►Gestation periode beginning with Gestation periode beginning with fertilisation to end with parturition of fertilisation to end with parturition of foetusfoetus

►Gestation consist 3 class :Gestation consist 3 class :►ovum periodeovum periode►embryo periodeembryo periode►foetus periodefoetus periode

►Ovum periode is periode from Ovum periode is periode from fertilisation to implantationfertilisation to implantation

►Embryo periode is periode from Embryo periode is periode from implantation to early visceral organ implantation to early visceral organ formed. formed.

►Foetus periode is periode from visceral Foetus periode is periode from visceral organ formed, ekstremitas to partus organ formed, ekstremitas to partus

Hafez (1974) statements : Hafez (1974) statements : ►Ovum periode : from ovulation to Ovum periode : from ovulation to

fertilisation, Periode embrio dimulai fertilisation, Periode embrio dimulai sejak terjadi fertilisasi,sejak terjadi fertilisasi,

►Embryo periode : from fertilisation, Embryo periode : from fertilisation, implantation to visceral organ formed implantation to visceral organ formed

►periode fetus : periode fetus : ekstremitas organ ekstremitas organ formed to parturitionformed to parturition

PlacentationPlacentation

►Placenta (Foetus membrane) is Placenta (Foetus membrane) is tissue connection between tissue connection between embryo & momembryo & mom

►Placenta Function : Placenta Function : ► Food pathway from mom to embryoFood pathway from mom to embryo► Rubbish substance pathway from Rubbish substance pathway from

embryo embryo

to momto mom

Early gestation Early gestation Change of trophoblast Change of trophoblast

morphology as :morphology as :

1. Khorion (outer membrane)1. Khorion (outer membrane) 2. Allantois (between khorion & 2. Allantois (between khorion &

amnion)amnion) 3. Amnion (inner membrane)3. Amnion (inner membrane)

►Placentation consists of :Placentation consists of :

1. Placenta materna ; endometrium 1. Placenta materna ; endometrium

(Corunculae)(Corunculae)

2.Placenta foetalis ; trophoblast2.Placenta foetalis ; trophoblast

(Cotyledone)(Cotyledone)

MACROS & MICROS of PLACENTAMACROS & MICROS of PLACENTA

►After implantation of embryo at After implantation of embryo at endometrium, next trophoblast & endometrium, next trophoblast & endometrium fused, is called endometrium fused, is called PLACENTA.PLACENTA.

►First nutrition of embryo from uterine First nutrition of embryo from uterine milk (histotroph/ susu uterus). milk (histotroph/ susu uterus).

►Placenta devided 3 part:Placenta devided 3 part: Amnion : Amnion : direct contact with foetusdirect contact with foetus AlantoisAlantois: between amnion & chorion: between amnion & chorion ChorionChorion : outer part membrane : outer part membrane

PLACENTA TYPE PLACENTA TYPE

1.1. CotyledonariaCotyledonaria : Cow, ewe, goat : Cow, ewe, goat have corunculahave coruncula

2.2. Difusa : Difusa : Sow & Mare Sow & Mare haven haven’’t t corunculacoruncula

3.3. ZonariaZonaria : Dog : Dog

4.4. DiscoidalisDiscoidalis : Monkey, human, rat, : Monkey, human, rat, guinea pig, rabitguinea pig, rabit

Histologyst structure of placentaHistologyst structure of placenta

1.1. EpitheliochorialeEpitheliochoriale (placenta difusa) : (placenta difusa) : blood circulation between mom & foetus blood circulation between mom & foetus separated by 2 epithel layer, 2 endothel separated by 2 epithel layer, 2 endothel layer & 2 connective tissue from mom & layer & 2 connective tissue from mom & foetusfoetus

2.2. SyndesmochorialeSyndesmochoriale (plasenta (plasenta cotiledonaria) : consists of 1 epithel layer, cotiledonaria) : consists of 1 epithel layer, thiner than epiteliochoriale. thiner than epiteliochoriale.

3. Endotheliochoriale3. Endotheliochoriale (placenta zonaria). (placenta zonaria). blood circulation between mom & foetusblood circulation between mom & foetus separated by 3 layer from foetus (endothel,separated by 3 layer from foetus (endothel, connective tissue & trophoblast epithel) & 1 layer connective tissue & trophoblast epithel) & 1 layer from mom (endothel)from mom (endothel)

4. 4. HemochorialeHemochoriale (placenta diskoidale) (placenta diskoidale) blood circulation between mom & foetusblood circulation between mom & foetus separated by 3 layer conective cell from separated by 3 layer conective cell from

trophoblast trophoblast

5. 5. HemoendotelialHemoendotelial (plasenta diskoidale-kelinci) (plasenta diskoidale-kelinci) blood circulation between mom & foetusblood circulation between mom & foetus separated only by 1 layer endothel cell from blood separated only by 1 layer endothel cell from blood

vessel vessel foetusfoetus

► gestation counted from gestation counted from fertilisation to parturition, but fertilisation to parturition, but fertilisation didnfertilisation didn’’t know exactly. So… t know exactly. So… gestation counted from last mating to gestation counted from last mating to partuspartus

► Long time of gestation influences by Long time of gestation influences by maternal factors, genetic, foetus & maternal factors, genetic, foetus & environmentenvironment

CHANGE OF FEMALE GENITAL CHANGE OF FEMALE GENITAL ORGAN DURING GESTATIONORGAN DURING GESTATION

1. Vulva & Vagina1. Vulva & Vagina

After retilisation, vulva & vagina not yet After retilisation, vulva & vagina not yet change.change.

Edema vulva :Edema vulva :

6-7 months of gestation in heifer 6-7 months of gestation in heifer

8,5 – 9 months of gestation in cow. 8,5 – 9 months of gestation in cow. Perubahan vagina terlihat adanya Perubahan vagina terlihat adanya pertambahan vaskularisasi mukosa pertambahan vaskularisasi mukosa vagina.vagina.

2. Servik2. Servik

* After fertilisation : cerviks crypta * After fertilisation : cerviks crypta produceproduce

mucous liquidmucous liquid

* Older gestation * Older gestation increase mucouse increase mucouse

* Approach of partus * Approach of partus contraction of contraction of cerviks musculatorcerviks musculator

* Cow : 2-5 days before partus * Cow : 2-5 days before partus cerviks cerviks musculatur relaxation & opened musculatur relaxation & opened

3. Uterus3. Uterus

* After fertilisation : Increase * After fertilisation : Increase vascularitation of endometrium, vascularitation of endometrium, glandulas growing prolongation, twisting glandulas growing prolongation, twisting & produce of uterus milk (histotroph)& produce of uterus milk (histotroph)

Condition of uterus Condition of uterus quiet because quiet because influence of progesteroninfluence of progesteron

* After implantation * After implantation pathway of nutrition pathway of nutrition & rubbish substance & rubbish substance attachment of attachment of tropoblast – blood vasel at tropoblast – blood vasel at endometrium. endometrium.

4. 4. OvariumOvarium

* After ovulation * After ovulation korpuskorpus haemorrhagicum haemorrhagicum or korpus rubrum or korpus rubrum 2-3 days 2-3 days luteinisation proces luteinisation proces CCorpus luteum (CL).orpus luteum (CL).

* Cow & Ewe * Cow & Ewe 5 – 6 days after ovulation CL 5 – 6 days after ovulation CL grow up. If didn‘t gestation grow up. If didn‘t gestation CL regretion by CL regretion by PGF2 alfa from endometrium PGF2 alfa from endometrium

* If Gestation * If Gestation CL function constantly CL function constantly CL CL GraviditatumGraviditatum & constantly to function to & constantly to function to last gestation (cow, ewe, goat, sow & last gestation (cow, ewe, goat, sow & buffalo). buffalo).

ROLE OF HORMON IN GESTATION ROLE OF HORMON IN GESTATION PROCESSPROCESS

* Main Endokrine gland : Ovarium (CL & * Main Endokrine gland : Ovarium (CL & Folicle), Plasenta, Hipotalamus, & Hipofisa. Folicle), Plasenta, Hipotalamus, & Hipofisa.

* Support endokrine gland : tyroid & adrenal * Support endokrine gland : tyroid & adrenal

* Hipotalamus & Hipofisa * Hipotalamus & Hipofisa Regulator gland Regulator gland

* CL * CL produce P4 produce P4* Folikel * Folikel produce E2 produce E2* Placenta * Placenta produce P4 & E2 produce P4 & E2* In Urine :* In Urine : Mare Mare consist Estron, Estradiol 17 consist Estron, Estradiol 17 & & ββ Goat & Ewe Goat & Ewe Estradiol 17 Estradiol 17 Sow Sow Estron Estron Cow Cow Estron & Estradiol 17 Estron & Estradiol 17 * Placenta of Mare * Placenta of Mare produce steroid & produce steroid &

gonadotrophine (PMSG) FSH gonadotrophine (PMSG) FSH produce produce folfol

not ovulated not ovulated lutein lutein CL Ascesoris CL Ascesoris produce P4 produce P4

EXAMINE OF GESTATION EXAMINE OF GESTATION IN FARM ANIMALIN FARM ANIMAL

►CLINICALYCLINICALY1. VISUAL INSPECTION1. VISUAL INSPECTION2. REKTAL PALPATION2. REKTAL PALPATION

►LABORATORIOSLYLABORATORIOSLY1. HORMONE EXAMINATION1. HORMONE EXAMINATION2. USG2. USG3. RADIOGRAFI3. RADIOGRAFI4. IMUNOLOGY4. IMUNOLOGY

►Gestation is physiologis process, how Gestation is physiologis process, how about gestacy of uterus to spend of about gestacy of uterus to spend of foetus & placenta by ductus foetus & placenta by ductus reproductionreproduction

►Strong stimulation from uterus Strong stimulation from uterus musculatur, stomach & diafragmamusculatur, stomach & diafragma

►Before partus formerly with signs of Before partus formerly with signs of partuspartus

►PLACE OF FOETUS IN PARTUS PLACE OF FOETUS IN PARTUS TIMETIME

Normal PlaceNormal Place

1. Anterior (letak muka)1. Anterior (letak muka)

2. Posterior (letak sungsang2. Posterior (letak sungsang). ).

EutokiaEutokia Easy partus process Easy partus process

DistokiaDistokia Difficult partus process Difficult partus process need human help need human help

DISTOKIA (kaki depan)DISTOKIA (kaki depan)

DISTOKIA (Kepala & 1 kaki)DISTOKIA (Kepala & 1 kaki)

DISTOKIA (hanya ekor)DISTOKIA (hanya ekor)

PARTUS STAGESPARTUS STAGES

► 1. EARLY STAGE / PREPARATION STAGE1. EARLY STAGE / PREPARATION STAGE ► 2. FOETUS & PLASENTA EXPULSION / 2. FOETUS & PLASENTA EXPULSION / CONTRACTION / LABORCONTRACTION / LABOR

2.1. PREPARE OF CONTRACTION2.1. PREPARE OF CONTRACTION2.2. STRONG CONTRACTION FOR FOETUS 2.2. STRONG CONTRACTION FOR FOETUS

EXPULSION EXPULSION 2.3. CONTRACTION FOR PLACENTA EXPULSION 2.3. CONTRACTION FOR PLACENTA EXPULSION

► 3. PUERPURIUM3. PUERPURIUM

EARLY STAGE / EARLY STAGE / PREPARATION STAGEPREPARATION STAGE

►Normal Parturition Normal Parturition Preparation Preparation stage longer incessant than stage longer incessant than contraction stage.contraction stage.

►Preparation stage can incessant Preparation stage can incessant several hours or days, whereas several hours or days, whereas contraction stage can incessant in contraction stage can incessant in count minute.count minute.

TEORY OF EARLY STAGETEORY OF EARLY STAGE

First : First : mechanic factor mechanic factor grow up of grow up of foetus foetus

Second : Second : hormon factorhormon factor P4, E2 dan P4, E2 dan Oxsitosyn. Oxsitosyn.

Third : Third : intern foetusintern foetus factorfactor

Fourth : combined of 3Fourth : combined of 3thth teory above teory above

I. Mechanic Factor (If Normal I. Mechanic Factor (If Normal Gestation)Gestation)

Foetus volume Foetus volume ↑ ↑ partus partus

If Abnormal/ Patologik Condition If Abnormal/ Patologik Condition

Hydrops (Allantois Liquid Hydrops (Allantois Liquid ↑↑) ) partuspartus

Foetus twin in monotocous Foetus twin in monotocous parturition faster parturition faster

II. Hormonal FactorII. Hormonal Factor

OksitocyneOksitocyne

Role for begin contraction of Role for begin contraction of myometrium myometrium

ProgesteronProgesteron

Take care of gestation with preventive Take care of gestation with preventive contraction from musculator uterus contraction from musculator uterus until calm of uterusuntil calm of uterus

EstrogenEstrogen

Placenta grow up Placenta grow up E2 E2 ↑↑

Prostaglandin Prostaglandin

contraction from musculatur of uteruscontraction from musculatur of uterus

III. FOETUS FACTORIII. FOETUS FACTOR

►FOETUS GROW UPFOETUS GROW UP►UTERUS REPEATEDLY STRECH OUTUTERUS REPEATEDLY STRECH OUT►CORTISOL STIMULATE FROM FETUSCORTISOL STIMULATE FROM FETUS

IV. COMBINED OF TEORYIV. COMBINED OF TEORY► ↑ ↑ P4 P4 inhibiting of myometrium inhibiting of myometrium

contraction contraction ►↑ ↑ Foetus Foetus VolumeVolume utereus repeatedly stretch oututereus repeatedly stretch out

►ACTH from foetus ACTH from foetus Cortex Adrenal Cortex Adrenal produce Corticosteroid produce Corticosteroid

►Corticosteroid stimulate Corticosteroid stimulate PGF2 PGF2↑↑ & E2 & E2 ↑↑ P4P4

►E2 E2 ↑↑ Sensitivitas myometrium toward Sensitivitas myometrium toward OxytocineOxytocine

►Myometrium contraction Myometrium contraction ↑↑ (several hours to (several hours to days) days)

► 2. CONTRACTION STAGE 2. CONTRACTION STAGE

a.a. Prepare of Contraction stagePrepare of Contraction stage

b.b. Contraction for spend out of foetusContraction for spend out of foetus

c.c. Contraction for spend out of placentaContraction for spend out of placenta

► Prepare of ContractionPrepare of Contraction

Intensitas contraction of myometrium Intensitas contraction of myometrium ↑↑ until spend out of allantois from until spend out of allantois from vulvavulva

►Spend out of FoetusSpend out of Foetus

very quicklyvery quickly

►Spend out of placenta Spend out of placenta

RETENSIO SECUNDINARUMRETENSIO SECUNDINARUM

PuerpuriumPuerpuriumChanges after parturition + spend out Changes after parturition + spend out

of placenta until Estrous againof placenta until Estrous again

Changes in PuerpuriumChanges in Puerpurium

►Regeneration of endometriumRegeneration of endometrium► Involutio of uteriInvolutio of uteri►Estrous of postpartumEstrous of postpartum

Regeneration of endometrium Regeneration of endometrium (7weeks)(7weeks)►After spend out of PlacentaAfter spend out of Placenta►Crypta in endometrium become Crypta in endometrium become

shortershorter► Uterus blood vesel constrictionUterus blood vesel constriction

Involusio of uteri ( 60 days)Involusio of uteri ( 60 days)► Involutio of utery is smaller of Involutio of utery is smaller of

uterus became normally sizeuterus became normally size► Consist to :Consist to :

1.1. Regeneration of endometrium Regeneration of endometrium epithelepithel

2.2. Smaller of myometriumSmaller of myometrium

3.3. Smaller of uterus blood vesel Smaller of uterus blood vesel

Estrous of post partum (30-Estrous of post partum (30-70days)70days)►Regretion of Corpus GraviditatumRegretion of Corpus Graviditatum

fastlyfastly►Puerpurium can extended :Puerpurium can extended :

in mammaliain mammalia Abnormalitas in parturitionAbnormalitas in parturition