipate in sanitation activities
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Good Examples: Tiruchirapalli MC, Tamil Nadu
19source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf
Sustainability
environment and natural resources
Lessons learnt
The town is now ranked as 6th in sanitation ranking of Indian
cities
financial and economic issues
health, hygiene and nutrition
socio cultural and institutional aspects
technology and operation
Principal challenge was to generate interest in the communities including
willingness to pay for toilet utilization
Local poliiticans interfered with the project agitating against
user fees
NGO had to ensure continuous community work including HH
visits
Key success factors: supportive MC
understanding and sensitive to the issues and supportive to community action
community involvement and support
involvement of women inclusive community
management ownership
Land tenure and water and electrcity supply provided by
supportive MC
gender mainstreaming and empowerment of women
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Septage management
Common weaknesses and threats
Definition of septage
Actions identified in
CSPsManageme
nt
20
Best practice example
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Septage – Definition and characteristics
• The physical and chemical characteristics vary on size and design of the storage facility, pumping frequency and climatic conditions.
21
What is septage?
Some characteristics
Can characteristics vary?
• Septage has offensive odour, • contains significant levels of grease, grit,
hair, debris and pathogenic micro organisms.
• “Septage” is septic tank sludge that is a combination of raw primary sludge and anearobically produced raw sludge.
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Septage – components
Components of Septage: Scum floats on the top and is
generally where the bacteria live that treat the waste
Effluent the semi-treated liquid that comprises the majority of the material in the septic tank
Sludge solids which collect at the bottom of the tank
22
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Septage management
23
Common weaknesses and threats
O & M
Regulation
Natural conditions
Construction
(1)high groundwater table
(1)unscientific construction(2)discharge to open water bodies /
drains(3)lack of land for treatment and
disposal facilities
(1)low knowledge on spatial distribution
(2)weak maintenance(3)lack of cleansing(4)manual desludging(5)lack of mechanization and
equipment(6)no treatment / uncontrolled
disposal(7)no monitoring and control
(1)overlapping functions and roles(2)lack or weak enforcement of
regulations and bye-laws
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Septage management
24
Actions identified by CSPs
O & M
Communities / households
Planning, construction, system upgrade
(1)awareness campaigns(2)behaviour change(3)community involvement(4)O&M and private / community
level
Regulations
(1)rehabilitation of existing tanks
(2)upgradation of existing tanks
(3)avoid or treat sewage outflow into drains
(4)integrate tanks into off-site treatment system
(1)clear demarcation between on-site and off-site systems
(2)mapping of all septic tanks(3)sustainable operator model(4)SOPs
(1)establish building codes for septic tanks
(2)establish bye-laws for on-site sanitation, and septage management
(3)establish on-site sanitation monitoring framework
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
1
2
7
5
3
6
4
1 Emptying of septic tanks
2 Transportation to the treatment facility in a specially designed vehicles
3 Emptying of septage at treatment facility
4 Scientific treatment
5 Dry compost – at drying beds (as a part of treatment facility
6 Compost application and use of treated water for agriculture purpose
7 Agriculture produce for human consumption
Septage management It is the process of managing
of septic tanks including desludging, transporting, treating, and disposal of its contents.
25
What is septage management?
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Septage management – practices
26
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Elements Regulatory provisionsDesigning and construction of a septic tank
• Regulation & provision for overseeing design, installation, use and inspection
• Mechanism for self reporting & record keeping Emptying of septic tanks • Regulation & provision for periodic emptying/ desluding
at 3-5 years frequency • Mechanism for self reporting and record keeping
Transportation to treatment facility in specially designed vehicle
• Regulation & provision for safe transport of septage to the treatment site
Emptying at scientific treatment facility including drying beds
• Regulation & provision for treatment facility and scientific treatment methods
Dry compost and treated water
• Provision, support & incentives to make use of dry compost & treated water for agriculture
• Provision for quality testing of treated water & compost
Septage management – elements and regulatory provisions
27
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Management of a Septic Tanks
28
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Correct Practice
Wrong Practices
Management of effluent
OR
29
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Improved Septic tank
Conventional Septic tank
30
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Liquid effluent disposal / reuse
Pre-treatment of septage
Land application
Treatment at CETP
Treatment at independend
facilities
Conventional septic tank
Improved septic tank / Anaerobic baffled reactor
Non- conventional
Management of septage
Septage Treatment Options
31
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Good Examples: Septage treatment facilities in Surabaya, Indonesia
32source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 26
Situation
only 11 cities have WWTP
Government established 150 septage treatment plants in the country
Set-up
sludge collection and transportation provided by private hauler truck
service
Sanitation agency collects monthly tipping fees based on septage
volume
Framework
City government framework: nuisance permits tipping fees water quality
management water pollution
control
Service providers have licenses for collection, transport and disposal
STP opertaed by local agency
one such plant was established in Surabaya
(3 mil. inhabitants)
87% of the houses have access to improved sanitation facilities
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
capacity: 400m³/day
modified activated sludge process
drying beds manure
source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 26
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Centralized systems
Common weaknesses and threats
Actions identified in
CSPsProcess
34
Summary centralized –
de-centralized systems
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Centralized systems
35
Common weaknesses and threats
O & M
Regulation
Natural conditions
Construction
(1)topography(2)bedrock(3)high groundwater table
(1)sewer connection only for black water
(2)no connection of open drains(3)missing links in network(4)inadequate pumping capacities(5)inadequate treatment technology(6)inadequate capacity of the system
(1)leakages in network(2)choking(3)no monitoring of
functionality(4)no regular O&M(5)underutilization of the
system(6)no reuse of treated water
(1)high connection charges(2)high service costs(3)overlapping functions and roles(4)lack or weak enforcement of
regulations and bye-laws
Coverage
(1)low coverage(2)low connection(3)low availability of land for facilities
and disposal(4)narrow streets
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Centralized systems
36
Actions identified by CSPs
O & M
Planning, construction, system upgrade
Regulations
(1)training for plumber certification
(2)STP to receive and treat septage
(1)clear demarcation between on-site and off-site systems
(2)mapping of sewerage and connections
(3)address choking complaints(4)bulk metering at trunk lines and STP
inlet (5)O&M contracts ROT (rehabilitate,
operate, transfer) approach(6)SOPs
(1)waste water quality monitoring protocol
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Elements and options or centralized treatment systems
Sources of waste water
Conveyance system = sewer
Central treatment Disposal
Conventional sewer
Simplified sewer Solid free sewer
• High investment
• Specialized knowledge
• Maintenance
• Less stringent design standards
• Cheaper• Laid under sidewalks/in front of backyards
• Connected to the outflow of a septic tank or interceptor tanks
• Laid at shallow depth
• Follow the topography
Constructed wetlands
Waste stabilization ponds
• Suitable for pre-settled wastewater
• Require specialized knowledge
• High investment
• For high strength & centralized treatment facilities
• Require large area
• Anaerobic ponds, facultative and aerobic ponds
37
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
De-centralized systems
Features of de-centralized
systemsProcess O & M
38
Summary centralized –
de-centralized systems
Best practice example
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
• DEWATS allows treatment of organic waste water from domestic and industrial sources
• DEWATS is featured through modular design of all components
• Hence it is flexible and allows efficient treatment for organic wastewater flows from 1-1,000 m3 per day
• DEWATS systems are tolerant towards inflow fluctuation• Design and construction are long lasting and reliable• DEWTAS do not require sophisticated or costly maintenance• DEWATS can complement conventional treatment systems
for more sustainable and effective service
De-centralised Waste Water Treatment Systems - DEWATS
39
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
DEWATS :Horizontal flow System
DEWATS :Vertical flow System
40
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
The most critical items in which operator intervention is necessary are:
O&M of DEWATS System
41
• Adjustment of water levels• Maintenance of flow uniformity (inlet and outlet
structures)• Management of vegetation• Odor control• Maintenance of berms (walls)
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Centralized Decentralized
Size of the city Suitable for large cities Suitable for any locality Capital costs Large capital cost Large capital cost O&M costs High O & M cost Low O & M cost
O&M requirements Highly technical O & M requirements
Not very technical O & M requirements
Managerial capacity Difficult to manage Easy to manage Electricity supply Required high electricity Very low or no electricity required Modular system No modular implementation
possible Modular implementation possible
Size of population Smaller population not possible and not cost effective
Units as required may be constructed depending on city and population growth
Summary: centralized VS decentralized treatment
42
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Options for collection and drainage of wastewater – decision tree
source: MoUD, WSP: Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India – A Guide for Decision Making, September 2008, page 48 43
back to discussion of centralized systems
back to discussion of de-centralized systems
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Good Examples: Decentralized wastewater treatment, Agra
44source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf
Situationcentral, high density, low
income quarter
open drains with wastewater, feces and HH waste crossing
quarter
Set-up ProcessProject implementation:(1) Pre construction(2) Construction(3) Post construction – O&M
through community
Installation of fully functional 5 chamber DEWAT system
approx. 450 HH, 2350 inhab., 85% open defecation
Lead agency: Centre for Urban and Rural Excellence (CURE)
Agra MC, USAID and Cities Alliance
Pre construction: planning, system design site visits community consultation identification of land approvals contracting of local work force
Community involvement decision making implementation and monitoring monetary support for toilet
construction sanitation committees –
including SW collection empowering youth and women
for income generation
no waste collection or disposal system
adjacent to quarter large open drain with waste water from
upstream settlements
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Good Examples: Decentralized wastewater treatment, Agra
45source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf
Sustainability
environment and natural resources
Lessons learnt
Main challenge was to get te approval for construction of the
DEWAT facility
Awareness raising regarding sanitation is a must for
reduction of open defecation
financial and economic issues
health, hygiene and nutrition
socio cultural and institutional aspects
technology and operation
O&M could be settled through intense community
involvement
DEWAT requires continuous flow of water, daily supervision and cleansing is executed by
the local community
Involvment of the community from the very begiining creates ownership and supports later O&M and proper functioning
Infrastructure development has to be combined with
community development and engagDay-to-day involvement of the community is importasnt
for long-term sustainability
Holistic approach including sanitation, environment ans livelihood ensured general upgrading of quality of life
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Treatment & disposal
Treatment process in centralized
systems
Treatment process in
decentralized systems
Septage treatment
46
Reuse of residuals
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Process Flow Diagram for a typical large-scale two step treatment plant47
Pre-treatment : removes the heavy solids to
prevent blockages in the following treatments processes
aeriation to allow removal of scum Primary treatment :
removes organic and inorganic solids by the physical process of sedimentation and floatation.
Pre- and primary treatment are summarized as physical treatment.
Secondary treatment : removes the dissolved and colloidal
organic substances from waste water through microorganisms.
Secondary treatment is known as biological treatment.
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
What is meant by tertiary treatment?
What is meant?
Possible utilization
Technology
• “Tertiary treatment” is used to improve the quality of treated wastewater so that it can be further utilized (re-use)
Mechanical• sand filter• disk filter• active coal filter• micro filter
• cleansing water for the treatment plant, • re-use in industrial cleaning processes• gardening• flushing of toilets• cooling water
Chemical• precipitation• flocculation• UV-desinfection,
ozonation, Hypochloridation
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
DEWATS – treatment process
scheme taken from DEWATS Guidebook, p.35 / 36
49
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Septage treatment and disposal
source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 18
To stabilze septage: decreasing odours, reducing levels of
pathogens and further decay
raising pH
• reduction of organic compounds,
• production of methane, • requires sludge for co-
treatment
aeration to biologically reduce organic compounds and odour
• mix with bulking agent,• aerte and turn• process heat destroys
pathogens• possibility of odours
• surface application• sub-surface application• burial
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Reuse of residuals 51
Agricultural reuse• Organic waste can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioners • Treated wastewater can be used for irrigation with appropriate precautions
Reuse in aquaculture• In the production of micro algae, aquatic macrophytes and fish that are
used as animal feed or as compost fertilizer • For fish culture
Biogas production(anaerobic sludge digestion)• Fuel for cooking heating and lighting • Fuel for boilers and combustion engines
51
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Slum connectivity
Common weaknesses and threats
Options for improvement
52
Best practice example
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Connectivity of slums
53
Common weaknesses and threats
Coverage
Construction
(1)availability of land(2)difficult physical
conditionsCommuni
ty
(1)waste water disposal through open drains
(2)septic tanks discharge in open drains
(3)stagnation of water in drains
(1)hygienic unawareness(2)habit of open defecation
and urination(3)low capacities to
contribute widespread
willingness to pay for service
Decision making
(1)low political will to invest
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Possible options
• Delink Land tenure issues with provision of sanitation facilities
• Provide situation specific facilities such as group toilet, community toilet and public toilet where individual toilets are not possible
• Encourage and empower local political leadership to participate and advocate
• Build community capacities to use and maintain the facilities • Build community capacities on importance of contributing
user fee in O & M• Community engagements and participation• Financing options: Grant, subsidies, microcredit , credit
linkage
54
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Good Examples: Ahmedabad Slum Networking Programme, Ahmedabad MC
55source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf
Situation5 lakh slum dwellers without
toilet facilities or water supply
open defecation and urination as major problem
Set-up
MC: 80% later 90% of costsHH: 20% in cash or kindHH income less Rs 10,000/year
Process
Process of work: simple application by HH site inspection availability of space
without obstruction of roads
sanction construction through
applicant
AMC provides funds to private HH for toilet construction
1089 slum pockets1383 chawls
Lead agency: AMC
NGOs: mobilization of communities, encourage their
partnership
participating HHs ensured not to be evicted for at least 10 years (written contract)
AMC zonal slum improvement cells provide technical support
continuous community involvement
AMC sought wider support in civil society to generate additional funding
triggered broad improvement of living conditions: formation of residents‘
associations women and youth groups health and day care centres informal education
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Extras
Good Examples: Ahmedabad Slum Networking Programme, Ahmedabad MC
56source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf
Sustainability
environment and natural resources
Lessons learnt
involvement of community, formal partnership and creatoin
of slum level associations created ownership and promoted and ensured
maintenence
Individual facilities improved status of HHs and motivated
them to take care for the facilities
financial and economic issues
health, hygiene and nutrition
socio cultural and institutional aspects
technology and operation
Private sector was ready to provide significant financing
Investment in basic services and provision of land tenure triggers shelter upgrading
through the dwellers
Proper mobilization motivates dwellers to contribute and take
ownership
Infrastructure development has to be combined with
community development and engagement to achieve and
ensure substantial improvement of living
conditions
Market value of houses in the slums increased through the
project
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Activities 57
Activity: Collection of case studies and best practices from participants
Analyse and discuss cases / best practices contributed by participants.
The cases shall deal either with best practices in urban sanitation in the home towns of the participants or with problems in urban sanitation encountered by the participants during their work. The cases shall be related to one of the steps of the key elements of urban sanitation.
1. Identify and select the case bringers
2. Select a facilitator and time-keeper for each working group
3. The case bringer describes the case brieflythe facilitator documents the core issues of the case;please ensure common understanding of the case.
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Activities
Activity: Collection of case studies and best practices from participants4. Discussion of the case
along the following headlines:• Brief description• Activities undertaken• Obstacles encountered / key reasons of the problem• Key factors for success / options to tackle the problem
Key factors for success shall consider the following factors: Vision, strategy for implementation Institutional structure, cooperation, support from key actors Management Capacity development Availability and provision of resources (staff, financing, land,
infrastructure) Specific drivers
5. PresentationConclusions and recommendations will be discussed in plenary
How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation
Module 3: Basics
Indo-German Environment Programme (IGEP)Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Sustainable Urban HabitatB-5/2, First Floor, Safdurjung Encalve, New Delhi-110029, Tel: +91-11-49495300/01/02
Thank you very much