Post on 14-Jan-2016
By 1900 majority of immigrants were from eastern and southern Europe
Push – Pull factors The Atlantic voyage -
steerage
Ellis Island - New York
Ethnic Cities• Neighborhoods• Language• Churches /
Synagogues• Clubs• Newspapers
Asian Immigration• Taiping Rebellion• 1849 California Gold
Rush• Transcontinental
Railroad• Angel Island
Resurgence of Nativism• Nativism – preference for
native-born people and desire to limit immigration
• Immigration opposed by unions
• Nativist Organizations American Protective
Association – anti-Catholic Workingman’s Party of
California – anti-Chinese
Immigration Laws• Laws banned convicts,
paupers, and mentally disabled
• The Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 – barred Chinese immigration
Migration to cities from rural areas
Immigrants tied to cities – social mobility
New Urban Environment• Skyscrapers – growth
upward• Louis Sullivan• Mass Transit – horsecars,
electric trolleys• Elevated rail / subways
High Society• Lived in fashionable
districts in heart of cities Middle-Class Gentility
• Grew due to industrialization
• Growth of “streetcar suburbs”
The Working Class• ¾ of working class
squeezed into tenements• All family members worked
Urban Problems• Crime – murder rate almost 100% higher than
today• Violence• Disease – cholera and typhoid fever due to
contaminated water• Pollution – animal and human waste, smoke,
garbage
Urban Politics• Political Machine – informal
political group designed to gain and keep power
• Party Boss – ran political machine
• Graft / Fraud – getting money through dishonest or questionable means
• Tammany Hall – New York Democratic political machine
• Boss Tweed – notorious party boss of Tammany Hall
Mark Twain Horatio Alger – “rags-
to-riches” Social Darwinism –
Herbert Spencer The Gospel of Wealth
- philanthropy
Popular Culture• Rise in standard of
living due to industrialization
• The Saloon• Amusement Parks –
Coney Island• Sports• Vaudeville and
Ragtime
Henry George – Progress and Poverty• Raised questions about American society• Challenged laissez-faire and Social-
Darwinism
Reform Darwinism • Lester Frank Ward • People succeeded not because of competition
but because of cooperation
Edward Bellamy • Looking Backward• Shaped thinking towards socialism
Naturalism in Literature – Some people in life fail due to circumstances beyond their control
Social Gospel• William Gladden – applying
“Christian Law” to social problems
• Walter Rauschenbusch – competition was the cause of social problems
• The Salvation Army – Soup, Soap, and Salvation
• Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)
The Settlement House Movement• Jane Addams• Hull House
Public Education• Process of Americanization• African-American schools • Land-grant colleges• Women’s colleges• Public Libraries - Carnegie
Quiz
• By 1900 most immigrants were from here
• List two reasons why an immigrant would want to leave their home for America
• Where did most Europeans enter the US?
• Where did most Asians enter the US?
• How did many Americans respond to immigrants?
Quiz
• What race or ethnic group was prohibited from entering the US?
• What process allowed the cheap mass production of steel?
• What did steel allow to occur in the cities?
• What changed mass transit in cities?
• What class grew due to industrilization?
Quiz
• Where did most poor workers live in cities?
• List two problems with urbanization
• A political group that gains and maintains power is called a…
• The leader of the political machine is called the…
Quiz
• The New York democratic political machine was called…
• The most notorious Tammany political boss was named…
• The idea that elements of societies that were strong survived was called…
• A popular form of entertainment that consisted of short variety acts was called…
Quiz
• The idea in literature that a person could fail in life due to no fault of their own was called…
• William Gladden was a leader in what movement?
• What two Christian organizations were established to help the urban poor?
• Places where the urban poor could get childcare, take classes, etc were called…