> B I E H F : L K D H D H G A M E : J G H I J : < H I h Z...

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Transcript of > B I E H F : L K D H D H G A M E : J G H I J : < H I h Z...

Ɇɚɬɟʁ�ɋɚɜɢʄȾɂɉɅɈɆȺɌɋɄɈ�ɄɈɇɁɍɅȺɊɇɈ�ɉɊȺȼɈ����

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�ȾɂɉɅɈɆȺɌɋɄɈ�ɄɈɇɁɍɅȺɊɇɈ�ɉɊȺȼɈ���������������������ɉɨʁɚɦ�ɢ�ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ��

Ɇɚɬɟʁ�ɋɚɜɢʄ �

ɋɚɠɟɬɚɤ�� ɍ� ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦ�� ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɦ� ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ�� ɡɧɚɱɚʁ� ɞɢɩɥɨ�ɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ʁɟ�ɫɜɟ�ɜɟʄɢ��ɬɟ�ɫɟ�ʃɟɝɨɜɨ��ɦɚɤɚɪ�ɦɢɧɢ�ɦɚɥɧɨ��ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ�ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ�ɨɩɲɬɟ�ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ��Ɍɨ�ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ� ɡɧɚɱɢ� ɞɚ� ɨ� ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ� ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɭ�� ɫɚ� ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ� ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ�ɞɪɠɚɜɟ�ɢ�ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ�ɧɚɭɤɟ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ʁɚɜɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɧɢʁɟ�ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ�ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ� ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ��Ɉ� ɨɜɨʁ� ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɰɢ� ɧɚ� ɧɚɲɢɦ� ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ�ɦɚɥɢ�ɛɪɨʁ�ɧɚɭɱɧɢɯ�ɪɚɞɨɜɚ�ɢ�ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚ��ɬɟ�ʁɟ�ɭ�ɪɚɞɭ�ɪɢʁɟɱ�ɭɩɪɚɜɨ�ɨ�ɩɨʁɦɭ�ɢ�ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ�ɨɜɟ�ɝɪɚɧɟ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�

Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ� ɪɢʁɟɱɢ�� ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ� ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ�� ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɚ�ɰɢʁɚ�� ɢɡɜɨɪɢ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�� ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ� ɨɞɧɨɫɢ�� ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɢ� ɨɞɧɨɫɢ��ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ��ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ��������������

���ɍɜɨɞ

ɋɦɚɬɪɚ� ɫɟ� ɞɚ� ɧɚʁɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɟ� ɨɞɪɟɻɟʃɟ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɞɚʁɟ�ɦʁɟɲɨɜɢɬɚ��ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ�ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ� ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ��ɍ� ɫɤɥɚɞɭ� ɫɚ�ɨɜɨɦ�ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɨɦ��ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ�ʁɚɜɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɛɢ�ɫɟ�ɦɨɝɥɨ�ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ�ɤɚɨ�Äɫɢɫɬɟɦ�ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ�ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ�ɭ�ɫɦɢɫɥɭ�ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ��ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɧɢɯ�ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ�� ɤɨʁɢ� ɢɦɚʁɭ� ɡɚ� ɰɢʂ� ɞɚ� ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ� ɩɪɚɜɧɢ� ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ� ɢ�ɨɞɧɨɫɟ� ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�� ɤɚɨ� ɢ� ɩɪɚɜɧɢ� ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ� ɢ�ɨɞɧɨɫɟ�ɞɪɭɝɢɯ�ʁɟɞɢɧɤɢ�ɨɞ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ³�1

ɍ� ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ� ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ� ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ� ʁɚɜɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ���ɡɚ� ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɫɟ� ɦɨɠɟ� ɪɟʄɢ� ɞɚ� ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ�

�Ⱦɢɩɥ��ɩɪɚɜɧɢɤ��ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ�ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ�Ɋɋ�1�Ɇ��Ʉɪɟʄɚ��Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ�ʁɚɜɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ��Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ��������ɫɬɪ�����

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

328

ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɞɢɨ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ� ʁɚɜɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ��� Ɉɧɨ�� ɞɚɤɥɟ�� ɫɚɞɪɠɢ�ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɤɨʁɚ�ɫɟ�ɬɢɱɭ�ɨɞɧɨɫɚ�ɭ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ�ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ�� ɩɪɢʁɟ� ɫɜɟɝɚ� ɨɞɧɨɫɚ� ɢɡɦɟɻɭ� ɞɪɠɚɜɚ� ɤɚɨ� ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ�ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�� ɚɥɢ� ɢ� ɨɞɧɨɫɚ� ɢɡɦɟɻɭ� ɞɪɠɚɜɚ� ɢ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɨɞɧɨɫɚ�ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ɫɚɦɢɯ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚ�ɪɨɞɧɢɯ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ�ɢ�ɭɧɭɬɚɪ�ʃɢɯ�

ɍ� ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦ�� ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɦ� ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ�� ɡɧɚɱɚʁ� ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɤɨɧ�ɡɭɥɚɪɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ʁɟ� ɫɜɟ� ɜɟʄɢ�� ɬɟ� ɫɟ�ʃɟɝɨɜɨ�� ɦɚɤɚɪ�ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɨ�ɩɨɡɧɚ��ɜɚʃɟ�� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ� ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ� ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ� ɨɩɲɬɟ� ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ�� Ⱦɚɤɥɟ��ɨ� ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ� ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɭ�� ɫɚ� ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ� ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ� ɞɪɠɚɜɟ� ɢ� ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ�ɧɚɭɤɟ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ� ʁɚɜɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�� ɧɢʁɟ� ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ� ɧɢ� ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ��ȳɨɲ� ʁɟ� Ƚɥɢɝɨɪɢʁɟ� Ƚɟɪɲɢʄ�� Äɩɪɜɢ� ɨɞ� ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ� ɩɪɚɜɧɢɤɚ�ɤɨʁɢ� ɫɟ� ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ� ɛɚɜɢɨ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ� ɩɪɚɜɨɦ³��� ɠɟɥɟʄɢ�ɞɚ�ɩɨɛɢʁɟ� ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ�ɤɨʁɟ� ʁɟ� ɬɚɞɚ� ɜɥɚɞɚɥɨ�ɧɚ�ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ�ɲɤɨɥɢ�ɞɚ� ʁɟ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�Äɧɟɤɨ�ɩɚɫɬɨɪɱɟ��ɧɟɤɚ�ɉɟɩɟʂɭɝɚ�ɦɟɻɭ�ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ�ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɦɚ³���ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ�ɧɟ�ɫɚɦɨ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɫɚɫɜɢɦ�ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɢ�ɜɟɨɦɚ�ɜɚɠɚɧ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ��ɤɨʁɟ�ɭɥɚɡɢ�ɤɚɨ�ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɚɧ�ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɞɟɨ�ɭ�ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ�ɩɪɚɜɧɢɱɤɨ�ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ��ɧɟɝɨ�ɢ�ɬɨ��ɞɚ�ɫɟ�Äɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ�ɭ�ɦɚɥɢɦ�ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ�ɦɨɪɚ�ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɢ��ɬɟɦɟʂɢɬɨ�ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚɬɢ�ɢ�ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ��ʁɟɪ�ɨɧɟ�ɨɞ�ʃɟɝɚ�ɠɢɜɟ�ɢ�ɧɚ�ʃɟɝɚ�ɫɟ�ɦɨɪɚʁɭ�ɨɫɥɚʃɚɬɢ�ɞɚ�ɨɞɪɠɟ�ɫɜɨʁ�ɠɢɜɨɬ³�5�ɂɫɬɨ�ɫɟ�ɦɨɠɟ�ɪɟʄɢ�ɢ�ɡɚ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɤɚɨ�ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɞɢɨ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ʁɚɜɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɉɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ�ɞɚɧɚɫ��ɍɩɪɚɜɨ�ɫɬɨɝɚ�ɰɢʂ�ɨɜɨɝ��ɪɚɞɚ�ʁɟɫɬɟ�ɞɚ�ɭɤɚɠɟ�ɧɚ�ʃɟɝɨɜ�ɡɧɚɱɚʁ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɡɧɚɱɚʁ�ʃɟɝɨɜɟ��ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ��

��Ɇ��Ɇɢɬɢʄ���ɋ��ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ��Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ��Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ��������ɫɬɪ�� ���� ɢɚɤɨ� ɋ�� Ⱥɜɪɚɦɨɜ� ɢ� Ɇ�� Ʉɪɟʄɚ� ɭ� Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ� ʁɚɜɧɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ�� Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ��������ɫɬɪ�����ɢɫɬɢɱɭ�ɞɚ�ɭ�Äɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɢ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɟ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�ɧɟɤɚ�ɫɬɪɨɝɨ�ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ� ɢ� ɨɩɲɬɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ� ɩɨɞɟɥɚ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�� ɋɜɚɤɢ� ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɚɪ��ɭɧɨɫɢ�ɬɭ�ɢɡɜɟɫɧɭ�ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ�ɰɪɬɭ³�

��Ɇ��Ʉɪɟʄɚ��Ƚɥɢɝɨɪɢʁɟ�Ƚɟɪɲɢʄ��ɀɢɜɨɬ�ɢ�ɞɟɥɨ�ɭ�Ƚ��Ƚɟɪɲɢʄ��Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɢ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ���Ɍɟɨɪɢʁɚ�ɨ�ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɨʁ�ɫɢɥɢ�ɡɚɤɨɧɚ��Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ��������ɫɬɪ�����

��Ƚ��Ƚɟɪɲɢʄ���Ⱦɚɧɚɲʃɟ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɢ�ɤɨɧɫɭɥɚɪɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�����������ɫɬɪ����5�ɂɫɬɨ��ɫɬɪ������Ƚ��Ƚɟɪɲɢʄ� ʁɟ�ɭ�ɇɚɲɚ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɚ�ɫɬɪɭɤɚ�ɫ�ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɢɦ�ɩɨɝɥɟɞɨɦ�ɧɚ�ʃɟɧɭ�

ɫɬɪɭɱɧɭ�ɫɩɪɟɦɭ��ɚ�ɩɨɫɟɛɢɰɟ�ɧɚ�ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��������ɫɬɪ��������ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ�ɞɚ�³ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɰɢʁɟ�ɡɚɜɢɫɢ�ɨɞ�ɡɧɚʃɚ��ɜɟɲɬɢɧɟ��ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ�

Ɇɚɬɟʁ�ɋɚɜɢʄȾɂɉɅɈɆȺɌɋɄɈ�ɄɈɇɁɍɅȺɊɇɈ�ɉɊȺȼɈ����

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Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ʁɟ��ɤɚɤɨ�ʁɟ�ɜɟʄ�ɪɟɱɟɧɨ��ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɞɢɨ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ʁɚɜɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��Ɉɧɨ�ɫɚɞɪɠɢ�ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɤɨʁɚ�ɫɟ�ɬɢɱɭ�ɨɞɧɨɫɚ�ɭ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ�ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ��ɩɪɢʁɟ�ɫɜɟɝɚ��ɨɞɧɨɫɚ� ɢɡɦɟɻɭ� ɞɪɠɚɜɚ� ɤɚɨ� ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ� ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɚɥɢ�ɢ�ɨɞɧɨɫɚ�ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ɞɪɠɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɨɞɧɨɫɚ�ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ɫɚɦɢɯ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ�ɢ�ɭɧɭɬɚɪ�ʃɢɯ�7�ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ�ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ�ʁɟɞɚɧ�ɨɞ�ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ�ɢɡɜɨɪɚ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ʁɚɜɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɫɚ�ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ�ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ��ɢɡ�ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ�ɲɬɨ�ɫɟ�ɬɨɤɨɦ�ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ�ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ�ɞɚ�ɫɭ�ɝɪɭɩɟ�ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɢɯ�ɞɪɠɚɜɚ�ɤɨɧɡɭɦɢɪɚɥɟ�ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɟ� ɨɞɧɨɫɟ� ɭ� ɧɟɤɨʁ� ɜɪɫɬɢ� ɤɨɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ�� ɍ�ɬɚɤɜɢɦ�ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ�ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥɢ�ɫɭ�ɫɟ�ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ�ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ�ɨ�ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ�ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ� ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ�� ɬɟ� ɫɭ� ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ� ɢ� ɩɪɜɢ� ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ�ɤɨʁɢ� ɫɭ� ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɥɢ� ɨɛɥɚɫɬ� ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɲɬɚɜɚ� ɢ� �ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɢ� ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ��ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚʃɚ�ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ�ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ�ɭ�ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ�ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ�8

ȼɟɥɢɤɢ�ɛɪɨʁ�ɚɭɬɨɪɚ��ɫ�ɩɪɚɜɨɦ��ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�ɞɚ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɤɚɨ�ɝɪɚɧɚ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ�ɢ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɟ�ɨɞɧɨɫɟ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ�ɤɨʁɚ�ɫɟ�ɨɞɧɨɫɟ�ɧɚ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ�ɢ�ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɬɚ�ɢ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɟ�ɫɥɭɠɛɟ�ɤɚɨ�ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ�ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɚ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɟ�ɢ�ɞɢɩɥɨ�ɦɚɬɫɤɟ�ɫɥɭɠɛɟ��ɬɟ�ɞɚ��ɭ�ɫɤɥɚɞɭ�ɫ�ɬɢɦ��ɧɟɦɚ�ɨɫɧɨɜɚ�ɧɢɬɢ�ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚ�ɨɞ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɤɚɨ�ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ�ɞɢɨ�� Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ� ɫɬɚɜ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ� ɫɟ� ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɦ� ɫɬɨɝɚ�ɲɬɨ� ɩɨɞ� ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɦɨɝɭ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɫɯɜɚɬɟ�ɢ�ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ�ɢ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɤɨʁɟ�ɧɟ�ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ�ɭ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ�ʁɚɜɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ��ɜɟʄ�ɱɢɧɟ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ� ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�� ɤɚɨ� ɢ� ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ� ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ� ɡɚ�ɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ� ɤɨʁɟ� ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɭ� ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɬɢ�� ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ� ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɚ�ɫɥɭɠɛɚ�ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ�ɡɟɦɚʂɚ��ɧɩɪ��ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ�ɨ�ɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɫɬɜɭ��ɜɨʁɧɢɦ�ɨɛɜɟɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ��ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɪɚɜɭ��ɫɬɚɪɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɭ�ɢ�ɫɥ�����Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ��

ɢ� ɢɫɤɪɟɧɨɫɬɢ� ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ����Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɰɢʁɚ� ɰɪɩɟ� ɫɜɨʁ� ɠɢɜɨɬ� ɢɡ� ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ� ɢ� ɨɧɚ�ɫɬɜɚɪɚ�ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ³�

7��ɒɢɪɟ�ɜ��Ɇ��Ɇɢɬɢʄ���ɋ��ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ��ɰɢɬ��ɞʁ���ɫɬɪ�����8�ɒɢɪɟ�ɜ��ȼ��ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ���Ɏ��Ɍɭɪɱɢɧɨɜɢʄ��Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ�ʁɚɜɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ��Ȼɚʃɚɥɭɤɚ��

������ɫɬɪ��������ɂɫɬɨ�

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

330

ɢɫɬɢɧɚ�ʁɟ�ɞɚ�ɢ�ɪɚɧɢʁɟ��ɚɥɢ�ɢ�ɞɚɧɚɫ��ʁɟɞɚɧ�ɛɪɨʁ�ɩɢɫɚɰɚ��ɩɨɱɟɜɲɢ�ɨɞ�Ƚ��Ƚɟɪɲɢʄɚ��������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɞɨ�ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ�ɧɚɲɢɯ�ɢ�ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ�ɚɭɬɨɪɚ��ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ�ɬɟɪɦɢɧ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�10�ɇɨ��ɛɟɡ�ɨɛɡɢɪɚ�ɧɚ�ɬɨ�ɞɚ�ɥɢ�ɧɚɭɤɚ�ɞɢʁɟɥɢ�ɢɥɢ�ɫɩɚʁɚ�ɨɜɟ�ɞɜɢʁɟ�ɝɪɚɧɟ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɦɨɠɟ�ɫɟ�ɪɟʄɢ�ɞɚ�ɨɧɟ�ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ�ʁɟɞɧɭ�ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɭ�ɰʁɟɥɢɧɭ�ɨɞɧɨɫɚ��ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ�ɨɪɝɚɧɚ�ʁɟɞɧɟ�ɞɪɠɚɜɟ�ɡɚ�ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ�ɢ�ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ�ʃɟɧɢɯ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ�ɭ�ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ�11�

ɉɨɞ� ɩɨʁɦɨɦ� ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ�� ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ� ɫɟ� ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ�ɝɪɚɧɚ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ� ʁɚɜɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɤɨʁɚ�ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɟ�ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ�� ɩɪɢɜɢ�ɥɟɝɢʁɟ� ɢ� ɢɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɟ� ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ� ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ���� Ɉɛɪɚɻɭʁɭʄɢ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ��Äɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ�ɨɛɢɱɧɨ�ɜɪɲɢ�ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ�ɩɨɞɟɥɚ��ɉɨ�ɛɪɨʁɭ�ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ��ɜɪɲɢ�ɫɟ�ɩɨɞɟɥɚ�ɧɚ�ɨɛɥɢɤɟ�ɛɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɟ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɟ�ɢ�ɨɛɥɢɤɟ�ɦɭɥɬɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɟ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɟ��ɉɨ�ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ�ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ��ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ� ɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ�� ɩɨɞɟɥɚ� ɫɟ� ɜɪɲɢ� ɧɚ� ɫɬɚɥɧɭ� �ɫɟɞɟɧɬɚɪɧɭ�� ɢ�ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ��DG�KRF��ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɭ³����ɍ�ɛɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɭ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɭ�ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ�ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ�ɫɬɚɥɧɟ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɟ�ɦɢɫɢʁɟ�ɢ�ɤɚɨ�ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ�ɦɢɫɢʁɟ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɬɢ��ɞɨɤ�ɭ�ɦɭɥɬɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɭ�ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ�ɨɝɪɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ� ɢ� ɫɬɚɥɧɟ� ɦɢɫɢʁɟ� ɩɪɢ� ɬɢɦ� ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ�� Ɂɚ�ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ�ɨɞ�ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɟ�ɩɨɞʁɟɥɟ��ɩɨ�ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ�ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ��ɭ�ɫɬɚɥɧɟ�ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ� ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɟ� ɦɢɫɢʁɟ�� ɫɬɚɥɧɟ� ɦɢɫɢʁɟ� ɩɪɢ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ� ɢ� ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɬɢ�� ɞɨɤ� ɫɭ� ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ� ɦɢɫɢʁɟ� ɨɛɥɢɤ�ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ��DG�KRF�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɟ���ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ�ɬɭ�ɢ�ɪɚɡɧɟ�ɨɛɥɢɤɟ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɟ�ɧɚ�ɜɪɯɭ��

Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ��ɦɨɠɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɧɚʁɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɭ�ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɭ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɞɚɨ�Ȼ��Ʉɪɢɜɨɤɚɩɢʄ��ɤɨʁɢ�ɤɚɠɟ�ɞɚ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɩɪɟɞ�ɫɬɚɜʂɚ� Äɫɤɭɩ� ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ� ɧɨɪɦɢ� ɤɨʁɢɦɚ� ɫɭ� ɭɪɟɻɟɧɚ�ɩɢɬɚʃɚ�ɤɨʁɚ�ɫɟ�ɬɢɱɭ�ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ�ɢ�ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ�ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ�ɨɞɧɨɫɚ�ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ɞɪɠɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ɞɪɠɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ��ɚ�ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ�ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ��ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɟ�ɢ�ɢɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɢ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ�ɦɢɫɢʁɚ�

10�Ɉ�ɨɜɨɦɟ�ɲɢɪɟ�ɜ��Ȼ��Ʉɪɢɜɨɤɚɩɢʄ��Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ�ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ��������ɫɬɪ�����

11��ɋɬɨɝɚ�ɫɟ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨ�ɢ�ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɢ�ɭ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ�ɞʁɟɥɭ�ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚʁɭ�ɤɚɨ�Äɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɫɬ³��ɤɚɤɨ�ɬɨ�ɢɫɬɢɱɭ�Ɇ��Ɇɢɬɢʄ���ɋ��ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ��ɭ�ɰɢɬ��ɞʁ���ɫɬɪ�����

���ɉɪɚɜɧɚ�ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɚ��Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ��������ɫɬɪ���������Ɇ��Ɇɢɬɢʄ���ɋ��ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ��ɰɢɬ��ɞʁ���ɫɬɪ�����

Ɇɚɬɟʁ�ɋɚɜɢʄȾɂɉɅɈɆȺɌɋɄɈ�ɄɈɇɁɍɅȺɊɇɈ�ɉɊȺȼɈ����

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1Ⱦɪ�Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɚ�Ɋɚɻɟɧɨɜɢʄ

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ɍ� ɫɤɥɚɞɭ� ɫɚ� ɢɡɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɢɦ� ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ� ɢ� ɩɪɢɞɨɞɚɧɢɦ� ɩɨɞɧɚ�ɫɥɨɜɨɦ��ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ�ɤʃɢɝɟ��ɭɡ�ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ�ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɚ�Äɍɜɨɞɧɚ�ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɚ³��ɱɢɧɟ�ɱɟɬɢɪɢ�ɞɢʁɟɥɚ�� ,� ±� ÄɌɟɦɟʂɢ�ɢ�ɨɤɜɢɪɢ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ³�� ,,� ±�Äɍɩɪɚɜɧɨ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ� �ɋɭɛʁɟɤɬɢ� ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ� ɪɚɞɚ�³�� ,,,�1� �Ɋɟɞɨɜɧɢ�ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ�ɧɚ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɦ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ�

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

344

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Äɍɩɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɚ� ɧɚɭɤɚ³� ±� ɬɟɦɚ� ʁɟ� ɞɪɭɝɨɝ� ɨɞʁɟʂɤɚ� ɧɚɩɪɢ�ʁɟɞ� ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɨɝ� �ɩɪɜɨɝ� ɞɢʁɟɥɚ�� ɲɬɢɜɚ� ɞɪ� Ɍɨɦɢʄɚ�� ɍ� ʃɟɦɭ� ɫɟ�ɬɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ� ɢɫɰɪɩɧɨ� ɨɛɪɚɻɭʁɭ�� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ� ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɟ� ɧɚɭɤɟ��Äɭɩɪɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ�ɨɞɧɨɫɢ�ɭ�ɨɧɨɦ�ɞɢʁɟɥɭ�����ɭ�ɤɨʁɟɦ�ɫɭ�ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɧɢ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ� ɧɨɪɦɚɦɚ³��� ʃɟɧ� ɰɢʂ�� ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ� ɢ� ɦɟɬɨɞ��ɋɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ� ɩɢɬɚʃɚ� ɫɟ� ɭ� ɫɜɨʁɢɦ� ɛɢɬɧɢɦ� ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ� ɦɚʃɟ� ɢɥɢ�ɜɢɲɟ�ɩɨɞɜɪɝɚɜɚʁɭ�ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɨʁ�ɨɰʁɟɧɢ�ɢ�ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ�ɢɫɬɢɯ�ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ�ɫɟ�ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢ�ɢ�ɧɚɭɱɧɨ�ɩɨɬɤɪɢʁɟɩʂɟɧɢ��ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɢ�ɫɬɚɜɨɜɢ�

ɉɪɢɤɚɡɨɦ�ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ�ɢ��ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ�ɢ�ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ�ɧɟɭʁɟɞɧɚɱɟɧɨɝ��ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ� �ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɟ�ɧɚɭɤɟ�ɢ�ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɨɦ�ɧɨɜɢʁɟ�ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɚɛɢɥɧɟ�ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɟ�ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɞɨɦɚʄɟ��ɢɡ�ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ�ɢ�ɫɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ�ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ��ɨɜɚʁ�ɨɞʁɟʂɚɤ�ɫɟ�ɞɨɩɭʃɭʁɟ��ɚ�ɩɨɧɭɞɨɦ�ɫɤɢɰɟ�ʁɟɞɧɨɝ�ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢʁɟɝ�±�ɭ�ɨɞɧɨɫɭ�ɧɚ�ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ�±�ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟɝ�ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɟ� ɧɚɭɤɟ� �ɱɢʁɚ� ʁɟ� Äɲɢɪɚ� ɢ� ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɚ� ɜɟɪɡɢʁɚ� ���� ɫɚɦ�ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ³�ɤʃɢɝɟ�ɤɨʁɭ�ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟɦɨ��ɢ�ɞɚɜɚʃɟɦ���ɭ�ɜɢɞɭ�ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɚ��ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ�ɧɚ�ɦɧɨɝɚ�ɜɚɠɧɚ�ɩɢɬɚʃɚ�ɨɞɧɨɫɚ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɟ�ɧɚɭɤɟ�ɢ�ɜɚɧɩɪɚɜɧɟ��ɟɦɩɢɪɢʁɫɤɟ��ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ�ɧɚɭɤɟ��ɢ�ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ��

ɉɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢ� ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢ�� ,,� ±� Äɍɩɪɚɜɧɨ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ��ɋɭɛʁɟɤɬɢ� ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ� ɪɚɞɚ�³�� ,,,� ±� Äɍɩɪɚɜɧɨ�ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ��ɋɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɪɚɞɚ�³�� ,9�±� Äɍɩɪɚɜɧɨ�ɩɪɨɰɟɫɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ� �Ɍɨɤ�ɢ�ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɪɚɞɚ�³�ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɝ�ɫɭ�ɨɛɢɦɚ�ɢ�ɫɚ�ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɦ�ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨɦ� ɡɚ� ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɫɤɟ� ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ� ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�� ɍ�ʃɢɦɚ� ɫɟ� ɝɨɜɨɪɢ� ɨ�� ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨʁ� ɭɩɪɚɜɢ� ɭ� Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ� ɋɪɛɢʁɢ� ±�ɭɨɩɲɬɟ�ɢ�ɩɪɟɦɚ�ɜɚɠɟʄɟɦ�ɩɪɚɜɭ��ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ�ɢ�ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨ�ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨʁ�ɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɧɨʁ�ʁɚɜɧɨʁ�ɭɩɪɚɜɢ��ɚɤɬɢɦɚ�ʁɚɜɧɟ�ɭɩɪɚɜɟ��ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ� ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ�� ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ� ɡɚ�ɲɬɟɬɭ� ɨɞ� ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ� ɪɚɞɚ��ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� �ɬɨɤɭ� ɢ� ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨʁ� ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢ� ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ� ɪɚɞɚ���ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨ�ɫɭɞɫɤɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� �ɫɭɞɫɤɨʁ� ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢ� ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ� ɪɚɞɚ� ±�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ�ɫɩɨɪɭ���

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Ⱦɪ�Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɚ�ɊɚɻɟɧɨɜɢʄȾɪ�Ɂɨɪɚɧ�Ɋ��Ɍɨɦɢʄ��ɈɉɒɌȿ�ɍɉɊȺȼɇɈ�ɉɊȺȼɈ����

349

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ɍ� ɬɨɦ� ɫɦɢɫɥɭ�� ɧɚʁɩɪɢʁɟ� ɛɢ� ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɥɢ� ɩɢɫɚʃɟ� ɨ� ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ��ɩɨʁɦɭ��ɦɨɞɟɥɢɦɚ�ɭ�ɭɩɨɪɟɞɧɨɦ�ɩɪɚɜɭ��ɩɪɚɜɧɨʁ�ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ��ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ�ɢ�ɭɥɨɡɢ��ɉɨ�ɩɢɬɚʃɭ�ɩɪɚɜɧɟ�ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ�ɢ�ɪɚɡɧɢɯ�ɤɨɧɬɪɨɜɟɪɡɢ�ɤɨʁɟ�ɫɟ�ɭ�ɜɟɡɢ�ɫɚ�ʃɨɦ�ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ��ɚɭɬɨɪ�ɩɪɜɨ��ɢɡ�ɭɝɥɚ�ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ�ʁɚɜɧɨɝ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ��ɩɨɪɟɞɢ��ɩɨ�ɪɚɡɧɢɦ�ɬɚɱɤɚɦɚ��ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ�ɢ�ɨɫɬɚɥɟ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟ�ɢ�ɧɚ� ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ�ɧɚɱɢɧ�ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚ�ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ�ɞɨ�ɤɨʁɢɯ�ɞɨɥɚɡɢ��ɚ�ɡɚɬɢɦ��ɤɨɧɫɟɤɜɟɧɬɧɨ�ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢɦɚ�ɤɨʁɟ�ɬɢɦ�ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ�ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚ��ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ�±�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�Äɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪ��ɢɥɢ�ɛɢ�ɛɚɪɟɦ�ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ�ɞɚ� ɛɭɞɟ� �ɢ� ɭ� ɧɚɲɟɦ� ɩɪɚɜɭ��� ɡɚɫɟɛɚɧ� ɩɪɚɜɧɢ� ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ�� ɦɚʃɟ�ɜɢɲɟ� ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ� ɭɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɚ³�� ɍ� ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ� ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ� ɢ� ɭɥɨɝɟ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ�ɢɡɧɨɫɢ�ɬɜɪɞʃɭ�ɞɚ�Äɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪ�±�ɬɚɦɨ�ɝɞɟ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�±�ɫɜɨʁɢɦ�ɪɚɞɢʁɭɫɨɦ��ɩɨɩɭʃɚɜɚ�ɧɟ�ɦɚɥɭ�ɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɭ�ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ�ɚɤɚɬɚ�ɜɥɚɫɬɢ�ɢ�ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ³��ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ�ɞɚ�Äɢɦɚ�ɩɭɧɨ�ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɚ�ɡɚ�ʃɟɝɨɜɭ�ɦɢɫɢʁɭ�ɩɨɞɟɫɧɨɝ�ɢ�ɤɨɦɮɨɪɧɨɝ�ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ³��ɡɛɨɝ�ɱɟɝɚ�ɛɢ�Äɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɚ�ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ�����ɢ�ʃɟɝɨɜ�ɨɪɟɨɥ�ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ�ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɝ�ʁɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ�ɬɪɟɛɚɨ�ɞɚ�ɛɭɞɟ�ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧ��ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ�ɨɞɪɚɠɟɧ�ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɦ�ɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ�ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɨɦ³��

Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ�ɫɟ�ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ�ɢ�ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɚ�ɪɚɡɪɚɞɚ�ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɚɤɬɚ��ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ� ɚɤɬɚ��� ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ� ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ� ɤɪɭɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ� ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɨɝ�ɨɛɢʂɟɠʁɚ�±�Äɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ�ɫɬɜɚɪɢ³��ɤɨʁɚ�ɫɟ�ɩɨɢɦɚ�ɤɚɨ�Äɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɚ�ɜɚɧ�ɫɩɨɪɧɚ� ɠɢɜɨɬɧɚ� ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ� ɨɞ� ʁɚɜɧɨɝ� ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ� ɤɨʁɭ� ʁɟ� ɧɚ� ɨɫɧɨɜɭ�ɡɚɤɨɧɚ� ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ� ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ� ɢ� ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ� ɩɪɚɜɧɨ� ɭɪɟɞɢɬɢ��ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ�ɤɨɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ�ɭɫɦɟɪɢɬɢ�ʃɟɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɧɨ�ɭɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ³��

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Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

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Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

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ɉɨɜɪɟɞɚ�ɜɢɬɚɥɧɨɝ�ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ�ɛɨɲʃɚɱɤɨɝ�ɧɚɪɨɞɚ�ɭ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɦ�ɡɚɤɨɧɭ��ɩɨ�ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ�ɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɨɰɚ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ��ɨɝɥɟɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɢ�ɭ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ�ɞɚ�ɨɜɚʁ�ɡɚɤɨɧ�ɧɟ�ɫɚɞɪɠɢ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɭ�ɤɨʁɚ�ɛɢ�ɨɛɟɡɛɢʁɟɞɢɥɚ�ɞɚ� ɫɟ� ɩɨɞɚɰɢ� ɨ� ɟɬɧɢɱɤɨʁ� ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ� ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ� ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧɢ�ɬɨɤɨɦ�ɩɨɩɢɫɚ�ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ�ɡɚ�ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ�ɜɥɚɫɬɢ�ɭ�ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɚ�ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ�ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɟ� ɢ� ɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɦ� ʁɚɜɧɢɦ� ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚɦɚ� ɬɟɤ� ɧɚɤɨɧ�ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɝ�ɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɚ�Ⱥɧɟɤɫɚ�9,,�Ⱦɟʁɬɨɧɫɤɨɝ�ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨɝ�ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ��ɍ� ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ� ɨɜɢɯ� ɧɚɜɨɞɚ��ȼɢʁɟʄɟ� ʁɟ� ɨɰɢʁɟɧɢɥɨ� ɞɚ�ɦɨɝɭʄɚ� ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɚ�ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ�� ɤɨʁɚ� ɧɟ� ɫɚɞɪɠɢ� ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢ� ɡɚɤɨɧ�� ɚ� ɤɨʁɟ� ɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɚɰ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ� ɞɚ� ɛɭɞɭ� ɭɜɪɲɬɟɧɚ�� ɧɟ� ɦɨɝɭ� ɛɢɬɢ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ�ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ�ɨɞ�ɫɬɪɚɧɟ�ȼɢʁɟʄɚ��ɜɟʄ�ɫɚɦɨ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ�ɨɧɚɤɨ� ɤɚɤɨ� ɫɭ� ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɟ�� ɉɨɪɟɞ� ɬɨɝɚ�� ȼɢʁɟʄɟ� ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ�ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚʃɚ�ɨɜɨɝ�ɡɚɤɨɧɚ�ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ��ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ��ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ�

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Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɚ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɚ

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Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

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ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɢɦɚ� ɱɢʁɢ� ʁɟ� ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱ� ȼɥɚɞɚ� �ɱɥ�� ��� ��� ��� ɢ� ���� ɞɨɤ� ʄɟ� ɫɟ�ɩɢɬɚʃɟ�ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ�ɜɨʁɧɟ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ�ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ�Ɉɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ�ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ�Ȼɢɏ�ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɬɢ�ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ�ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ�ɫɚ�ɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɦ�ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɚ�Ȼɢɏ��ɱɥɚɧ�����ɢ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɫɬɜɚɪɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨʁ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɢ��ɫɬɟɱɟɧɚ�ɩɨ�ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɦ�ɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ�ɨɫɧɨɜɭ�ɢ�ɧɚ�ɜɚʂɚɧ�ɧɚɱɢɧ��ɧɟʄɟ�ɦɢʁɟʃɚɬɢ��ɱɥɚɧ������

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Ⱦɚɤɥɟ�� ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢɦ� ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ� ʁɟ� ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɧ� ɫɬɚɬɭɫ� ɞɢʁɟɥɚ�ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ�ɤɨʁɚ�ɫɟ�ɧɚɥɚɡɢ�ɧɚ�ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ�ɋɪɩɫɤɟ��ɬɟ�ɭɪɟɻɟɧ�ɩɪɚɜɧɢ�ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ�ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ�ɨɪɝɚɧɚ�ɭ�ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ�ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɚ�

Ⱦɪ�Ɇɢɥɟ�ȾɦɢɱɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ɊȿɉɍȻɅɂɄȿ�ɋɊɉɋɄȿ

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ɢ�ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɨɦ�ɧɚ� ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ�ɋɪɩɫɤɟ�� ɚ�ɲɬɨ�ʁɟ� ɭ� ɨɤɜɢɪɭ� ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɧɟ� ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ� Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ� ɞɚ� ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɭʁɟ�ɩɨɲɬɢɜɚʃɟ�ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ�ɭɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ�ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ�ɭ�ɞɨɦɟɧɭ�ɫɜɨʁɢɧɫɤɢɯ�ɢ�ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ�ɨɞɧɨɫɚ��ɤɨʁɟ�ɭɪɟɻɭʁɟ�ɭ�ɫɦɢɫɥɭ�ɬɚɱɤɟ����Ⱥɦɚɧɞɦɚɧɚ�;;;,,�ɧɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ�ɋɪɩɫɤɟ�

ɋɚɝɥɚɫɧɨ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ�ȼɢʁɟʄɟ�ʁɟ�ɨɰɢʁɟɧɢɥɨ�ɞɚ�ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢ�ɡɚɤɨɧ�ɧɟ�ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ�ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ�ɜɢɬɚɥɧɨɝ�ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ�ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨɝ�ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɨɝ� ɧɚɪɨɞɚ�� ɚ� ɭ� ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ� ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ� ɛɨɲʃɚɱɤɨɝ�ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɨɝ� ɧɚɪɨɞɚ��ɉɪɢ� ɬɨɦɟ� ɫɟ�ȼɢʁɟʄɟ�� ɫ� ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ�ɧɚ� ɫɜɨʁɭ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ� ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɭ� ɱɥɚɧɨɦ� ����� ɍɫɬɚɜɚ� Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ� ɋɪɩɫɤɟ�� ɧɟ�ɦɨɠɟ�ɭɩɭɲɬɚɬɢ�ɭ�ɨɰʁɟɧɭ�ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɝ�ɡɚɤɨɧɚ�ɫɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜɨɦ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ� ɢ� ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�� ɤɚɨ� ɧɢ� ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ� Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ� ɨ� ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨʁ�ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ�ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɚ�ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɨɦ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ��ɤɨʁɢ�ʁɟ�ɞɨɧɢɨ�ȼɢɫɨɤɢ�ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ�ɡɚ�Ȼɨɫɧɭ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɭ�

�Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ�ȼɢʁɟʄɚ�ɡɚ�ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ�ɜɢɬɚɥɧɨɝ�ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ� Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ� ɋɪɩɫɤɟ�� ɛɪɨʁ� ɍȼ������ ɨɞ� ���� ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��

Ɂɚɤɨɧ�ɨ�Ɋɚɞɢɨ�ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɢ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ�ɋɪɩɫɤɟ

ɉɨɥɚɡɟʄɢ�ɨɞ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ�ɨɞɪɟɞɚɛɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜɚ�ɢ� Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ� ɨ�Ɋɚɞɢɨ�ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɢ� Ɋɟɭɛɥɢɤɟ� ɋɪɩɫɤɟ�� ɬɟ� ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ� ɭ� ɨɛɡɢɪ� ɧɚɜɨɞɟ� ɢɡ�ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ� ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ� ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ� Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ� ɋɪɩɫɤɟ�� ȼɢʁɟʄɟ� ʁɟ�ɨɰɢʁɟɧɢɥɨ� ɞɚ� ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟɦ� ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɚ� ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ� ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ� ɞɚ�ɞɚʁɟ� ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɭ� ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ� ɭ� ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ� ɨɬɭɻɟʃɚ� ɢɥɢ� ɭɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ� ɧɚ�ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ�ɢ�ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɟ�ɬɪɟʄɢɦ�ɥɢɰɢɦɚ�ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɟ�ɢ�ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɟ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ�ɤɨʁɨɦ�ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚ�ɢ�ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɠɟ�ɊɌɊɋ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɞɨɲɥɨ�ɞɨ�ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟ�ɜɢɬɚɥɧɨɝ� ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ� ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ� ɛɨɲʃɚɱɤɨɝ� ɧɚɪɨɞɚ�� ȼɢʁɟʄɟ� ʁɟ�ɨɰɢʁɟɧɢɥɨ�ɞɚ�ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɚ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ�ɧɟ�ɫɬɚɜʂɚ�ɭ�ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɢ�ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ�ɛɢɥɨ� ɤɨʁɢ� ɨɞ� ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɢɯ� ɧɚɪɨɞɚ�� ɚ� ɭ� ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ� ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ�ɛɨɲʃɚɱɤɢ�ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɢ�ɧɚɪɨɞ�

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

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ɂɡ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɚ�

ɍ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɨɰʁɟʃɢɜɚʃɚ�ɞɚ�ɥɢ�ʁɟ�ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢɦ�ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ�ɞɨɲɥɨ�ɞɨ� ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟ� ɜɢɬɚɥɧɨɝ� ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ� ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ� ɛɨɲʃɚɱɤɨɝ� ɧɚɪɨɞɚ�ȼɢʁɟʄɟ�ʁɟ�ɢɦɚɥɨ�ɭ�ɜɢɞɭ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɭ�ɱɥɚɧɚ�����ɫɬɚɜ����ɬɚɱɤɚ����ɍɫɬɚɜɚ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ� ɋɪɩɫɤɟ�� ɤɨʁɨɦ� ʁɟ� ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ� ɞɚ� ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ� ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ�ɞɨɧɨɫɢ�ɡɚɤɨɧɟ��ɞɪɭɝɟ�ɩɪɨɩɢɫɟ�ɢ�ɨɩɲɬɟ�ɚɤɬɟ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɬɚɱ������������ɢ������Ⱥɦɚɧɞɦɚɧɚ�;;;,,�ɧɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜ��ɩɪɟɦɚ�ɤɨʁɢɦɚ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ�ɭɪɟɻɭʁɟ�ɢ� ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɭʁɟ�� ɩɨɪɟɞ� ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ�� ɫɜɨʁɢɧɫɤɟ� ɢ� ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɟ� ɨɞɧɨɫɟ�ɢ� ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ� ɫɜɢɯ� ɨɛɥɢɤɚ� ɫɜɨʁɢɧɟ�� ɩɪɚɜɧɢ� ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ� ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɚ� ɢ�ɞɪɭɝɢɯ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ�ɰɢʂɟɜɟ�ɢ�ɩɪɚɜɰɟ�ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɝ�ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ�� ɬɟ� ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ� ɢ� ɦʁɟɪɟ� ɡɚ� ɭɫɦʁɟɪɚɜɚʃɟ� ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ�� ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ�ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɢ� ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɚ� ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ� ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ� ɥɢɰɚ� ɢ� ɫɢɫɬɟɦ�ʁɚɜɧɨɝ� ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɫɚʃɚ�� � ɉɨɪɟɞ� ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ�� ȼɢʁɟʄɟ� ʁɟ� ɢɦɚɥɨ� ɭ� ɜɢɞɭ�ɱɥɚɧ����ɫɬɚɜ����ɚɥɢɧɟʁɚ����ɍɫɬɚɜɚ��ɤɨʁɚ� ʁɟ�ɞɨɩɭʃɟɧɚ� �Ⱥɦɚɧɞɦɚɧɨɦ�/;,;�ɧɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ�ɋɪɩɫɤɟ��ɩɪɟɦɚ�ɤɨʁɨʁ�ɫɟ�ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨ�ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ�ɬɟɦɟʂɢ�ɧɚ�ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɭ�ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ�ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ�ɢ� ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ� ɜɢɬɚɥɧɢɯ� ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ� ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɢɯ� ɧɚɪɨɞɚ�� Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ��ȼɢʁɟʄɟ�ʁɟ�ɢɦɚɥɨ�ɭ�ɜɢɞɭ�ɢ�ɞɚ��ʁɟ�ɱɥɚɧɨɦ�����ɍɫɬɚɜɚ��ɤɨʁɢ�ʁɟ�ɞɨɩɭʃɟɧ�Ⱥɦɚɧɞɦɚɧɨɦ� /;;9,,� ɧɚ� ɍɫɬɚɜ� Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ� ɋɪɩɫɤɟ�� ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ�ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ�ɜɢɬɚɥɧɢɯ�ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ�ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɢɯ�ɧɚɪɨɞɚ��ɤɚɨ� ɲɬɨ� ɫɭ� ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚʃɟ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɢɯ� ɧɚɪɨɞɚ� ɞɚ� ɛɭɞɭ�ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ�ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢ�ɭ�ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɧɢɦ��ɢɡɜɪɲɧɢɦ�ɢ�ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɧɢɦ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɦɚ�ɜɥɚɫɬɢ��ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ�ʁɟɞɧɨɝ�ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɨɝ�ɧɚɪɨɞɚ��ɭɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɚɦɚɧɞɦɚɧɢ�� ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ� ɨɪɝɚɧɚ� ʁɚɜɧɟ� ɜɥɚɫɬɢ�� ʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɢɯ�ɧɚɪɨɞɚ�ɭ�ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ�ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ�ɨɞɥɭɤɚ��ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ��ɜʁɟɪɨɢɫɩɨɜɢʁɟɫɬ�� ʁɟɡɢɤ�� ʃɟɝɨɜɚʃɟ� ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ�� ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ� ɢ� ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ�ɧɚɫʂɟɻɟ��ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ��ɫɢɫɬɟɦ�ʁɚɜɧɨɝ�ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɫɚʃɚ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɞɪɭɝɚ�ɩɢɬɚʃɚ�ɤɨʁɚ�ɛɢ�ɫɟ�ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɥɚ�ɤɚɨ�ɩɢɬɚʃɚ�ɨɞ�ɜɢɬɚɥɧɨɝ�ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ�ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ�ɬɚɤɨ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�����ʁɟɞɧɨɝ�ɨɞ�ɤɥɭɛɨɜɚ�ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɚ�ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɢɯ�ɧɚɪɨɞɚ�ɭ�ȼɢʁɟʄɭ�ɧɚɪɨɞɚ�

ɉɨɪɟɞ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ�ɭɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ��ȼɢʁɟʄɟ�ʁɟ�ɢɦɚɥɨ�ɭ�ɜɢɞɭ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ�ɋɪɩɫɤɚ�ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱ�Ɋɚɞɢɨ�ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɟ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ�ɋɪɩɫɤɟ��ɬɟ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ�ɨ�Ɋɚɞɢɨ�ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɢ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ�ɋɪɩɫɤɟ��Äɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ�ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ� Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ� ɋɪɩɫɤɟ³� ɛɪɨʁ� ������� ɭɪɟɻɟɧ� ȳɚɜɧɢ� ɪɚɞɢɨ�

Ⱦɪ�Ɇɢɥɟ�ȾɦɢɱɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ɊȿɉɍȻɅɂɄȿ�ɋɊɉɋɄȿ

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ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɫɤɢ�ɫɟɪɜɢɫ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ�ɋɪɩɫɤɟ��ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ��ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ��ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɫɤɚ�ɧɚɱɟɥɚ��ɨɪɝɚɧɢ�ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ�ɢ�ɞɪ���ɍɡ�ɬɨ��ȼɢʁɟʄɟ�ʁɟ�ɢɦɚɥɨ�ɭ�ɜɢɞɭ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɦ�ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ�ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ�ɞɚ�ʄɟ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ�ɩɪɟɦɚ� Ɋɚɞɢɨ�ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɢ� Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ� ɋɪɩɫɤɟ� ɜɪɲɢɬɢ� ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ�ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ�Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ�ɋɪɩɫɤɟ�ɭ�ɫɤɥɚɞɭ�ɫɚ�ɨɜɢɦ�ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ�ɢ�Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ�ɨ�ȳɚɜɧɨɦ�ɪɚɞɢɨ�ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢʁɫɤɨɦ�ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ��ɱɥɚɧ����ɫɬɚɜ�����

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ɍ� ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ� ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ�� ɛɭɞɭʄɢ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɢ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɢ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ�ɭ�ɤɨɦɟ�ɫɟ�ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɟ�ɨ�ɧɚɤɧɚɞɢ�ɡɚ�ɟɤɫɩɪɨɩɢɪɚɧɭ�ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬ�� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢ� ɫɭ� ɩɪɨɬɢɜ� ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ� Ʉɚɧɬɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ�ɦɨɝɥɢ��ɫɯɨɞɧɨ�ɱɥɚɧɭ����Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ�ɨ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ��ɢɡʁɚɜɢɬɢ�ɪɟɜɢɡɢʁɭ��ɚ�ɲɬɨ�ɧɢɫɭ�ɭɱɢɧɢɥɢ��ɉɪɟɦɚ�ɬɨɦɟ��ɩɨɲɬɨ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧ�ɭɫɥɨɜ�ɢɫɰɪɩʂɢɜɚʃɚ�ɫɜɢɯ�ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ�ɥɢʁɟɤɨɜɚ�ɦɨɝɭʄɢɯ�ɩɪɟɦɚ�ɡɚɤɨɧɭ��ɚɩɟɥɚɰɢʁɚ�ɫɟ�ɧɟ�ɦɨɠɟ�ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ�

�Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ�ɨ�ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɢ��ɛɪɨʁ�Ⱥɉ���������ɨɞ�����ʁɭɧɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�

ɑɥɚɧ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɡɚ�ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ�ʂɭɞɫɤɢɯ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ�ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ

ɉɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ�ɫɭɻɟʃɟɉɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨɫɬɉɪɢɡɧɚʃɟ�ɫɬɪɚɧɟ�ɫɭɞɫɤɟ�ɨɞɥɭɤɟɉɨɫɬɭɩɰɢ�ɱɢʁɢ�ʁɟ�ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ�ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ�ɭ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɩɪɢɡɧɚʃɚ�

ɫɬɪɚɧɟ� ɫɭɞɫɤɟ� ɨɞɥɭɤɟ� ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ� ɧɚ� ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ� ɫɭɞɨɜɚ� ɭ�ɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�� ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ� Äɫɩɨɪ³� ɨ� Äɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɦ�ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ�ɢ� ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɦɚ³� ɫ� ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ�ɧɚ� ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ�ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɨ� ɱɢʁɟɦ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ�ʁɟ�ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ��ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ�ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ�ɭ�ɜɢɞɭ�ɧɚɱɢɧ�ɢ�ɨɛɢɦ�ɨɞɥɭɤɚ�ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɯ�ɫɭɞɨɜɚ�ɭ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ�

Ɇɪ�Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ�Ɇ��ɋɢɦɨɜɢʄ�ɇɢɲɟɜɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ȻɈɋɇȿ�ɂ�ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ�Ɉ����

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Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ� ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ�� ʁɟɪ� ɫɭ� ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ� ɧɚ� ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨʁ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢ�ɨɞɪɟɞɚɛɚ�ɱɥɚɧɚ����ɫɬ����ɢ���ɁɊɋɁ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚ�ɧɚ� ɫɜɨʁɭ� ɩɪɚɤɫɭ� ɩɪɟɦɚ� ɤɨʁɨʁ� ʁɟ� ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ� ɭ�ɚɩɟɥɚɰɢɨɧɢɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢɦɚ�ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ�Äɧɚ�ɩɢɬɚʃɚ�ɤɨʁɚ�ɫɭ�ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɚ�ɭ� ɨɜɨɦ� ɭɫɬɚɜɭ³� ɢ� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɧɢʁɟ� ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɧ� ɞɚ� ɩɪɟɢɫɩɢɬɭʁɟ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɱɧɨ�ɫɬɚʃɟ�ɢɥɢ�ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ�ɢ�ɧɚɱɢɧ�ɧɚ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɫɭ�ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞɨɜɢ�ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟɧɢɥɢ�ɡɚɤɨɧ��ɨɫɢɦ�ɭ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ�ɭ�ɤɨʁɢɦɚ�ɫɭ�ɨɞɥɭɤɟ�ɧɢɠɢɯ�ɫɭɞɨɜɚ�ɩɨɜɪɢʁɟɞɢɥɟ�ɭɫɬɚɜɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��Ɍɨ�ʁɟ��ɧɚ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ��ɫɥɭɱɚʁ�ɤɚɞ�ʁɟ�ɧɟɤɢ�ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ�ɬɭɦɚɱɢɨ�ɢɥɢ�ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟɧɢɨ�ɧɟɤɨ�ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɢɥɢ� ʁɟ� ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɨ� ɬɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ�� ɚɤɨ� ʁɟ� ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ� ɡɚɤɨɧɚ� ɛɢɥɚ�ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɚ�ɢɥɢ�ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɫɤɚ��ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ�ʁɟ�ɞɨɲɥɨ�ɞɨ�ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟ�ɩɪɨɰɟɫɧɢɯ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� �ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɧɚ� ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ� ɫɭɻɟʃɟ�� ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɧɚ� ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ�ɫɭɞɭ��ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɢ�ɩɪɚɜɧɢ�ɥɢʁɟɤ�ɢ�ɭ�ɞɪɭɝɢɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ��ɢɥɢ�ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ�ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɱɧɨ�ɫɬɚʃɟ�ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ�ɍɫɬɚɜɚ��ɜɢɞɢ�Ɉɞɥɭɤɭ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɛɪɨʁ�ɍ�������ɨɞ�����ʁɭɧɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɭ�ɭ�Äɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɦ�ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ³�ɛɪɨʁ��������

ɋ�ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ�ɧɚ�ɬɨ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ�ɠɚɥɢ�ɧɚ�ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨɫɬ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ��ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɚ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ�ɡɚɤɨɧɚ�ɤɨʁɚ�ʁɟ�ɜɨɞɢɥɚ�ɥɢɲɚɜɚʃɭ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ���ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɞɚ� ɩɪɨɜʁɟɪɢ�� ɭ� ɩɪɜɨɦ� ɪɟɞɭ�� ɞɚ� ɥɢ� ɫɭ�ȼɪɯɨɜɧɢ�ɢ�Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɭ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ��ɭ�ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ�ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ�ɨɞɪɟɞɚɛɚ�ɁɊɋɁ���ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ�ɭ�ɫɤɥɚɞɭ�ɫɚ�ɱɥɚɧɨɦ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ��ɡɛɨɝ�ɱɟɝɚ�ʄɟ�ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɟ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɫɭ�ɜɨɻɟɧɢ�ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ�ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɝ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ�

ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɭɨɱɚɜɚ�ɞɚ� ʁɟ�Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɫɜɨʁɢɦ�Ɋʁɟɲɟʃɟɦ�ɨɞ�����ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɤɨʁɟ�ʁɟ�ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ�Ɋʁɟɲɟʃɟɦ�ȼɪɯɨɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɨɞ�����ɦɚʁɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɨɞɛɢɨ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜ�ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝ�ɞɚ�ɩɪɢɡɧɚ�ɩɪɟɫɭɞɭ�Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�ɛɪɨʁ��������ɨɞ����ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɭ�ɭ�ɫɩɨɪɭ�ɢɡ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ�ɨ�ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢɦ�ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɦ�ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ��ɂɡ�ɫɩɢɫɚ�ɤɨʁɢ�ʁɟ�Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɦ�ɫɭɞɭ�ʁɟ�ɜɢɞʂɢɜɨ�ɞɚ�ɫɭ�ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ��ɤɚɨ�ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢ�ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɢ��ɤɨʁɟ�ɫɭ�ɜɨɞɢɥɟ�ɫɩɨɪ�ɩɪɟɞ�Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ�ɫɭɞɨɦ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ�ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ� ɤɨʁɢ� ʁɟ� ɛɢɨ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ� ɫɩɨɪɚ� ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ� ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɥɟ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɢ�

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

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ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ�ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ�ɢ��ɭɡ�ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɭ�ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ��ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ�ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɟ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ�ɫɭɞɚ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�ɭ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ�ɞɚ�ɞɨɻɟ�ɞɨ�ɫɩɨɪɚ�ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ�ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢɯ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ�ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɯ�ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ��

ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ� ɞɚ� ɫɭ� ȼɪɯɨɜɧɢ� ɢ� Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɢ� ɫɭɞ�ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɥɢ� ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱ� ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɨ� ɞɚ�ɩɪɚɜɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ� ɢɡʁɚɜɢ� ɠɚɥɛɭ� ɧɚ� ɩɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɭ� ɩɪɟɫɭɞɭ�� ɤɚɨ� ɢ� ɞɚ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢ�ɩɨ�ɧɚɥɨɝɭ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɢ�ɨɬɤɥɨɧɢ�ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɫɭ�ɫɟ�ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ�ɭ� ɠɚɥɛɢ�� ɩɥɚɬɢ� ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ� ɫɭɞɫɤɭ� ɬɚɤɫɭ� ɭ� ɪɨɤɭ� ɤɨʁɢ� ʁɟ� ɫɭɞ�ɨɞɪɟɞɢɨ�� ɬɟ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɧɚ� ɬɚʁ� ɧɚɱɢɧ� ɭɫɤɪɚɬɢɨ� ɫɟɛɢ�ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɞɚ� ɩɪɨɰɟɫɧɟ�ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ� ɭ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� ɩɪɟɞ� ɩɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦ� ɫɭɞɨɦ� ɨɬɤɥɨɧɢ� ɭ�ɠɚɥɛɟɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� ɤɨʁɢ� ɫɟ�� ɩɪɟɦɚ� ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɨʁ� ɩɪɚɤɫɢ� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ� ɤɨʁɭ� ʁɟ� ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ� ɢ� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ�� ɦɨɪɚ� ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ� ɤɚɨ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ� ɭ� ɰʁɟɥɢɧɢ� �ɜɢɞɢ� ɉɪɟɫɭɞɭ� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ� ɡɚ� ʂɭɞɫɤɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɭ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ�%DUEHUD�� 0HVVHTXH� L� -DEDUGR� ɩɪɨɬɢɜ�ɒɩɚɧɢʁɟ�ɨɞ����ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ������� ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɋɟɪɢʁɚ�Ⱥ��ɛɪɨʁ������ ɫɬɚɜ������Ɉɫɢɦ�ɬɨɝɚ��ɱɥɚɧɨɦ����ɫɬɚɜ���ɁɊɋɁ��ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ��ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ�ʁɟ�ɞɚ�ʄɟ�ɫɟ�ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ�ɞɚ�ɥɢɰɟ�ɩɪɨɬɢɜ�ɤɨʁɟɝɚ�ʁɟ�ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɚ�ɫɬɪɚɧɚ�ɫɭɞɫɤɚ�ɨɞɥɭɤɚ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɦɨɝɥɨ�ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɢ�ɭ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� �Ä«�ɲɬɨ�ɭɨɩɲɬɟ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɧɢ�ɩɨɤɭɲɚɧɨ�ɥɢɱɧɨ�ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ�«³��Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ��ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɨ�ʁɟ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱɭ� ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚ� ɞɚ� ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢ� ɬɭɠɛɚ� ɢ� ɩɨɡɢɜ� ɡɚ� ʁɚɜɧɭ�ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɭ�ɩɪɟɞ�Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ�ɫɭɞɨɦ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ��ɢ�ɬɨ�ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɦ�ɩɭɬɟɦ��ɬɟ�ɞɚ�ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɭɫɩʁɟɥɨ��ɧɚɤɨɧ�ɱɟɝɚ�ʁɟ�Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�ɭ�ÄɄɚɧɬɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ�ɥɢɫɬɭ³�Ʉɚɧɬɨɧɚ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�ɛɪɨʁ����ɨɞ����ʁɭɧɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ�ɨɝɥɚɫ�ɢ�ɨɛɚɜɢʁɟɫɬɢɨ�ɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱɚ�ɞɚ�ɦɭ�ʁɟ�ɬɭɠɛɚ�ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ�ɭ�ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɨʁ�ɫɭɞɫɤɨʁ�ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�ɞɨ�����ʁɭɥɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�

ɇɚ� ɨɫɧɨɜɭ� ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ� ɞɚ� ɧɢʁɟ� ɛɢɥɨ�ɨɫɧɨɜɚ�ɞɚ� ɫɟ�ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟɧɢ�ɱɥɚɧ���� ɫɬ�� ��ɢ� �� ɁɊɋɁ�� ɬɟ� ɞɚ� ɫɭ� ɫɭɞɨɜɢ�ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨ�ɩɪɨɬɭɦɚɱɢɥɢ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ�ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɝ�ɡɚɤɨɧɚ��ʁɟɪ�ʁɟ�ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɨ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱɭ�ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚ�ɞɚ�ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢ�ɬɭɠɛɚ�ɢ�ɩɨɡɢɜ�ɡɚ�ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɭ�ɩɪɟɞ�Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ�ɫɭɞɨɦ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ��ɬɟ�ɞɚ�ɦɭ� ʁɟ� ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ� ɩɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ� ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚ� ɧɚ� ɤɨʁɭ� ʁɟ� ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ�ɠɚɥɛɭ�ȼɢɲɟɦ�ɫɭɞɭ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ��ɤɨʁɭ�ʁɟ�ȼɢɲɢ�ɫɭɞ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�����ʁɭɥɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�ɨɞɛɢɨ�ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ��ʁɟɪ�ʁɟ�ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɢɡʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ�

Ɇɪ�Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ�Ɇ��ɋɢɦɨɜɢʄ�ɇɢɲɟɜɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ȻɈɋɇȿ�ɂ�ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ�Ɉ����

369

ɫɚ�ɡɚɤɚɲʃɟʃɟɦ��ɉɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱ�ʁɟ�ɢɦɚɨ�ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ�ɞɚ�ɩɪɨɰɟɫɧɟ�ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ�� ɡɚ� ɤɨʁɟ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ� ɞɚ� ɫɭ� ɭɱɢʃɟɧɟ� ɭ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� ɩɪɟɞ�Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ� ɫɭɞɨɦ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�� ɨɬɤɥɨɧɢ� ɭ�ɠɚɥɛɟɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɩɪɟɞ�ȼɢɲɢɦ�ɫɭɞɨɦ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�� ɚɥɢ� ʁɟ�� ɡɛɨɝ�ɧɟɩɪɚɜɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ�ɢɡʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ�ɠɚɥɛɟ�ɧɚ�ɩɪɟɫɭɞɭ�Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�ȼɢɲɟɦ�ɫɭɞɭ� Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ� Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�� ɫɚɦ� ɫɟɛɢ� ɭɫɤɪɚɬɢɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɡɚ� ɲɬɨ� ɫɟ� ɬɟɪɟɬ�ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ�ɧɟ�ɦɨɠɟ�ɩɪɟɛɚɰɢɬɢ�ɧɚ�ɫɭɞɨɜɟ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɫɭ�ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɥɢ�ɭ�ɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɭ�ɨɜɨɦ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ�

ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢɦ�ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟɦ�ȼɪɯɨɜɧɨɝ�ɢ�Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ��ɤɨʁɢɦ�ʁɟ�ɨɞɛɢʁɟɧ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜ�ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝ�ɡɚ�ɩɪɢɡɧɚʃɟ�ɉɪɟɫɭɞɟ�Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ�Ʌɭɡɟɪɧ�ɛɪɨʁ��������ɨɞ����ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɩɨɜɪɢʁɟɻɟɧɨ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ�ɫɭɻɟʃɟ�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ�,,���ɟ��ɍɫɬɚɜɚ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�ɢ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ��ʁɟɪ�ɫɭ�ɫɭɞɨɜɢ�ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨ�ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟɧɢɥɢ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ�ɱɥɚɧɚ����ɫɬ����ɢ���ɁɊɋɁ��ɋ�ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ�ɧɚ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ��ɭ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ�ȼɪɯɨɜɧɨɝ�ɢ�Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɧɟ�ɦɨɠɟ�ɫɟ�ɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɢɪɚɬɢ�ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ�ɧɟɝɨ�ɤɚɨ�ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨ�ɫɚ�ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢɦ�ɲɬɟɬɧɢɦ�ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ�ɧɚ�ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚʃɟ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɢɯ�ɭɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ�ɩɪɚɜɚ����

ɉɪɟɦɚ� ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢɦ�ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ� ɩɪɟɤɪɲɟɧɨ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɧɚ� ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ� ɫɭɻɟʃɟ� ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�

�Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ�ɨ�ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɢ�ɢ�ɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ�ɛɪɨʁ�Ⱥɉ���������ɨɞ����ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ�ɭ�Äɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɦ�ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ³�ɛɪɨʁ�������

Ɋɚɡɭɦɚɧ�ɪɨɤ

ɍɤʃɢɠɛɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚȺɩɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ� ɤɨʁɟ� ɫɟ� ɨɞɧɨɫɟ� ɧɚ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ� ɭɤʃɢɠɛɟ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�

ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ�UDWLRQH�PDWHULDH�ɫɭ�ɤɨɦɩɚɬɢɛɢɥɧɟ�ɫɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜɨɦ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�

Ⱦɭɠɢɧɚ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ� ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɨɝ� ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝɚ� ɡɚ�ɭɤʃɢɠɛɭ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ��ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ�ɩɟɪɢɨɞ�ɤɨʁɢ�UDWLRQH�WHPSRULV�ɭɥɚɡɢ�ɭ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ��ɤɨʁɢ�ʁɟ�ɞɨ�ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ�ɨɞɥɭɤɟ�

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

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ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɬɪɚʁɚɨ����ɝɨɞɢɧɚ��ɡɚ�ɲɬɚ�Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɞɚɨ�ɧɢɤɚɤɜɨ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɟ��ɧɢʁɟ�ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɥɚ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ�Äɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɫɬɢ³�ɢɡ� ɱɥɚɧɚ� �� ɫɬɚɜ� �� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ� ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�� ɬɟ� ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ� ɤɪɲɟʃɟ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ� Äɫɭɻɟʃɟ�ɭ�ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦ�ɪɨɤɭ³�ɤɚɨ� ʁɟɞɧɨɝ� ɨɞ� ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɧɚ� ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ� ɫɭɻɟʃɟ� ɢɡ� ɱɥɚɧɚ� ,,���ɟ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɚ� Ȼɨɫɧɟ� ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�ɢ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ��

ɂɡ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɚ�ɉɪɟɦɚ�ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨʁ�ɩɪɚɤɫɢ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɢ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ��

ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɫɬ�ɞɭɠɢɧɟ�ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɦɨɪɚ�ɫɟ�ɨɰʁɟʃɢɜɚɬɢ�ɭ�ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭ�ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ� ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ�� ɜɨɞɟʄɢ� ɪɚɱɭɧɚ� ɨ� ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢɦɚ�ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ� ɫɭɞɫɤɨɦ� ɩɪɚɤɫɨɦ� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ�� ɚ� ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ� ɨ�ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ��ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɭ�ɫɬɪɚɧɚ�ɭ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɢ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɢɥɢ�ɞɪɭɝɢɯ�ʁɚɜɧɢɯ�ɜɥɚɫɬɢ��ɬɟ�ɨ�ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɧɚ�ɫɬɜɚɪ� ɢɦɚ� ɡɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ� �ɜɢɞɢ�� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ� ɫɭɞ�� Ɇɢɤɭɥɢʄ� ɩɪɨɬɢɜ�ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ��ɚɩɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ�ɛɪɨʁ����������ɨɞ����ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɂɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁ�ɛɪɨʁ������,��ɫɬɚɜ�����

ɉɪɟɦɚ�ɧɚɜɨɞɢɦɚ�ɢɡ�ɚɩɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ��ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ� ʁɟ�ɩɨɞɧɢɨ�ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝ�ɡɚ�ɭɤʃɢɠɛɭ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ��ɩɟɪɢɨɞ�ɤɨʁɢ�ratione temporis�ɭɥɚɡɢ�ɭ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɧɟ�ɩɨɱɢʃɟ�ɬɚɞɚ��ɜɟʄ�����ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɤɚɨ�ɞɚɬɭɦɚ�ɧɚ�ɤɨʁɢ�ʁɟ�ɍɫɬɚɜ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�ɫɬɭɩɢɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɧɭ�ɫɧɚɝɭ��ɍ�ɨɰʁɟʃɢɜɚʃɭ�ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɫɬɢ�ɞɭɠɢɧɟ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɧɚ�ɲɬɚ�ɫɟ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ�ɠɚɥɢ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ʄɟ�ɭɡɟɬɢ�ɭ�ɨɛɡɢɪ�ɫɬɚɞɢʁ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ�ɞɨ�����ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ORF��cit���ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚ�Ɇɢɤɭɥɢʄ��ɫɬɚɜ������ɍ�ɜɟɡɢ�ɫ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɡɚɩɚɠɚ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɭ�ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ�ɨɞ�ɤɚɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ�ɬɪɚʁɚɨ�ɩɟɬ�ɝɨɞɢɧɚ��ɚ�ɞɚ�ɭ�ɬɨɦ�ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ�ɧɢɫɭ�ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ�ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ�ɪɚɞʃɟ�ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɨɝ�ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝɚ��Ɉɞ�ɞɚɧɚ�ɤɚɞɚ� ʁɟ�ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ� ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ� � ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ� ɞɨ� ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ�ɨɞɥɭɤɟ�ɨ�ɚɩɟɥɚɰɢʁɢ�ɬɪɚʁɟ����ɝɨɞɢɧɚ�

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɨɫɩɨɪɢɨ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɟ�ɧɚɜɨɞɟ��ɚ��ɬɚɤɨɻɟ��ɧɢʁɟ�ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ�ɧɢ�ɧɚ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɢ�ɫɩɢɫ�ɧɚ�ɭɜɢɞ�ɤɚɤɨ�ɛɢ�ɫɟ�ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɟ�ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɟ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ�ɭ�ɜɟɡɢ�ɫɚ�ɨɜɢɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɦ��

ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɢɡɨɫɬɚɥɨ�ɛɢɥɨ�ɤɚɤɜɨ�ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ�

Ɇɪ�Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ�Ɇ��ɋɢɦɨɜɢʄ�ɇɢɲɟɜɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ȻɈɋɇȿ�ɂ�ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ�Ɉ����

371

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɭ�ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ�ɞɚ�ɭ�ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ�ɨɞ����ɝɨɞɢɧɚ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɪɢʁɟɲɟɧ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜ�ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝ�ɡɚ�ɭɤʃɢɠɛɭ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ��ɉɪɟɦɚ�ɬɨɦɟ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ʁɟ�ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ�ɞɚ�ɞɭɠɢɧɚ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɥɚ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ�Äɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɫɬɢ³�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ��ɬɟ�ɞɚ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�ɤɪɲɟʃɟ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�Äɫɭɻɟʃɟ�ɭ�ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦ�ɪɨɤɭ³�ɤɚɨ�ʁɟɞɧɨɝ�ɨɞ�ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ�ɫɭɻɟʃɟ�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ�,,���ɟ��ɍɫɬɚɜɚ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�ɢ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�

�Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ�ɨ�ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɢ�ɢ�ɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ�ɛɪɨʁ�Ⱥɉ���������ɨɞ�����ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ�ɭ�Äɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɦ�ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ³�ɛɪɨʁ�������

Ɉɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ�ɧɚɤɧɚɞɟ�ɡɚ�ɨɞɭɡɟɬɨ�ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɟ

ɉɨɜɪɢʁɟɻɟɧ� ʁɟ� ɱɥɚɧ� ,,���ɟ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɚ� Ȼɨɫɧɟ� ɢ� ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�ɢ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ��ʁɟɪ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɢ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ�ɭ�ɤɨʁɟɦ�ʁɟ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɚ�ɬɪɚɠɢɥɚ�ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ�ɧɚɤɧɚɞɟ�ɡɚ�ɨɞɭɡɟɬɨ�ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɟ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧ�ɭ�Äɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦ�ɪɨɤɭ³��ɇɚɢɦɟ��Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɭ�Ȼɢɯɚʄɭ�ʁɟ��ɤɚɨ�ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨ�ɢ�ɦʁɟɫɧɨ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɡɚ�ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ�ɭ�ɬɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ��ɬɪɟɛɚɨ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɢ�ɩɨ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɢɧɨɦ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɭ�ɢ�ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ�ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ�ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ�ɭ�ɜɢɞɭ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ�ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬ�ʁɨɲ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�

ɂɡ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ʁɟ�ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɚɧ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɢ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ�

ɫɩɨɪ�ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɩɪɚɜɧɟ�ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ��ɤɨʁɢ�ɫɟ�ɬɢɱɟ�ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ�ɧɚɤɧɚɞɟ�ɡɚ�ɨɞɭɡɟɬɨ�ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɟ��ɍ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɤɨʁɢ�ʁɟ�ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɤɚɨ�ɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱ� ʁɟ� ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɢɧɚ� ɩɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ�� ɇɚɤɨɧ�ɫɦɪɬɢ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɢɧɟ� ɩɪɟɞɧɢɰɟ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɚ� ʁɟ� ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ� ʁɟɞɧɨɦ�ɨɞ� ʃɟɧɢɯ� ɧɚɫʂɟɞɧɢɰɚ�� ɬɟ� ɨɧɚ� ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɨ� ɢɦɚ� ɩɪɚɜɧɢ� ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ� ɡɚ�ɧɚɫɬɚɜɚɤ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɝ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ��ɲɬɨ�ʁɟ�ɢ�ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ�ɩɨɞɧɨɲɟʃɟɦ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ�ɡɚ�ɧɚɫɬɚɜɚɤ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ��Ɋɚɞɢ�ɫɟ��ɞɚɤɥɟ��ɨ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɭ�ɤɨʁɟɦ�ɫɟ�ɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɢɧɚ�ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��Ⱥɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɚ�ʁɟ�ɭ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɬɪɚɠɢɥɚ�ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ�ɤɨɧɚɱɧɟ�ɨɞɥɭɤɟ�ɭ�ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦ�ɪɨɤɭ��ɬɟ�ʁɟ�ɱɥɚɧ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜ�ɭ�ɨɜɨɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ�

ɉɨɥɚɡɟʄɢ� ɨɞ� ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ� ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɯ� ɩɪɚɤɫɨɦ� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ�

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

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ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ� ɭ� ɜɢɞɭ� ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɭ� ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ� ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ� ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɝ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɪɚɞɢ�ɧɚɤɧɚɞɟ� ɡɚ� ɟɤɫɩɪɨɩɪɢɪɚɧɟ�ɧɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɧɟ�� ɤɨʁɢ� ɫɟ�ɩɨ�ɡɚɤɨɧɭ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�ɯɢɬɧɢɦ��ɡɚ�ɤɨʁɢ�ʁɟ�ɨɰɢʁɟɧɢɨ�ɞɚ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɫɥɨɠɟɧ�ɢ�ɤɚɞɚ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ� ɧɢɬɢ� ɭ� ʁɟɞɧɨɦ� ɞɢʁɟɥɭ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ� ɧɢʁɟ� ɞɨɩɪɢɧɢɨ� ɞɭɠɢɧɢ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�� ɧɟɝɨ� ɭɩɪɚɜɨ� ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ�ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ� ɡɚ� ɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ� ɞɭɝɨ� ɬɪɚʁɚʃɟ� ɨɜɨɝ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ� ɨɞ� ɜɢɲɟ�ɨɞ�ɲɟɫɬ� ɝɨɞɢɧɚ� ɦɨɠɟ� ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ� ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ� ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ�Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ�ɫɭɞɭ��ɬɟ�ʁɟɞɧɢɦ�ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ�Ʉɚɧɬɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ�ɫɭɞɭ��Ɉɜɨ�ɬɢɦ�ɩɪɢʁɟ�ɲɬɨ�ʁɟ�ɡɚ�ɩɪɚɜɧɢ�ɫɢɫɬɟɦ�ɨɞ�ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ�ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ�ɜɨɻɟʃɟ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɭ�ɨɤɜɢɪɭ�ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɝ� ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ�� ʁɟɪ� ɫɜɚɤɨ� ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ� ɨɞɭɝɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ� ɱɟɫɬɨ�ɞɨɜɨɞɢ�ɞɨ��GH�IDFWR��ɥɢɲɚɜɚʃɚ�ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ�ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ�ɭɱɢɧɤɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ� ɢ� ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɚ� ɭ� ɩɪɚɜɧɢ� ɫɢɫɬɟɦ�� ɚ� ɫɬɚɥɧɨ� ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ�ɨɞɥɭɤɟ� ɧɚ� ɩɨɧɨɜɧɨ� ɫɭɻɟʃɟ� ɦɨɠɟ� ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ� ɞɚ� ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ� ɨɡɛɢʂɧɢ�ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɰɢ�ɭ�ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ�ɫɭɞɫɤɨɝ�ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ�

ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ�ɭ�ɜɢɞɭ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɭ�ɨɜɨɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ� ɡɛɨɝ� ɧɟɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ� ɨɞɥɭɤɟ� ɭ� ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦ� ɪɨɤɭ� ɩɨɜɪɢʁɟɻɟɧɨ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ�ɫɭɻɟʃɟ�ɭ�ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦ�ɪɨɤɭ�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ�,,���ɟ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɚ� Ȼɨɫɧɟ� ɢ� ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ� ɢ� ɱɥɚɧɚ� �� ɫɬɚɜ� �� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�

ɂɚɤɨ� ɧɢʁɟ� ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ� ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ� ȼɪɯɨɜɧɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ� ɭ� ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ�ɞɭɠɢɧɟ�ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ�ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ��ɧɢɬɢ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɫɟ�ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨ�ɜɨɞɢ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�ɫɜɪɫɢɫɯɨɞɧɢɦ�ɞɚ�ɧɚɥɨɠɢ�ȼɪɯɨɜɧɨɦ�ɫɭɞɭ�ɞɚ� ɩɨ� ɯɢɬɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� ɞɨɧɟɫɟ� ɨɞɥɭɤɭ� ɭ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ�� ɛɭɞɭʄɢ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ�ɪɚɞɢ�ɨ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɤɨʁɢ�ʁɟ�ɩɨ�ɡɚɤɨɧɭ�ɯɢɬɚɧ��ɍɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ�ʁɟ�ɤɪɲɟʃɟ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ�ɫɭɻɟʃɟ�ɢ�ɤɚɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɧɟ�ɛɢ�ɛɟɡ�ɞɚʂʃɟɝ�ɨɞɥɚɝɚʃɚ�ɞɨɧɢʁɟɥɚ�ɤɨɧɚɱɧɚ� ɨɞɥɭɤɚ�� ɫɜɪɯɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ� ɤɚɨ� ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ� ɥɢʁɟɤɚ�ɛɢɥɚ�ɛɢ�ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ�ɭ�ɩɢɬɚʃɟ

�Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ�ɨ�ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɢ�ɢ�ɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ�ɛɪɨʁ�Ⱥɉ���������ɨɞ����ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ�ɭ�Äɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɦ�ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ³�ɛɪɨʁ�������

Ɇɪ�Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ�Ɇ��ɋɢɦɨɜɢʄ�ɇɢɲɟɜɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ȻɈɋɇȿ�ɂ�ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ�Ɉ����

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ɍ� ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ� ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɡɚɩɚɠɚ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ� ɭ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɩɨʁɚɜɢɨ�Äɫɩɨɪ³��ɤɨʁɢ�ɫɟ�ɬɢɱɟ�ɧɚɱɢɧɚ�ɩɨɞʁɟɥɟ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ��ɚ�ɨɞɧɨɫɢ�ɫɟ�ɧɚ�ɩɢɬɚʃɟ�ɞɚ�ɥɢ�ʁɟ�ɦɨɝɭʄɚ�ɮɢɡɢɱɤɚ�ɞɢɨɛɚ�ɢɥɢ� ʁɟ� ʁɟɞɢɧɚ� ɨɩɰɢʁɚ�ɩɪɨɞɚʁɚ�ɧɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɧɟ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�ɞɚ�ɨɞɥɭɤɚ�ɨ�ɨɜɨɦ�Äɫɩɨɪɭ³�ɦɨɠɟ�ɢɦɚɬɢ�ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ�ɭɬʁɟɰɚʁ�ɧɚ��ɧɟɤɚ�ɞɪɭɝɚ�ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ��ɧɩɪ��ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɞɨɦ���ɬɟ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɫɬɨɝɚ�ɱɥɚɧ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧʂɢɜ�

ɉɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ�ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ�ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝɚ�ɨ�ɞɢɨɛɢ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɬɪɚʁɟ�ɜɢɲɟ�ɨɞ�ɞɟɜɟɬ�ɝɨɞɢɧɚ�ɧɟ�ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ�Äɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɫɬɢ³�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�

ɂɡ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɚ�ɋɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ� ɫɟ� ɦɨɪɚ� ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ� ɭ� ɨɤɜɢɪɭ� ɱɢʃɟ�

ɧɢɱɧɨɝ� ɢ� ɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ� ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ�� ɬʁ�� ɞɨɤɚɡɚ� ɤɨʁɟ� ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɬɪɟɛɚ�ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ� ɢ� ɩɪɨɰɢʁɟɧɢɬɢ� ɭ� ɨɤɜɢɪɭ� ɩɪɚɜɧɟ� ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ� ɫɩɨɪɚ�� ɍ� ɤɨɧ�ɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ� ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ� ɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɧɚɠɧɨɦ� ɩɪɟɫɭɞɨɦ� ʁɟ� ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ�ɫɭɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ�����ɞɢʁɟɥɚ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ�ɤɨʁɭ�ʁɟ�ɫɬɟɤɚɨ�ɭ�ɜɚɧɛɪɚɱɧɨʁ�ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ��ɍ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ� ɬɨ� ɡɧɚɱɢ�ɞɚ� ɫɭɞ� ɬɪɟɛɚ�ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɨɝ� ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝɚ� ɞɚ� ɭɬɜɪɞɢ� ɤɨʁɢ� ʁɟ� ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ� ɧɚɱɢɧ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ�ɩɨɞɢʁɟɥɢ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɚ���ɤɭʄɚ��ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ��ɝɚɪɚɠɚ�ɢ�ʃɢɜɚ��ɜɨɞɟʄɢ�ɪɚɱɭɧɚ�ɞɚ� ɛɭɞɭ� ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɟɧɢ� ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢ� ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ� ɢ� ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢ� ɫɭɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ��Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ� ɫɭɞ� ʁɟ� ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ�� ɫ� ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ� ɧɚ� ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ�ɧɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɧɟ��ɪɚɞɢ�ɨ�ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ��Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ��ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ�ɭ�ɜɢɞɭ�ɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɭ�ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ�ɭ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ��ɩɪɟɦɚ�ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ��ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ�ɦɨɠɟ�ɫɟ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ�ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ�ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɦ��

ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɨɞɭɝɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɭ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ� ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ�ɞɨɩɪɢɧɢɨ� ɩɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɤɨʁɟɦ� ɫɭ� ɬɪɟɛɚɥɟ� ɱɟɬɢɪɢ� ɝɨɞɢɧɟ� ɞɚ�ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟ�ɞɨɤɚɡɧɢ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ��ɚ�ɫɜɟ�ɪɟɥɟɜɟɧɬɧɟ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ�ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ�ʁɨɲ�ɧɢɫɭ�ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɟ��ɬɟ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɜɢɲɟ�ɨɞ�ɞɜɢʁɟ�ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɪɚɞɢɨ�ɧɢɲɬɚ�ɧɚ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ� ɢ� ɤɨʁɢ� ʁɟ� ɩɪɚɜɢɨ� ɜɟɥɢɤɟ� ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ� ɪɚɡɦɚɤɟ� ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ɩɨʁɟɞɧɢɯ�ɪɚɞʃɢ�ɤɨʁɟ�ʁɟ�ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɨ��Ɉɫɢɦ�ɬɨɝɚ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�Ʉɚɧɬɨɧɚɥɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɞɜɚ�ɩɭɬɚ�ɭɤɢɞɚɨ�ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ�ɩɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɢ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ�ɜɪɚʄɚɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɧɨɜɧɢ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ��ɲɬɨ��ɬɚɤɨɻɟ��ɧɟ�ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ�

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

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ɭɜɢʁɟɤ� ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ� ɧɚɱɢɧ� ɞɚ� ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ� ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟ� ɢ� ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ� ɫɜɨʁɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɩɪɟɞ�ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɦ�ɫɭɞɨɜɢɦɚ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɦɨɪɚ�ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɡɚ�ɩɪɚɜɧɢ�ɫɢɫɬɟɦ�ɨɞ�ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ�ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ�ɜɨɻɟʃɟ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɭ�ɨɤɜɢɪɭ�ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɝ�ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ��ʁɟɪ�ɫɜɚɤɨ�ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ�ɨɞɭɝɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ�ɨɞ�ɜɢɲɟɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɤɚ�ɧɢɠɟɦ��ɱɟɫɬɨ�ɞɨɜɨɞɢ�ɞɨ��de

IDFWR��ɥɢɲɚɜɚʃɚ�ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ�ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ�ɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ�ɢ�ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɚ�ɭ�ɩɪɚɜɧɢ�ɫɢɫɬɟɦ��

Ɉɫɢɦ�ɬɨɝɚ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ�ɞɚ� ʁɟ�Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ�ɫɭɞɭ�ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ�ɡɚ�ɧɟɩɨɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ�ɩɨ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ�ɭ�ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ�ɨɞ�ɫɤɨɪɨ�ɞɜɢʁɟ�ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�ɜɟɥɢɤɢ�ɛɪɨʁ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ�ɢ�ɦɚɥɢ�ɛɪɨʁ�ɫɭɞɢʁɚ��ɤɚɨ�ɢ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ�ɞɚ� ɫɭɞ� ɢɦɚ� ɦɧɨɝɨ� Äɫɬɚɪɢɯ³� ɧɟɪɢʁɟɲɟɧɢɯ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ�ɧɚɩɨɦɢʃɟ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ� ɩɪɟɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟɧɨɫɬ� ɫɭɞɫɬɜɚ�� ɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ�� ɧɟ� ɦɨɠɟ�ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ� ɤɚɨ� ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ�� ɛɭɞɭʄɢ� ɞɚ� ɫɭ� ɞɪɠɚɜɟ� ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɟ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ� ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�� ɤɚɤɨ� ʁɟ� ɜɟʄ� ɪɟɱɟɧɨ�� ɞɭɠɧɟ� ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɢ�ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɚʃɟ� ɩɪɚɜɞɟ� ɧɚ� ɬɚɤɚɜ� ɧɚɱɢɧ� ɞɚ� ɫɭɞɨɜɢ� ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʃɭ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɟ�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ��Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ��ɩɪɟɦɚ�ɩɪɚɤɫɢ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɡɚ�ʂɭɞɫɤɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɞɪɠɚɜɟ�ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɟ�ɧɢɫɭ�ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɟ�ɭ� ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ� ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ� ɡɚɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ� ɫɜɨʁɢɯ� ɫɭɞɨɜɚ� ɩɨɞ� ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ� ɞɚ�ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɭ� ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ� ɦʁɟɪɟ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ� ɬɚɤɜɚ� ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɚ� ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ�ɩɨɩɪɚɜɢ�� ɍ� ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ� ɫɭɞ� ɧɢʁɟ� ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɨ� ɨɞ� ɤɚɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɢ�ɤɚɤɨ�ɧɚɫɬɚɨ�ɡɚɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ�ɭ�ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ��ɬɟ�ɤɚɤɜɟ�ɦʁɟɪɟ�ʁɟ� ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨ� ɫɭɞ� ɫ� ɰɢʂɟɦ� ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚʃɚ� ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɚʃɚ� ɩɪɚɜɞɟ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɧɟ�ɦɨɠɟ�ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ�ɩɚɭɲɚɥɚɧ�ɧɚɜɨɞ�ɨ�ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ�ɛɪɨʁɭ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ��ɚ�ɞɚ�ɧɟ�ɭɨɱɢ�ɞɨɛɪɭ�ɧɚɦʁɟɪɭ�ɢ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɚɧ�ɪɚɞ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɝ�ɨɪɝɚɧɚ�ɭ�ɛɨɪɛɢ�ɩɪɨɬɢɜ�ɬɚɤɜɢɯ�ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ��

Ɂɛɨɝ� ɫɜɟɝɚ� ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ� ɞɚ� ɧɟ� ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ�ɢ�ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ�ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ�ɡɚ�ɨɜɚɤɜɨ�ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢɯ�ɫɭɞɨɜɚ��ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ�Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ��ɬɟ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɩɟɪɢɨɞ�ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ�ɭ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ� ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝɚ� ɨ� ɞɢɨɛɢ� ɧɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɧɚ� ɤɨʁɢ� ɬɪɚʁɟ�ɤɪɚʄɟ� ɨɞ� ɞɟɫɟɬ� ɝɨɞɢɧɚ� ɧɟ� ɦɨɠɟ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ� Äɪɚɡɭɦɧɢɦ³� ɭ� ɫɦɢɫɥɭ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ��

ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ� ɞɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ� ɧɢʁɟ� ɞɨɩɪɢɧɢɨ� ɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɨʁ�ɞɭɠɢɧɢ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�� ɬɟ� ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ� ɫɜɨʁɢɦ� ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧ�ɰɢʁɚɦɚ�ɢ�ɞɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ�ɩɨɤɭɲɚɨ�ɞɚ�ɢɡɞʁɟʁɫɬɜɭʁɟ�ɲɬɨ�ɯɢɬɧɢʁɟ�ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ��

Ɇɪ�Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ�Ɇ��ɋɢɦɨɜɢʄ�ɇɢɲɟɜɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ȻɈɋɇȿ�ɂ�ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ�Ɉ����

379

�Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ� ɨ� ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɢ� ɛɪɨʁ� Ⱥɉ� ������� ɨɞ� ��� ʁɭɥɚ� ������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ�ɭ�Äɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɦ�ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ³�ɛɪɨʁ�������

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Ɉɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ�ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚɈɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚ� ɞɚɬɚ� Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ� ɨ� ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�

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ɂɡ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɚ�Ⱥɩɟɥɚɧɬɢ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ� ɞɚ� ɫɭ� ɫɭɞɨɜɢ�� ɨɞɥɭɤɨɦ� ɨ� ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɭ�

ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝɚ� ɡɚ� ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ� ɤɚɨ� ɧɟɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɨɝ�� ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɢ�ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚ�ɞʁɟɰɟ�ɨ�ɱɟɦɭ�ɫɭ�ɛɢɥɢ�ɞɭɠɧɢ�ɜɨɞɢɬɢ�ɪɚɱɭɧɚ�ɢ� ɩɨ� ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨʁ� ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ�� ɬɟ� ɞɚ� ɫɭ�� ɨɞɛɢɜɲɢ� ɞɚ� ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚʁɭ� ɨ�ɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ�ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝɚ�� ɩɨɜɪɢʁɟɞɢɥɢ�ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɚɬɚ� ɧɚ� ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ�ɫɭɻɟʃɟ�

ɉɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɫɭɞ�ɭɝɪɚɻɟɧɨ�ʁɟ�ɭ�ɱɥɚɧ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ��ɚ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ��ɬʁ��ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɩɪɟɞ�ɫɭɞɨɦ�ɭ�ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɦ� ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ�� ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ� ɫɚɦɨ� ʁɟɞɚɧ� ɨɞ� ɚɫɩɟɤɚɬɚ� ɨɜɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɉɪɚɜɨ�ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ�ɫɭɞɭ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɢ�ɫɚɦɚ�ʃɟɝɨɜɚ�ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ�ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɚ�ɞɚ�ɝɚ�ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɟ�ɞɪɠɚɜɚ��Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ��ɨɜɨ�ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚʃɟ�ɧɟ�ɫɦɢʁɟ�ɛɢɬɢ�ɧɚ�ɲɬɟɬɭ�ɫɭɲɬɢɧɟ�ɨɜɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɧɢɬɢ�ɭ�ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ�ɫɚ� ɞɪɭɝɢɦ� ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ� ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɦ� ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɨɦ� �ɜɢɞɢ�ɩɪɟɫɭɞɭ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɡɚ�ʂɭɞɫɤɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��*ROGHU�ɩɪɨɬɢɜ�ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɨɝ�Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ�� ɨɞ� ���� ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ� ������ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��� ɋɜɚɤɨ� ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ�ɫɭɞɭ�ʁɟ�ɤɨɦɩɚɬɢɛɢɥɧɨ�ɫɚ�ɱɥɚɧɨɦ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�� ɫɚɦɨ� ɚɤɨ� ʁɟ� ɭ� ɰɢʂɭ� ɤɨʁɢ� ʁɟ� ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ� ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ� ɢ� ɚɤɨ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ�ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ�ɨɞɧɨɫ�ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ�ɤɨʁɚ�ɫɭ�ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɚ�ɢ�ɰɢʂɚ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɫɟ�ɠɟɥɢ�ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ��ɜɢɞɢ�ɩɪɟɫɭɞɭ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɡɚ�ʂɭɞɫɤɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��$VKLQJGDQH�ɩɪɨɬɢɜ�ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɨɝ�Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ��

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

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ɦɚɥɨʂɟɬɧɟ�ɞʁɟɰɟ�ʁɟ��ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢɦ�ɫɭɞɫɤɢɦ�ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ��ɨɞɛɢʁɟɧ�ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ�ɫɭɞɭ� ʁɟɪ� ɧɟɦɚʁɭ� ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭ� ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɰɢʁɭ� ɡɚ� ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ� ɡɚ�ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ�ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�� ɛɭɞɭʄɢ�ɞɚ�Ɂɚɤɨɧ�ɨ� ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� ɬɨ� ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ� ɫɚɦɨ� ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɭ�� ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ� ɭɫɜɨʁɢɬɟʂɭ� ɢ�ɨɪɝɚɧɭ�ɫɬɚɪɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ��

ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ� ɞɚ� ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚ� ɞɚɬɚ� Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ� ɨ� ɜɚɧɩɚɪ�ɧɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ�ɛɪɨʁɭ�ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ�ɡɚ�ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ�ɫɭɞɫɤɨɝ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɡɚ�ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ�ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ�ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ�ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ� ɨɞɧɨɫ� ɢɡɦɟɻɭ� ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ� ɤɨʁɚ� ɫɭ� ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɚ� ɢ�ɰɢʂɚ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɫɟ�ɠɟɥɢ�ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ��ɬɟ�ɞɚ�ɫɭ�ɫɭɞɨɜɢ�ɭ�ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢɦ�ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ�ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ�ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟɧɢɥɢ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ�ɡɚɤɨɧɚ�ɧɚ�ɤɨʁɢɦɚ�ɫɟ�ɬɟɦɟʂɢ�ɨɞɥɭɤɚ�ɢ�ɞɚɥɢ�ɜɚʂɚɧɨ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɟ�

ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ�ɞɚ�ɭ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɞɨɲɥɨ�ɞɨ�ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟ�ɱɥɚɧɚ�,,���ɟ��ɍɫɬɚɜɚ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�ɢ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�

�Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ� ɨ� ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɢ� ɢ� ɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ� ɛɪɨʁ� ɍ� ������ ɨɞ� ����ʁɭɥɚ� ������ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�� ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ� ɭ� Äɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɦ� ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ� Ȼɨɫɧɟ� ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ³�ɛɪɨʁ������

ɍɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ�ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɯ�ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɋɭɞɫɤɢ�ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɍ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɭ�ɤɨʁɟɦ�ʁɟ�ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɧɨ�ɨ�ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɨɫɬɢ�ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ�

ɭɫɥɨɜɚ�ɡɚ�ɞɟɩɨɧɨɜɚʃɟ�ɧɨɜɰɚ�ɭ�ɫɭɞɫɤɢ�ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬ�ɭ�ɤɨɪɢɫɬ�Ȼɪɱɤɨ�Ⱦɢɫɬɪɢɤɬɚ�Ȼɢɏ��ɧɚ�ɢɦɟ�ɧɨɜɱɚɧɟ�ɧɚɤɧɚɞɟ�ɡɚ�ɭɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ� ɡɚ� ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨ� ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɟ�� ɧɢʁɟ� ɫɟ� ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɥɨ� ɨ�ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɦ�ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ�ɭ�ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɧɢɬɢ�ɨ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɢɦ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ�ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ�ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɦ�ɱɥɚɧɨɦ���ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ�ɛɪɨʁ���ɭɡ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɭ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɭ�

Ɇɪ�Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ�Ɇ��ɋɢɦɨɜɢʄ�ɇɢɲɟɜɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ȻɈɋɇȿ�ɂ�ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ�Ɉ����

381

ɂɡ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɚ�ɋ�ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ�ɠɚɥɢ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ�

ɫɭɻɟʃɟ�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ�,,����ɟ��ɍɫɬɚɜɚ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�ɢ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�� ɤɨʁɚ� ɫɟ�ɩɪɟɦɚ� ɬɜɪɞʃɢ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ�ɞɟɫɢɥɚ�ɭ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɨɦ�ɩɨ�ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ�ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝɭ��ɪɚɞɢ�ɩɪɢʁɟɦɚ�ɧɨɜɱɚɧɟ�ɧɚɤɧɚɞɟ�±�ɧɨɜɰɚ�ɭ�ɫɭɞɫɤɢ�ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬ�ɭ�ɤɨɪɢɫɬ�Ȼɪɱɤɨ�Ⱦɢɫɬɪɢɤɬɚ� Ȼɢɏ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɦɨɪɚ� ɨɞɥɭɱɢɬɢ� ɞɚ� ɥɢ� ɫɭ� ɝɚɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ�ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɟ� ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ� ɱɥɚɧɨɦ� ɭɨɩʄɟ� ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɟ� ɧɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁ�

ɑɥɚɧ� ,,���ɟ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɚ� Ȼɨɫɧɟ� ɢ� ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ� ɢ� ɱɥɚɧ� �� ɫɬɚɜ� ��ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭʁɭ�ɫɜɚɤɨɦ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɢɱɚɧ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ�ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ�ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ�ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ�ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɯ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ��ɋɯɨɞɧɨ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ�� ɨɜɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɫɟ� ɧɟ� ɦɨɠɟ� ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟɧɢɬɢ� ɧɚ� ɫɜɟ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɟ�ɭ� ɤɨʁɢɦ� ʁɟ� ɧɟɤɚ� ɨɫɨɛɚ� ɫɬɪɚɧɤɚ� ɭ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�� ɜɟʄ� ʁɟ� ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɟ�ɤɨʁɢ�ɫɟ�ɨɞɧɨɫɟ�ɧɚ�ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ�ɬɟ�ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ��ɋɬɨɝɚ�ʁɟ�ɭ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ�ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɞɚ�ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ�ɧɚ� ɩɢɬɚʃɟ� ɞɚ� ɥɢ� ʁɟ� ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢɦ� ɪʁɟɲɟʃɢɦɚ� Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ� ɢ�Ⱥɩɟɥɚɰɢɨɧɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɧɨ�ɨ�ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɦ�ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ�ɢ�ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɦɚ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ�

ɍ� ɜɟɡɢ� ɫ� ɬɢɦ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɢ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɢ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ� ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬ� ɩɨ� ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝɭ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ� ɪɚɞɢ�ɩɪɢʁɟɦɚ�ɧɨɜɱɚɧɟ�ɧɚɤɧɚɞɟ�±�ɧɨɜɰɚ�ɭ�ɫɭɞɫɤɢ�ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬ�ɭ�ɤɨɪɢɫɬ�Ȼɪɱɤɨ�Ⱦɢɫɬɪɢɤɬɚ�Ȼɢɏ�� ɚ�ɞɚ� ʁɟ�Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ��ɧɚ�ɨɫɧɨɜɭ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ�ɱɥ������±����Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ�ɨ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ��ɤɨʁɟ�ɫɭ�ɩɨ�ɫɜɨʁɨʁ�ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ�ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ� ɩɪɨɰɟɫɧɨɝ� ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ� ɢ� ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ� ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ� ɭ� ɤɨʁɢɦɚ� ʁɟ�ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɞɭɠɚɧ� ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢ� ɭ� ɫɭɞɫɤɢ� ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬ� ɧɨɜɚɰ� ɢ� ɯɚɪɬɢʁɟ�ɨɞ�ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ��ɭɡ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ�ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚ�� ʁɟɪ�ɫɟ�ɪɚɞɢ�ɨ�ɬɚɱɧɨ�ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ�ɨɞɧɨɫɭ�ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ��ɢ�ɬɨ�Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ�ɨ�ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɢɦ�ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ��ɤɨʁɢɦ�ɫɭ�ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɧɢ�ɭɫɥɨɜɢ�ɩɪɟɞɚʁɟ� ɭ� ɫɭɞɫɤɢ� ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬ�� ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ� ɨɞɛɢɨ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ� ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭʁɟ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ� ɭ� ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ� ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� ɧɢʁɟ�ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɥɨ�ɨ�ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɦ�ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ�ɢ�ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɦɚ��ɫ�ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ�ɧɚ�ɬɨ�ɞɚ�ɫɭ�ɨɧɚ�ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ�ɪɚɧɢʁɟ�ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɢɦ�ɍɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ��ɜɟʄ�ʁɟ�ɭ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ�ɞɚ�ɥɢ�ɫɭ�ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢ�ɢɥɢ�ɧɟ�ɭɫɥɨɜɢ� ɡɚ�ɩɪɟɞɚʁɭ�ɧɨɜɰɚ�ɭ�ɫɭɞɫɤɢ�ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬ��

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

382

ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ�ɭ�ɜɢɞɭ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�ɞɚ�ɭ�ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɦ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� ɧɢʁɟ� ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɧɨ� ɨ� ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɦ� ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ�ɢ� ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɦɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ�� ɬɟ� ɫɯɨɞɧɨ� ɬɨɦɟ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ� ɧɟ�ɦɨɠɟ� ɭɠɢɜɚɬɢ�ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ� ɱɥɚɧɨɦ� ,,���ɟ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɚ� Ȼɨɫɧɟ� ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�ɢ�ɱɥɚɧɨɦ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɭɫʂɟɞ�ɱɟɝɚ�ʁɟ� ɚɩɟɥɚɰɢʁɚ� ɭ� ɬɨɦ� ɞɢʁɟɥɭ� ratione materiae� ɢɧɤɨɦɩɚɬɢɛɢɥɧɚ� ɫɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜɨɦ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�

ɍ� ɜɟɡɢ� ɫɚ� ɧɚɜɨɞɢɦɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ� ɨ� ɩɨɜɪɟɞɢ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɭ� ɩɨɛɢʁɚɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɧɨ� ɨ�ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɨɫɬɢ� ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ� ɭɫɥɨɜɚ� ɡɚ� ɞɟɩɨɧɨɜɚʃɟ� ɧɨɜɰɚ� ɭ� ɫɭɞɫɤɢ�ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬ�ɭ�ɤɨɪɢɫɬ�Ȼɪɱɤɨ�Ⱦɢɫɬɪɢɤɬɚ�Ȼɢɏ��ɧɚ�ɢɦɟ�ɧɨɜɱɚɧɟ�ɧɚɤɧɚɞɟ�ɡɚ� ɭɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ� ɡɚ� ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɨ� ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɟ�� ɚ� ɧɢʁɟ�ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɧɨ� ɨ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɢɦ� ɢɦɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ� ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ� ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɦ�ɱɥɚɧɨɦ���ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ�ɛɪɨʁ���ɭɡ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɭ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɭ��ɂɡ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ�ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ�ɞɚ� ɫɭ�ɧɚɜɨɞɢ�ɚɩɟɥɚɰɢʁɟ�ɭ� ɜɟɡɢ� ɫɚ�ɩɨɜɪɟɞɨɦ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ� ɬɚɤɨɻɟ�� ɢɧɤɨɦɩɚɬɢɛɢɥɧɢ� ratione materiae� ɫɚ� ɍɫɬɚɜɨɦ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�

Ⱥɩɟɥɚɧɬ�ɫɟ�ɠɚɥɢ�ɢ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɚɧ�ɩɪɚɜɧɢ�ɥɢʁɟɤ� ɢɡ� ɱɥɚɧɚ� ��� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ� ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ� ɢ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɧɚ� ɡɚɛɪɚɧɭ�ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ� ɢɡ� ɱɥɚɧɚ� ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ� ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�� Ȼɭɞɭʄɢ� ɞɚ� ɫɭ�ɩɪɟɦɚ� ɩɪɚɤɫɢ� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ� ɢ� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ� ɫɭɞɚ� ɡɚ� ʂɭɞɫɤɚ� ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɚɤɰɟɫɨɪɧɚ�� ɬɨ� ɫɟ� ɩɨɜɪɟɞɚ� ɨɜɢɯ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɦɨɠɟ�ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɬɢ�ɫɚɦɨ�ɭ�ɜɟɡɢ�ɫɚ�Äɭɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ�ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɯ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɦ� ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɨɦ³�� ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ� ɭ� ɜɢɞɭ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɭ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɨɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ� ɞɚ� ɫɭ� ɧɚɜɨɞɢ� ɨ� ɤɪɲɟʃɭ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɧɚ�ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ�ɫɭɻɟʃɟ�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɫɩɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɢ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ�ɛɪɨʁ���ɭɡ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɭ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɭ��ratione materiae�ɢɧɤɨɦɩɚɬɢɛɢɥɧɢ�ɫɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜɨɦ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ��ɬɨ� ɫɭ� ɢ� ɧɚɜɨɞɢ� ɨ� ɩɨɜɪɟɞɢ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɧɚ� ɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɚɧ� ɩɪɚɜɧɢ� ɥɢʁɟɤ� ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ����ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɢ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɡɚɛɪɚɧɭ�ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ�ɢɡ� ɱɥɚɧɚ� ���� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ� ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�� ɬɚɤɨɻɟɪ�� ratione materiae�ɢɧɤɨɦɩɚɬɢɛɢɥɧɢ�ɫɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜɨɦ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�

��Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ�ɨ�ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɢ�ɛɪɨʁ�Ⱥɉ���������ɨɞ�����ɚɩɪɢɥɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�

Ɇɪ�Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ�Ɇ��ɋɢɦɨɜɢʄ�ɇɢɲɟɜɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ȻɈɋɇȿ�ɂ�ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ�Ɉ����

383

ɍɪɟɻɟʃɟ�ɦɟɻɚ

ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ� ɭ� ɜɢɞɭ� ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ� ɫɩɨɪɚ� ɭ� ɨɜɨɦ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ� ɢ� ɫɬɚɜ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɩɪɜɢ�ɫɬɚɜ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜ� ɭ� ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ� ɭɪɟɻɟʃɚ� ɦɟɻɚ�� ɛɭɞɭʄɢ�ʁɟ� ɬɨ� ɩɢɬɚʃɟ� ɛɥɢɫɤɨ� ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨ� ɫ� ɨɛɢɦɨɦ� ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ� ɢ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ�ɨɞɥɭɱɧɨ� ɡɚ� ɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ� ɜɪɲɟʃɟ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɨɰɚ� ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ��ɬʁ�� ɡɚ�ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ�ɭɠɢɜɚʃɚ�ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ�ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ� �ɜɢɞɢ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ�ɫɭɞ�� Ⱦɟɛɟɥɢʄ� ɩɪɨɬɢɜ� ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ� ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚ� ɨɞ� ���� ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ� ������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ��ɚɩɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ�ɛɪɨʁ�����������ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜ�ɱɥɚɧ���ɫɬɚɜ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɧɚ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɚɧ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁ�

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ɫɭɞ�ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ�ɢ�ʁɚɫɧɨ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɥɢ�ɡɚɲɬɨ�ɫɭ�ɭɪɟɞɢɥɢ�ɦɟɻɭ�ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ɩɚɪɰɟɥɟ� ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱɚ� ɢ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɟ� ɩɚɪɰɟɥɟ� ɧɚ� ɬɟɦɟʂɭ� ɜɚɠɟʄɢɯ�ɤɚɬɚɫɬɚɪɫɤɢɯ� ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ�� ɛɭɞɭʄɢ� ɫɭ� ɢɦɚɥɢ� ɬɭ� ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ� ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨ�ɱɥɚɧɭ� ���� ɫɬɚɜ� �� Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ� ɨ� ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�� Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ� ɫɭ�ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ� ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɥɢ� ɞɚ� ɫɭ� ɫɟ� ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ� ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɥɟ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ� ɦɟɻɚ�ɭɪɟɞɢ�ɩɪɟɦɚ�ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ�ɤɚɬɚɫɬɚɪɫɤɢɦ�ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ��ɱɢɦɟ�ɫɭ�ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢ�ɫɜɢ� ɭɫɥɨɜɢ� ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ� ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ� ɱɥɚɧɚ�� ɇɚɞɚʂɟ�� ɢɡ� ɫɬɚʃɚ� ɫɩɢɫɚ�ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� Ʉɚɧɬɨɧɚɥɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ� ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɨ� ɡɚɲɬɨ� ʁɟ�ɠɚɥɛɟɧɟ� ɧɚɜɨɞɟ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ� ɭ� ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ� ɧɨɜɨɝ� ɜʁɟɲɬɚɱɟʃɚ� ɨɰɢʁɟɧɢɨ�ɤɚɨ� ɧɟɭɬɟɦɟʂɟɧɟ�� ɧɚɤɨɧ�ɲɬɨ� ʁɟ� ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ� ɞɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ� ɧɢʁɟ� ɩɨɞɧɢɨ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ� ɡɚ� ɧɨɜɨ� ɜʁɟɲɬɚɱɟʃɟ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ� ɞɚ� ɫɭ� ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞɨɜɢ� ɭ� ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɭ� ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢɯ� ɨɞɥɭɤɚ� ɞɚɥɢ� ʁɚɫɧɟ� ɢ� ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɟ�ɪɚɡɥɨɝɟ�ɫɜɨʁɢɯ�ɫɬɚɜɨɜɚ��ɬɟ�ɞɚɥɢ�ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ�ɢ�ɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜɨ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɟ�ɡɚ�ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɱɧɨ�ɫɬɚʃɟ�ɢ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ�ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɤɨʁɟ�ɧɢ�ɭ�ʁɟɞɧɨɦ�ɞɢʁɟɥɭ�ɧɟ�ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ�ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨ�ɢɥɢ�ɩɚɭɲɚɥɧɨ��ɋɬɨɝɚ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�ɞɚ�ɭ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɢɦɚ�ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɢɯ�ɨɞɥɭɤɚ�ɧɢɲɬɚ�ɧɟ�ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ�ɧɚ�ɬɨ�ɞɚ�ɫɭ�ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞɨɜɢ�ɰɢʁɟɧɢɥɢ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ�ɢ�ɞɨɤɚɡɟ�ɧɚ� ɧɚɱɢɧ� ɤɨʁɢ� ɛɢ� ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɨ� ɧɚ� ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ� ɱɥɚɧɚ� �� ɫɬɚɜ� �� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�

ɇɚ� ɨɫɧɨɜɭ� ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚ� ɞɚ�� ɭ� ɜɟɡɢ� ɫɚ�

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

384

ɧɚɜɨɞɢɦɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ� ɨ� ɤɪɲɟʃɭ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɧɚ� ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ� ɫɭɻɟʃɟ�� ɧɟɦɚ�ɧɢɲɬɚ�ɲɬɨ�ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ�ɞɚ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬ�ɢɦɚ�Äɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ�ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ³�ɤɨʁɢ�ɩɨɤɪɟʄɟ�ɩɢɬɚʃɚ�ɢɡ�ɍɫɬɚɜɚ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�ɢɥɢ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ��ɤɨʁɚ�ɛɢ�ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ�ɦɟɪɢɬɨɪɧɨ�ɢɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ��Ɂɛɨɝ�ɬɨɝɚ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�ɞɚ� ɫɭ� ɧɚɜɨɞɢ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ� ɨ� ɤɪɲɟʃɭ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɢɡ� ɱɥɚɧɤɚ� ,,���ɟ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɚ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ� ɢ� ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ� ɢ� ɱɥɚɧɚ� �� ɫɬɚɜɚɤ� �� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ� ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�ɨɱɢɬɨ��SULPD�IDFLH��ɧɟɭɬɟɦɟʂɟɧɢ�

�Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ�ɨ�ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɢ�ɛɪɨʁ�Ⱥɉ��������ɨɞ�����ʁɭɧɚ�������ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�

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ɉɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ�ɠɢɜɨɬɈɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ�ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɭ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɞɚ�ɠɢɜɢ�ɫɚ�ɞʁɟɬɟɬɨɦ�ɇɟ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�ɤɪɲɟʃɟ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ�ɠɢɜɨɬ�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ�

,,���ɮ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɚ� Ȼɨɫɧɟ� ɢ� ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ� ɢ� ɱɥɚɧɚ� �� ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ� ɤɚɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɭ� ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ� ɨɞɭɡɟɬɨ� ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɞɚ� ɠɢɜɢ� ɫɚ� ɦɚɥɨʂɟɬɧɨɦ� ɞʁɟɰɨɦ� ɡɛɨɝ� ɝɪɭɛɨɝ� ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɜɚʃɚ�ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɟ� ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ�� ɛɭɞɭʄɢ� ɞɚ� ɢɡ� ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ� ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ�ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɬɚɤɜɚ�ɦʁɟɪɚ�Äɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ�ɭ�ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨɦ�ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ³�ɭ�ɫɦɢɫɥɭ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�

,ɡ�ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɚ�ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɧɚɩɨɦɢʃɟ�ɞɚ��ɭ�ɫɤɥɚɞɭ�ɫɚ�ɩɪɚɤɫɨɦ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ�ɫɭɞɚ�

�ɜɢɞɢ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ�ɫɭɞ��:��ɩɪɨɬɢɜ�ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɨɝ�Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ��ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚ�ɨɞ���� ʁɭɥɚ������� ɝɨɞɢɧɟ�� ɫɟɪɢʁɚ�Ⱥ��ɛɪɨʁ�������ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ�ɭɠɢɜɚʃɟ�ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɚ� ɢ� ɞʁɟɰɟ� ɭ� ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ� ɞɪɭɠɟʃɭ� ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ� ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ�ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ� ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ�ɠɢɜɨɬɚ��ɉɪɢ� ɬɨɦɟ�� ɤɚɤɨ� ʁɟ� ɭɤɚɡɚɨ�ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ�ɫɭɞ��ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ�ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɢ�ɨɞɧɨɫ�ɫɟ�ɧɟ�ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�ɞɢʁɟɬɟ�ɞɚɬɨ�ɧɚ�ʁɚɜɧɨ�ɫɬɚɪɚʃɟ��

Ⱦɚɤɥɟ�� ɭ� ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ� ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ� ɫɟ� ɪɚɞɢ� ɨ� ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɦ�ɨɞɧɨɫɭ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ�ɢ�ʃɟɝɨɜɟ�ɞʁɟɰɟ��Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ��ɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɟ�ɨɞɥɭɤɟ�ɤɨʁɢɦɚ�ɫɭ� ɞʁɟɰɚ� ɨɞɭɡɟɬɚ� ɨɞ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ� ɢ� ɞɚɬɚ� ɧɚ� ɫɬɚɪɚʃɟ� ʁɚɜɧɨʁ� ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ���ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ�ɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɟ�ɭ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ�ɠɢɜɨɬ��Ɂɛɨɝ�ɬɨɝɚ�ʁɟ�ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ�ɢɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ�ɞɚ�ɥɢ�ʁɟ�ɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɟ�ɭ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ�

Ɇɪ�Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ�Ɇ��ɋɢɦɨɜɢʄ�ɇɢɲɟɜɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ȻɈɋɇȿ�ɂ�ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ�Ɉ����

385

ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ�ɠɢɜɨɬɚ�ɛɢɥɨ�ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ��Ⱦɚ�ɛɢ�ɨɜɚɤɜɨ�ɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɟ�ɛɢɥɨ�ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ�� ɨɧɨ� ɦɨɪɚ�� �ɚ�� ɛɢɬɢ� ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ� ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ�� �ɛ�� ɢɦɚɬɢ�ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɧ�ɰɢʂ�ɨɞ�ʁɚɜɧɨɝ�ɢɥɢ�ɨɩɲɬɟɝ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ��ɢ��ɰ��ɛɢɬɢ�ɭ�ɫɤɥɚɞɭ�ɫɚ�ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ�ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ�

ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ʄɟ�ɢɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ�ɞɚ�ɥɢ�ʁɟ�ɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɟ�ɛɢɥɨ�„ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ�ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ³��ɬɟ�ɞɚ�ɥɢ�ɡɚ�ɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɟ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�„ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɧ�ɰɢʂ�ɨɞ�ʁɚɜɧɨɝ�ɢɥɢ�ɨɩɲɬɟɝ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ³��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ�ɞɚ� ɫɭ� ɫɟ�ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞɨɜɢ� ɩɨɡɜɚɥɢ� ɧɚ� ɱɥɚɧ� ���� ɫɬɚɜ� �� ɉɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ� ɡɚɤɨɧɚ� ɤɨʁɢɦ� ʁɟ�ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ�ɞɚ�ʄɟ�ɫɭɞ�ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɭ�ɨɞɭɡɟɬɢ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɞɚ�ɠɢɜɢ�ɫɚ�ɞʁɟɬɟɬɨɦ�ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ� ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂ� ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚ� ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ� ɞʁɟɬɟɬɚ� ɢ� ɭ� ɜɟʄɨʁ� ɦʁɟɪɢ�ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɭʁɟ� ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ�� ɜɚɫɩɢɬɚʃɟ� ɢ� ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ� ɞʁɟɬɟɬɚ�� Ⱦɚɤɥɟ��ɡɚɤɨɧ� ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ� ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚ� ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ� ɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɚ� ʁɚɜɧɢɯ� ɜɥɚɫɬɢ�ɭ� ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɧɚ� ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ� ɠɢɜɨɬ� ɧɚ� ɧɚɱɢɧ� ɧɚ� ɤɨʁɢ� ʁɟ� ɬɨ� ɭɱɢʃɟɧɨ� ɭ�ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ�ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ��

ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ�� ɞɚʂɟ�� ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚ�ɧɚ� ɬɨ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɭ� ɫɜɚɤɨɦ�ɭɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ�ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ�ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ�ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ�ʄɟɥɢʁɚ�ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ��ɬɟ�ɞɚ�ɫɜɟ�ɲɬɨ�ɫɟ�ɬɢɱɟ�„ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɨɝ� ɩɪɚɜɚ³� ɭɠɢɜɚ� ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ� ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ��Ⱦɚʂɟ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ�ɞɚ�ɫɭ�ɦɚɥɨɞɨɛɧɚ�ɞʁɟɰɚ�ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ�ɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɚ�ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ��ɤɚɤɨ�ɡɛɨɝ�ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɫɚɦɢ�ɨ�ɫɟɛɢ�ɛɪɢɧɭ��ɡɛɨɝ�ɫɜɨɝ�ɭɡɪɚɫɬɚ�ɢ�ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ�ɩɪɚɜɧɟ�ɢ�ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɟ�ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ��ɬɚɤɨ�ɢ�ɡɛɨɝ�ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ�ɞɚ�ɨɞ�ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ��ɜɚɫɩɢɬɚʃɚ�ɢ�ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɚ�ɞʁɟɰɟ�ɡɚɜɢɫɢ�ɢ�ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ�ɞʁɟɰɟ�ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ�� ɚɥɢ�ɢ�ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ�ɭ�ɰʁɟɥɢɧɢ�� Ɂɛɨɝ� ɬɨɝɚ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚ�ɞɚ�ɢɡɪɢɰɚʃɟ�ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ�ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ�ɦʁɟɪɚ�ɤɨʁɢɦɚ�ɫɟ��ɩɨɞ�ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ�ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ��ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʁɭ�ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ��ɢɦɚ�ɡɚ�ɰɢʂ�ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɢ� ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ� ɞʁɟɬɟɬɚ�� ɲɬɨ� ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ� ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ�„ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɧ�ɰɢʂ�ɭ�ʁɚɜɧɨɦ�ɢɥɢ�ɨɩɲɬɟɦ�ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ³�ɭ�ɫɦɢɫɥɭ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�����

Ȼɭɞɭʄɢ�ɞɚ��ɫ�ʁɟɞɧɟ�ɫɬɪɚɧɟ��ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɞɚ�ɠɢɜɢ�ɫɚ� ɫɜɨʁɨɦ� ɞʁɟɰɨɦ�� ɚ�� ɫ� ɞɪɭɝɟ� ɫɬɪɚɧɟ�� ʁɚɜɧɢ� ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ� ɞʁɟɰɚ�ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ʄɟ�ɢɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ�ɞɚ�ɥɢ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ�ɢɡɦɟɻɭ� ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɝ� ɰɢʂɚ� ɢ� ɦʁɟɪɟ� ɤɨʁɚ� ʁɟ� ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɚ� ɤɚɨ� ɬɟɪɟɬɚ�ɤɨʁɢ� ʁɟ�ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɭ��ɬʁ��ɞɚ�ɥɢ�ʁɟ�ɛɢɥɨ�ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ�ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ�ɞʁɟɰɟ�ɨɞ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɚ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɡɚɩɚɠɚ�ɞɚ�ɫɭ�ɫɭɞɨɜɢ�ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɢ�ɞɚ�ɫɭ�ɭɫɥɨɜɢ�ɭ�ɤɨʁɢɦɚ�ɞʁɟɰɚ�ɠɢɜɟ�ɧɟɯɢɝɢʁɟɧɫɤɢ��ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɪɚɞɢ�ɨ�ɥɨɲɢɦ�ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢɦ� ɢ� ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ� ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ�� ɤɚɨ� ɢ� ɞɚ� ɞʁɟɰɚ�ɲɤɨɥɫɤɨɝ�

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

386

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ɇɚ� ɨɫɧɨɜɭ� ɫɜɟɝɚ� ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ� ɞɚ� ɧɢʁɟ�ɩɨɜɪɢʁɟɻɟɧɨ�ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɨɜɨ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɧɚ�ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ�ɠɢɜɨɬ�ɢɡ�ɱɥɚɧɚ�,,���ɮ��ɍɫɬɚɜɚ�Ȼɨɫɧɟ�ɢ�ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ�ɢ�ɱɥɚɧɚ���ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ�ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ�

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Ɇɪ�Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ�Ɇ��ɋɢɦɨɜɢʄ�ɇɢɲɟɜɢʄɉɊȺɄɋȺ�ɍɋɌȺȼɇɈȽ�ɋɍȾȺ�ȻɈɋɇȿ�ɂ�ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȿ�Ɉ����

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ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ�ɞɚ�ɫɟ�ɪɚɞɢ�ɨ�ʃɟɧɨʁ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɢ��ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ�ɫɭɞ�ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ�ɞɚ�ɫɭ�ɫɭɞɨɜɢ��ɭ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ�ɬɨɤɨɦ�ɤɨʁɟɝ�ɫɟ�ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɥɨ�ɨ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ�ɨɫɬɚɜɢɧɟ�Ɇ��Ɂ�� ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɥɢ��ɢɡɦɟɻɭ�ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ��ɞɚ�Ɇ��Ɂ��ɧɢʁɟ�ɫɬɟɤɥɚ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ�ɧɚɞ�ɫɬɚɧɨɦ��ʁɟɪ�ɧɢʁɟ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ�ɞɨɤɚɡ�ɨ�ɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɥɭ��Ⱥɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɚ�ʁɟ�ɭ�ɬɨɤɭ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ�ɩɪɟɞ�ɧɢɠɟɫɬɟɩɟɧɢɦ�ɫɭɞɨɜɢɦɚ�ɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ�ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨ��ɍ�ɩɪɢɥɨɝ�ɫɜɨʁɨʁ�ɬɜɪɞʃɢ��ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɚ�ʁɟ� ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ� ɩɨɬɜɪɞɟ� ɨ� ɭɩɥɚɬɢ� ɰɢʁɟɧɟ� ɫɬɚɧɚ�� Ⱦɪɭɝɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ� ɫɭɞ�ʁɟ��ɭ�ɠɚɥɛɟɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ��ɨɜɟ�ɩɨɬɜɪɞɟ�ɨɰɢʁɟɧɢɨ�ɤɚɨ�Äɚɤɨɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɟ�ɭɩɥɚɬɟ³��ɬɟ�ʁɟ�ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ�ɞɚ�ʁɨɲ�ɧɟ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ�ɞɨɤɚɡ�ɞɚ�ʁɟ�Ɇ��Ɂ��ɫɬɟɤɥɚ�ɩɪɚɜɨ�ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ�ɧɚɞ�ɫɬɚɧɨɦ�ɧɚ�ɨɫɧɨɜɭ�ɜɚʂɚɧɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɩɨɫɥɚ��ɭ�ɫɦɢɫɥɭ�ɱɥɚɧɚ����Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ�ɨ�ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ�ɫɜɨʁɢɧɫɤɨɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ�ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ��ɍ� ɜɟɡɢ� ɫ� ɬɢɦ�� ɍɫɬɚɜɧɢ� ɫɭɞ� ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ� ɞɚ� ʁɟ� ɬɚʁ� ɫɭɞ� ɦɟɪɢɬɨɪɧɨ�ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɨ�ɩɢɬɚʃɟ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ��

Ɇɟɪɢɬɨɪɧɨ� ɩɢɬɚʃɟ� ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ� ɢɥɢ� ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ� ɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɩɨɫɥɚ�� ɤɚɨ� ɨɫɧɨɜɟ� ɡɚ� ɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ� ɩɪɚɜɚ� ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ� ɧɚɞ� ɫɩɨɪɧɢɦ�ɫɬɚɧɨɦ�� ɨɞ� ɤɪɭɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ� ʁɟ� ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ� ɡɚ� ɫɚɦ� ɨɫɬɚɜɢɧɫɤɢ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ��ʁɟɪ� ɨɞ� ʃɟɝɚ� ɡɚɜɢɫɢ�� ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ�� ɞɚ� ɥɢ� ɛɢ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɚ� ɢɦɚɥɚ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɧɚ�ɫɩɨɪɧɢ�ɫɬɚɧ�ɤɚɨ�ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢ�ɧɚɫʂɟɞɧɢɤ��ɂɚɤɨ� ʁɟ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ�ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ� ɞɚ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɰɚ� ɬɪɚɠɢ�ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ�ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ�� ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ�ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ�ɨɜɨɝ�ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɢ�ɭ�ɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ��ɱɥɚɧɚ�����Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ�ɨ� ɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ� ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ��� ɧɢɠɟɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ� ɫɭɞɨɜɢ� ɫɭ� ɢɦɚɥɢ� ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɭ�ɨɫɧɨɜɭ��ɭ�ɱɥɚɧɚ����Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ�ɨ�ɜɚɧɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɨɦ�ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ��ɞɚ�ɦɟɪɢɬɨɪɧɨ�ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɟ� ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ� ɩɢɬɚʃɟ� ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ� ɢɥɢ� ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ� ɩɪɚɜɚ�ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ�Ɇ�� Ɂ�� ɧɚɞ� ɫɩɨɪɧɢɦ� ɫɬɚɧɨɦ�� Ɍɢ� ɫɭɞɨɜɢ� ɫɭ�� ɤɚɤɨ� ʁɟ� ɬɨ�ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ� ɭ� ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨʁ� ɬɚɱɤɢ�� ɞɨɲɥɢ� ɞɨ� ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ� ɞɚ�Ɇ�� Ɂ�� ɧɢʁɟ�ɫɬɟɤɥɚ� ɩɪɚɜɨ� ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ� ɧɚɞ� ɫɬɚɧɨɦ�� Ɍɨ�� ɧɚɞɚʂɟ�� ɡɧɚɱɢ� ɞɚ� ɫɟ�ɫɬɚɧ�ɧɟ�ɦɨɠɟ� ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ� ɚɩɟɥɚɧɬɢɱɢɧɨɦ�ɢɦɨɜɢɧɨɦ�� ʁɟɪ�ɧɢʁɟ� ɭɲɚɨ�

Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ�ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ�ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ�ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ�ɭ�Ȼɚʃɨʁ�Ʌɭɰɢ

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