Post on 27-Mar-2015
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata –making DRM happen
A presentation for the IDF Members MeetingBologna, 14 June 2005
Mark Bide, Rightscom
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
What is “Digital Rights Management”?
►A technology for stopping people accessing digital content?
►A set of technologies for the expression and implementation of policies, designed to facilitate and manage access to digital content►Structured rights and licensing metadata for managing
information about policies►Communication protocols, for communicating this
information between people and machines – and critically between machines and machines
►Technology to manage access and use in accordance with policies
►Structured usage metadata – and protocols for communicating that information
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
In other words….
►….DRM may not be what you think it is►A technology for stopping people accessing
digital content?
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
METADATA not APPLICATIONS
►Applications change►Metadata is “for ever” – if you get it right!►Semantic and syntactic standards are central to
effective machine interpretation►Machines don’t deal with ambiguity very well
► It’s all about persistent, unambiguous identity►Of stuff, of people/organisations, and of the policies
themselves
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
POLICIES not RIGHTS
►“Intellectual property” is only one basis on which policies for access and use are established►Privacy & confidentiality may be more significant in the
development of a trusted network computing environment
►A generic issue – but one which requires specialisation in particular environments
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Case Study: ONIX for LicensingTerms
The development of a messaging standard for communication of key licence term information within the academic library supply chain – publishers, intermediaries, libraries, library users
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Why is there a requirement now?
►Growth of digital collections in libraries►Cannot be managed as “exceptions” any longer
►Variation in licence terms►What are library users permitted to do?
> Under what conditions? > Which classes of library users are permitted to do what?> What exceptions are there to what they are permitted to
do?
►How can libraries comply with licence terms in the absence of systematic support?►How can users even know what the licence terms are?
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
What is required?
►A standard mechanism for the communication of unambiguous licensing information within the “library supply chain”►Libraries►Content and transaction management intermediaries►Publishers
►To form part of the ONIX family of standards (EDItEUR)► Initial “proof of concept” project undertaken by
Rightscom►Sponsored by JISC and PLS
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
What is not required
►A “rights expression language”►We have XrML (ISO/IEC 21000-5) and ODRL
►These are declarative programming languages►Controlling “rights enforcement technologies” – what we
usually call DRM►Require substantial functionality beyond simply
communicating information
►The ONIX focus is entirely on communication (rights metadata), not enforcement
► It is about communicating licence terms – not the law
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Taking an ontological approach to the problem
Thing should be as simple as possible…but no simpler
(Einstein)
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
LicensingEvent UsagePermits (MAY)
1-n
Usage
Prohibits (MUST NOT)
0-n
Payment
Activity Report
etc
Requires (MUST)
0-n
Has Exception
Has Condition
This structure allows for whatever level of flexibility or granularity may be required now or in the future.
Adopting a generic structure:the terms of a Licence are a group of Events
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
WHAT
WHEN WHERE
WHO
Act
What’s in an event?
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Act
The context model
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Act
Resource
Time Place
Party
Act
Chains of events…
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
The main event in
Licensing is a Usage
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use<PartyRole> (1-n)
10 basic usesSearchAcquireAccess
PossessIncludeRecordDerive
ProvideRelate
Destroy
Copy eCopy CopyPart Adapt AdaptText Translate Transform etc
Each of these uses has differentspecialized “children”
You can go as far as you like with verbs…ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossess”
…but better to keep the verb simple and look at the other variables in the event.
UsagesAllowed values
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
A “simpler” model?
►Example drawn from a non-ontologically based approach:►Complex element: Permission
> Permitted Use: ILL> Constraint: Record-keeping required
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
Why not take the simple route?
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
“ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossessForNonCommercialUse”
This is too many variables.
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
“ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossessForNonCommercialUse”
This is too many variables.
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
“ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossessForNonCommercialUse”
This is too many variables.
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
“ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossessForNonCommercialUse”
This is too many variables.
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
“ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossessForNonCommercialUse”
This is too many variables.
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
“ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossessForNonCommercialUse”
This is too many variables.
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
“ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossessForNonCommercialUse”
This is too many variables.
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
“ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossessForNonCommercialUse”
This is too many variables.
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
“ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossessForNonCommercialUse”
This is too many variables.
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<Condition> Record Keeping
Act
<UseType> ILL
“ProvideLimitedNumberOfPrintOrDigitalCopiesForAuthorizedUserOfAnotherLibraryInTheSameCountryToAccessAndPossessForNonCommercialUse”With 8 variables – if each has just one alternative – there are 256 possible variations on “InterLibraryLoan”.
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
1 Verb1 Party1 Resource
Usages
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
TimePlace
3 Verbs3 Parties 2 Resources2 Usages1 Purpose1 Place
PartyParty
[The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax or electronic transmission via the Internet or otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use.]
InterLibraryLoan_1
Clause from a model contract
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
TimePlace
Party
3 Verbs3 Parties 2 Resources2 Usages1 Purpose1 Place
{P1}AcademicLibrary
PartyParty
InterLibraryLoan_1
[The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax or electronic transmission via the Internet or otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use.]
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
TimePlace
Party
3 Verbs3 Parties 2 Resources2 Usages1 Purpose1 Place
{U1}Provide
{P1}AcademicLibrary
Resource {R2}DigitalResource,Printed Resource
PartyParty
InterLibraryLoan_1
[The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax or electronic transmission via the Internet or otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use.]
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time
Party
3 Verbs3 Parties 2 Resources2 Usages1 Purpose1 Place
{U1}Provide
{R1}DigitalResource
Resource {R2}DigitalResource,Printed Resource
PartyParty
{R2}PartCopyOf{R1}{P1}AcademicLibrary
InterLibraryLoan_1
[The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax or electronic transmission via the Internet or otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use.]
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
TimePlace
Party
3 Verbs3 Parties 2 Resources2 Usages1 Purpose1 Place
{P1}Provide
{R1}DigitalResource
{U2}Access,Possess
Resource {R2}DigitalResource,Printed Resource
PartyParty
{R2}PartCopyOf{R1}
{P2}
{P1}AcademicLibrary
InterLibraryLoan_1
[The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax or electronic transmission via the Internet or otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use.]
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
TimePlace
Party
3 Verbs3 Parties 2 Resources2 Usages1 Purpose1 Place
{P1}Provide
{R1}DigitalResource
{U2}Access,Possess
Resource {R2}DigitalResource,Printed Resource
PartyParty
{R2}PartCopyOf{R1}
{P2}
Purpose>NonCommercialUse
{P1}AcademicLibrary
InterLibraryLoan_1
[The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax or electronic transmission via the Internet or otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use.]
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
TimePlace
Party
3 Verbs3 Parties 2 Resources2 Usages1 Purpose1 Place
{P1}Provide
{R1}DigitalResource
{U2}Access,Possess
Resource {R2}DigitalResource,Printed Resource
Party{P2}AuthUseOfLibrary{P3}Party
{R2}PartCopyOf{R1}
{P3}AcademicLibrary
{P2}
Purpose>NonCommercialUse
{P1}AcademicLibrary
InterLibraryLoan_1
[The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee} a copy of an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax or electronic transmission via the Internet or otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use.]
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
TimePlace
Party
3 Verbs3 Parties 2 Resources2 Usages1 Purpose1 Place
{P1}Provide
{R1}DigitalResource
{U2}Access,Possess
Resource {R2}DigitalResource,Printed Resource
Party{P2}AuthUseOfLibrary{P3}Party
{L1}Country
{P1}HasPlaceOfPremises{L1}
{P3}HasPlaceOfPremises{L1}
{R2}PartCopyOf{R1}
{P3}AcademicLibrary
{P2}
Purpose>NonCommercialUse
{P1}AcademicLibrary
[The Licensee may supply to an Authorised User of another library {within the same country as the Licensee}a copy of an individual document being part of the Licensed Materials by post, fax or electronic transmission via the Internet or otherwise, for the purposes of research or private study and not for Commercial Use.]
InterLibraryLoan_1
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Resource
Time Place
Party
Use
<UsageParty> (1-n) <UsedResource> (1-n)
<Tool> (0-n)<Medium> (0-n)<OtherResource> (0-n)
<UsageTime> (0-n) <UsagePlace> (0-n)
<Exception> (0-n)<Condition> (0-n)<ChainedUsage> (0-n)
Act
<PartyRole> (1-n)
Usage: other examples
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Conditions, Exceptions and Requirements
►Conditions, Exceptions and Requirements (including Licensor obligations) are just other kinds of events which can be modelled in just the same way as Usages
►Elements and structures are implemented in the Message to support all combinations of “And, Or and Not” operations
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Place
Party
NonCommercialUse └─EducationalUse └─Teaching └─AcademicResearch └─AcademicStudy └─PersonalUse └─PersonalStudy └─etcResearch └─AcademicResearch └─ScientificResearch └─CommercialResearch └─etcCommercialUse └─CommercialResearch └─etc
An ontology can support the substitution of parent/child values (and other relationships) to ensure that complex conditions are complied with.
Benefits of an ontology of allowed values
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Advantages of taking this approach to EDItEUR
►The structure of the Message is wholly generic: all that needs to change to enable it to encompass other media types and domains is the allowed values
►Life is not going to get simpler in the licensing of content to libraries. A rich and flexible model and message is essential to solve today’s problems and tomorrow’s
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Generic lessons that can be learned from the EDItEUR project – and what might this mean for the DOI community?
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
Generic lessons
►You cannot enforce policies unless you can first communicate them►Rights metadata is more important than “DRM” in many
contexts
►Standardisation of rights metadata, anticipated for over a decade, is now becoming a reality► It isn’t only EDItEUR – MI3P and MPEG-21 have also been
developing related standards
►Advantages of a generic, ontology-based structure, specialised for particular communities►Flexibility, extensibility►Meeting specific community needs requires active
community engagement
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata; IDF Members Meeting Bologna June 2005
A potential role for the DOI?
►The management of licences requires a comprehensive identity model…►…of licensed Resources…►…of Parties to Licences…►…and of the Licences themselves
►An “actionable” persistent identifier could be particularly useful in managing the very complex and challenging many-to-many relationships which are inherent in licence management
© 2005 Rightscom – All rights reserved
Rights and Licence Metadata –making DRM happen
Thank you
mark.bide@rightscom.comwww.rightscom.com