1750-1900 Thematic Review

Human/Enviroment Interaction

Industrial Revolution & Resources

Cotton

Cotton

Cotton

Rubber

RubberRubber

Palm Oil

Meat

Gold & Diamonds

Gold

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1750 1850 1900

Millions

Demography 1750-1914: Global

Demography 1750-1914: Europe

Tremendous population growth Improvements in food

supply Application of science &

technology Improved seeds, fertilizer,

& livestock Refrigeration Industrial transportation

eliminates famine Steamboat

Creates a greater need for new energy sources Coal, electricity, gas, &

petroleum

Year Population in Millions

% of World Population

1750 141 19.3

1850 292 25.0

1900 482 30.0

Demography 1750-1914: Europe

Demographic transition High to low mortality High to low fertility

Rapid urbanization Suburbanization

Decline in urban mortality Urban sanitation Germ theory of disease

European Migration from 1750

40 million Europeans emigrated to the two Americas, Australia, Asiatic Australia, South Africa, and other areas

African Slave Trade after 1750

Nearly two million Africans were shipped to the Americas between 1750 & 1870

Japanese population growth increased

dramatically after 1850 Provides labor for industrialization & helps

promote imperialism Asia’s population nearly doubled

China’s population went from 220 million to 435 million

India’s population went from 165 million to 290 million

Demography 1750-1914: Asia

Asian labor migration after 1750

India: Over 1 million emigrated as indentured

servants to South Africa & Caribbean

China: Over 8 million emigrated to Southeast

Asia (Thailand-1.5 million & Indonesia-2.8 million) and

the Americas

Japan: Over 500,000 to the Americas and

Pacific

U.S. limits immigration with Chinese Exclusion

Act & Gentlemen’s Agreement

Culture

1750-1914 Agricultural Revolution

lead to improvements in farming such as the seed drill and crop rotation.

World trade patterns led to colonization of countries and their total domination created a definite gap in the haves and have nots.

Christianity spread through colonization.

Industrial Revolution altered world culture with concept of time, and continued need for raw materials and imperialism.

Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

Suez Canal

Panama Canal

From space

Politics

1750-1914: European Hegemony!

The Balance of Power shifted after centuries of domination from Asia!

Absolutism vs. Enlightenment

New Economic and Social Ideas=Democracy

1450-1750 ALL kingdoms in Europe, Muslim Empires and China were absolutist.

They held on to their power claiming Divine Right (Europe) or Mandate of Heaven (China)

What Changed and Why?

Forces for Political Change

Concept of nation-state shifted loyalties from a king or noble to a nation

Britain and the Netherlands both had constitutional monarchies

Industrial Rev. led to economic changes and thedemands for political change by the end of the 19th c.

The Enlightenment a.k.a. The Age of Reasonled to serious questioning of absolutist govts.

This was influenced by previous eras such as Renaissance, the Protestant Reformationand the Scientific Rev.

The idea that people COULD figure things out and come up with better governments.

John Locke’s Social Contract said that people had the right to overthrow the government if it was bad.

French philosophes Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseauspread the new ideas to France which was the picture of absolutism.

New wealth led to the rise of the bourgeoisie who had no power. These self-made men were literate and supported the ideas of the Enlightenment. Afterall, they wanted the power togo with their money. Why should the do nothing aristocrats get all the power?

American

French

Haitian

Latin American

American Revolution:

•New political thought

•Upset with new taxes and trade controls

•Restrictions on moving west

•Declaration of Independence

•Constitution based on Enlightenment principles, butlimited the right to vote and kept slavery

The French Revolution

•Ancien Regime•Absolutist power for the king•Louis XVI called the Estates-General, but the bourgeoisietake control and declare the National Assembly•Write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen•Radical stage with Jacobins called the Reign of Terror•Napoleon seized the govt.

What arethe threeestates?

Congress of Vienna 1815: Objective? To Restore the Balance of Power Conservatives tried to put ideas of liberty back in the box.

Haitian (a.k.a. Saint Domingue) Revolution

Led by Toussaint L’Overture a former slave

Napoleon sent the army to put down the rebels.

Napoleon withdraws as many in his army died of yellow fever and couldn’t fight the guerillatactics used by the Haitians.

L’Overture died, Haiti gets independence 1804

Jefferson buys Lousiana from Napoleon 1803; theFrench had to have money to finance the fighting.

South America led by Creole elites such as:Simon Bolivar in the north and in the southJose de San Martin (1821)

Brazil 1822

Mexico 1821 Father Miguel HidalgoBenito Juarez modeled the constitution after theUS, but after his death a series of dictators.

Results of Revolutions

•Enlightenment philosophy continued to spread and inspireRevolutions with the concepts of democracy, liberty, equality,and justice

•Conservatism: wanted to return to absolutism, disapproved of revs, but would accept a constitutional monarchy

•Liberalism: wanted republican democracy, elected legislatureand freedom from oppression more than equality

•Radicalism: wanted drastic changes in the govt., emphasizedequality more than freedom; to narrow the gap between rich and poor ex: Jacobins and later Marxists

PoliticalReforms

Abolition of slave trade then slavery

Women’s rights especiallysuffrage

Universal education

Labor lawsespeciallychild labor

Male suffrage

Other political reforms

•Social Darwinism: poor people are lazy and less intelligent and deserve their status; rich people arehard working and smart and deserve their status

•Marxism: The Communist Manifesto by Marx and Engels said there would be a rev of the Proletariat

•Nationalism: new political concept of the nation; afeeling of identity among common groups of people

Germany

Otto von BismarckSecond Reich

Declared the beginning of the German Empire First was

HRE

Led to more competition among states.Created more nationalist movements.

ItalyCount Cavour in thenorth; occupied byAustria

Garibaldi in the south;occupied by Spain

The COMPLETEtakeover of an area withdominationeconomically,politically, and socio-culturally

Berlin Conference 1884-5

O God of Battles! Steel My Soldiers' Hearts! 10 October 1857

Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny

http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/?b=UF00086056&v=00001.

Opium Wars 1839-1842

•Qing Dynasty

•Treaty of Nanjing

•Spheres of Influence

•Taiping Rebellion1850-1864

•Boxer Rebellion1900

MEIJI RESTORATION

Economics

The Modern Era1750-1914

Favorable natural resources Population Pressure

Abundance of labor Growth of large manufacturing sector

Cottage industry (putting-out system) Advantages in world trade Technological innovation Government support of business

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

Cottage Industry (putting-out system) Mechanization of weaving

Cotton that took an Indian worker 500 hours to spin took a machine in England 80 minutes to spin

Iron smelting Bessemer steel process

Energy Steam engine and electricity

Transportation Canals, steamboat, railroads

Industrial Technology

Labor changes Factory labor was dangerous and toilsome Initially women & children work in factories Rise in white collar jobs for new middle class High unemployment rates Labor unions were formed to protect workers

Rise of consumer culture Standard of living increases Frequent economic depressions

Economic Effects of Industrialization

Economic Effects of Industrialization

New economic theories Capitalism

Direct attack on mercantilism

Positivism Socialism

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Communism

Global Industrialization Industrialization turned nations into either

manufacturers of consumer goods or suppliers of raw materials

Manufacturers: Western Europe, the United States, Japan, Russia(?)

Suppliers: the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, China, India Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, Australia

Spread of Industrialization in Europe

Caused by Russian defeat in Crimean War Abolish serfdom in 1861

Do NOT make major reforms to help peasants Limited industrialization

Trans-Siberian railroad Focus on heavy industry

2nd in petroleum and 4th in steel production by 1900 Do NOT produce consumer goods

Lower class women move to cities for factory work

Russian Industrialization

Japanese Industrialization Ends isolation in

1853 Abolish samurai

class Economic

modernization Industrialization Zaibatsu

Mitsubishi Women work in silk

factories

British ended the slave trade in 1807; the United

States in 1808 England bans slavery in 1833; U.S. in 1863;

Natural resources (gold, ivory, palm oil) replace slaves in trade with Europe

Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt Forced peasants to grow cotton for export Built irrigation canals and railroads Successors build the Suez Canal

Makes Egypt one of the most strategic places on Earth

Africa: 1750-1914

“Sick Man of Europe” Declining agricultural revenues Large debts to foreign nations European imports exceed exports

Caused massive inflation Reforms

Creation of a central bank Factories opened in urban areas

Relied heavily on European investment and technology

The Middle East: 1750-1914

India British transform India from supplier of textiles to

exporter of raw cotton Also export opium, coffee, and tea

China Opium War ends Canton system

Opium trade reverses causes silver to flow from China

Southeast Asia British establish Singapore and colonize other areas

to gain access to raw materials Indentured Servitude

Thousands of Indians, Chinese, and Japanese migrated to the Caribbean to replace slave labor

Asia: 1750-1914

Latin America supplied raw materials to the West in exchange for manufactured goods Influence switched from Spain to England Monroe Doctrine

Indentured servitude & immigration replace slavery

Mexico and Argentina undergo limited industrialization in the late 1800s Porfirio Diaz

The Americas: 1750-1914

Social Structures

The home was “A haven in a heartless world.”A low point for women around the world.

A time of “equality of misery.” Both men and women living in a poor state compounded by industrialization and imperialism with most men and women leftback. It was more about class structure than gender structure.

Thomas Jefferson said, “Were our state a pure democracy, there would still beexcluded from our deliberation women, who, to prevent the deprivation of moralsand ambiguity of issues, should not mix promiscuously in gatherings of men.”

“Women ought to have representatives, instead of being arbitrarily governed without any direct share allowed them in the deliberations of government.” Mary Wollstonecraft

And so it begins, the push for rights and suffrage!

Political Revolutions

Women’s Movements

Women in factories were paid less for less skilled labor.

Women were mainly unmarried which led to sexual exploitation and concerns about THEIR morality and respectability!!!

In Japan and Latin America

Women were to stay home to be “Good wives and wise mothers.”

At home, women still had to work to survive, but the governments didn’t count it as real work as it was“housekeeping.”

Men frequently left home in Latin America to seek workleaving women to continue subsistence farming.

Marianismo and machismo

Scientific discoveries about women used to justifylimits on their education.

Women who accomplished anything intellectual were seenas having “transcended their sex.”

China: “She who is unskilled in arts and literature isa virtuous woman.”

Japan: “To cultivate women’s skills would be harmful.”

Women’s Movements

“The woman question.”