Post on 12-Jan-2016
*Absolute Monarchs in Europe,1500-1800
*Spain’s Empire & European
Absolutism
*Charles V was Catholic and against Muslims and Lutherans who unwillingly signed the Peace of Augsburg
*Son Ferdinand gets HRE & Austria
*Son Philip II gets Spain, Spanish Netherlands and American Colonies
*Philip was shy, serious, aggressive and religious
*Seizes Portugal and territories around the world in 1580
*Spain’s Empire & European
Absolutism
*Tons of gold and silver poured into Spain with Philip taking ¼ to 1/5
*Spain develops 50,000 man standing army
*Fighting throughout Europe over religion
*Philip defends Catholicism by defeating the Ottoman Empire before losing to QE1
*Spain’s wealth allows it to remain strong despite the defeat
*Spain’s Empire & European
Absolutism
*Art flourishes in Spain with wealth (Forbes Life)
*Don Quixote (1605) birth of modern novel
*Cervantes wrote of poor man in rusty armor on feeble horse who tried to right wrongs
*Making fun of chivalry or defending idealism??
*Spain’s Empire & European
Absolutism
* Inflation and taxes cause prices to rise and middle class to disappear (today)
*Guilds caused goods to be purchased from other countries (cash outflow)
*Spain needs money to finance wars and borrows it from other countries
*Declares bankruptcy 3 times
*Dutch protestants revolt and 1,500 are executed in a single day
*11 years later the Netherlands declares independence while southern Catholic Belgium stays with Spain
*Spain’s Empire & European
Absolutism
*Dutch are tolerant of other religions
*Dutch was a republic with elected governors of provinces
*Rembrandt and other artists flourished
*Stable government let Dutch focus on trade
*4,800 ships and Dutch East India Company thrive
*Spain’s Empire & European
Absolutism
*Philip II was very controlling as were many European monarchs for centuries to come
*Absolute monarch – king or queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries and controlled all aspects of society
*Divine right – God created the monarchy who acted as God’s representative answering only to God and not their subjects
*Spain’s Empire & European
Absolutism
*Cities and kingdoms grew in Europe as monarchs became more powerful
*Middle class backed monarchs because they were supportive of business
*Monarchs became more powerful than the church
*Spain’s Empire & European
Absolutism
*Upheaval and conflicts in 17th century led to
*Larger armies
*Heavier taxes
*Peasant unrest and uprisings
*Monarchs increase power to deal with subjects
The Reign Of Louis XIV
*Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants) clash
*8 wars in 36 years brings chaos to France
*1572 many Huguenots massacred at Henry of Navarre’s wedding to queen’s daughter
*Henry survives and becomes king in 1589
*Robust, athletic, handsome, fearless & clever
*Converts to Catholicism and issues Edict of Nantes which is tolerant of Huguenots
The Reign Of Louis XIV
*Works to reunite and grow France until he is stabbed to death by a religious fanatic in 1610
*His son Louis XIII takes over and is a weak leader
*Cardinal Richelieu is his powerful minister and former head of French Catholic church
*Protestant cities could not have walls and he weakened noble powers in favor of middle class to better support the monarchy
*Involved France in 30 Years War to try to weaken Hapsburg rulers of Spain, Austria, Netherlands and HRE
The Reign Of Louis XIV
*Skepticism – nothing can ever be known for certain
*Doubts about the church
*Montaigne develops essay – brief work that expresses the writer’s thoughts or opinion
*Descarte’s skepticism leads to scientific method
The Reign Of Louis XIV
*Louis XIV becomes the most powerful French king beginning at age 4
*Cardinal Mazarin leads France and is disliked because of a strong central government
*Nobles threaten Louis XIV’s life which strengthens his resolve
*Nobles fought amongst each other, were violently repressed and peasants were sick of rebellion so monarchy triumphs
The Reign Of Louis XIV
*Louis takes control at 22 and excludes nobles from councils
*Intendants – collected taxes and administered justice – were given more power
*Colbert – finance minister – promoted French industry, raised tariffs, reduced reliance on imports, developed colonies
*Louis XIV cancels Edict of Nantes leading to many skilled people leaving France
The Reign Of Louis XIV
*Lived a life of luxury, ate well, 500 servants, nobles at palace to flatter him
*Nobles lived at Versailles where he could control them better
*Versailles was over 500 yards
*Promoted opera and ballet and writings
*Art was used to glorify the king instead of God
The Reign Of Louis XIV
*20 million people in France made it the largest country in Europe with the largest army and most advanced weapons
*Fought wars to expand which was stopped by other countries uniting against France
*Poor harvests, wars, and taxes took toll on French
The Reign Of Louis XIV
*War of Spanish Succession is fought to keep Bourbons from uniting 2 countries
*13 year war with Spain and France not united and Great Britain getting Gibraltar and slaves for American colonies
*Other colonies were taken from France
*Louis XIV dies in bed in 1715 with many French happy.
*His legacy was mixed
Central EuropeanMonarchs Clash
*Protestant Union and Catholic League form in Germany to protect from each other and Calvinists in 1608
*1618 Thirty Years’ War begins as conflicts over religion and territory break out
*Hapsburg armies from Austria and Spain plunder Germany and crush Protestants in 1st 12 years
*French, German and Swedish defeat Hapsburgs
*4 million Germans dead and did not recover for over 100 years (South)
Central EuropeanMonarchs Clash
*Treaty of Westphalia
*Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria weakened
*France strengthened by gaining German territory
*German princes independent of HRE
*Ended religious wars in Europe
*New peace process involving all parties
*Beginning of modern states as independent states emerge separate from the church (Map 604)
Central EuropeanMonarchs Clash
*Areas, and empires struggle to develop
*Nobles dominate in some areas and control kings
*Serfs and middle class dominate in other areas
*Ottoman and HRE begin to decline
*Political boundaries change
Central EuropeanMonarchs Clash
*Prussia rises as a power
*Maria Theresa has power in Austria
*Frederick the Great ruled Prussia with religious tolerance and belief ruler should be like a father
*War of Austrian Succession has Frederick the Great defeating Maria Theresa and making Prussia a power
Central EuropeanMonarchs Clash
*Seven Years’ War – Austria, France, Russia and others vs. Britain and Prussia
*1756-1763 – fought in Europe, India and North America with most European areas involved
*No territorial changes in Europe
*France loses colonies in NA and India as Britain emerges as a power.
Absolute Rulersof Russia
*1462-1533 Territory conquered around Russia, government centralized and Mongols ousted
*Ivan IV = Ivan the Terrible took throne at 3
*Boyars – landowning Russian nobles
*Ivan seized power at 16 and named himself czar
*1547-1560 – “good period” –added lands, code of laws, and ruled justly
Absolute Rulersof Russia
*Accuses boyars of poisoning wife Anastasia in 1560
*Police force hunts down and kills “traitors”
*Executes thousands, seizes boyar lands
*Killed oldest son in 1581 and weak 2nd son is left to rule in 1584
*Time of Troubles 1584-1613 many rulers
*Michael Romanov selected in 1613 and 300 years of Romanov rule
Absolute Rulersof Russia
*Peter the Great – many reforms
*Serfdom continues into 1800 with serfs as property linked to land they lived on
*Russia isolated from Renaissance by Mongols and geographically with no warm seaport
*Russian Orthodox religion doesn’t agree with Protestantism or Catholocism
*Peter travels to west and see many innovations
Absolute Rulersof Russia
*Westernization – using western Europe as a model for change
*Brings church under state control
*Reduced power of landowners
*Modernized army with European officers
* 200,000 man army with heavy taxes
* Introduced potatoes
* 1st newspaper started
*Allowed women at social gatherings
* Switched to western fashions
*Opened schools
Absolute Rulersof Russia
*Fought 21 years with Sweden and built St. Petersburg on swampy site
*Many died building city
*Made the new capital
Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
*Elizabeth I has no heir and leaves much debt
*James Stuart of Scotland becomes King James I
*James did not make Puritan desired reforms to the Catholic Church
*Fought with parliament over money
*Issues new Bible translation
*Charles I (James son) becomes king in 1625
Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
*Charles dissolves parliament over money needed to fight Spain and France
*Petition of Right 1628
*No imprisonment without due cause
*No taxes without Parliament’s consent
*No soldiers housed in private homes
*No martial law in peacetime
*Charles agrees to petition but ignores it and becomes very unpopular
Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
*English Civil War
*Charles upsets Scots and Puritans by trying to force Anglican Church rituals
*Parliament and Charles clash as he flees palace and forms an army
*1642-1649 English Civil War
*Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) captures Charles, tries and executes him publicly
Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
*Cromwell’s rule
*Abolishes monarchy and House of Lords and establishes a republican government
*Constitution written, but torn up as Cromwell becomes a military dictator
*Puts down an uprising in Ireland where hundreds of thousands die of famine and disease
*Puritan morality enforced with no theater, sporting events, and dancing
*Tolerated religions except for Catholics
Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
*Restoration and Revolution
*Cromwell dies in 1658, parliament is restored and Charles II takes the throne
*Restoration – restoring of the monarchy
*Habeas corpus – appear before a judge, guaranteed a trial
* James II succeeds in 1685 and he is Catholic
*Older Daughter Mary married to William – prince of the Netherlands
*Glorious Revolution - William and Mary overthrow James II who flees to France and restore Protestantism
Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
*Limits on Monarch’s Powers
*William and Mary recognize Parliament as partner in governing
*Constitutional monarchy – laws limit ruler’s power
*Bill of Rights (1689)
*No suspending Parliament’s laws
*Freedom of speech in Parliament
*Petition of grievances by citizens
Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
*Monarch needed Parliament’s consent to rule
*Parliament needed monarch’s consent to rule
*Cabinet – government ministers or officials who represented the majority party in Parliament
*Prime Minister is leader of majority party which continues today